Sistema de controle via rede (NCS) é um sistema de controle distribuído onde os sensores, atuadores e controladores estão alocados fisicamente em locais separados e são conectados através de uma rede de comunicação industrial. O NCS representa a evolução das arquiteturas de controle em rede, fornecendo maior modularidade e descentralização do controle, facilidade de diagnóstico e manutenção e menor custo. O desafio no desenvolvimento de um NCS é contornar os efeitos degenerativos causados por fatores que afetam o seu desempenho e estabilidade. Entre estes fatores estão o período de amostragem dos sinais, a perda de informações transmitidas na rede e os atrasos de comunicação. Buscando superar este desafio, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de NCS para aplicações em redes CAN baseado no uso da simulação e na proposta de uma estratégia de controle. A utilização de ferramentas de simulação de NCS, selecionadas através de um estudo comparativo e qualitativo, permitiu analisar o impacto de fatores degenerativos no desempenho de controle e estabilidade de NCS. Essa análise por simulação permitiu evidenciar o período de amostragem como o fator de maior influência para o projeto de NCS em redes CAN. Para superar o problema do período de amostragem, uma estratégia de controle adaptativo foi proposta. Essa estratégia usa informações de saída do NCS para automaticamente adaptar o período de amostragem das mensagens, garantindo desempenho de controle e diminuindo significativamente a ocupação da rede CAN. Experimentos realizados em uma plataforma de pesquisa sobre NCS demonstraram a confiabilidade e robustez do uso da estratégia de controle adaptativo, mesmo em condições extremas de operação da rede CAN. Os experimentos também permitiram comprovar a eficácia de uma técnica de identificação de NCS desenvolvida, que apresenta a vantagem de utilizar informações disponíveis na rede para obtenção de um modelo do NCS com precisão aceitável. / Networked control system (NCS) is a distributed control system where the sensors, actuators and controllers are physically separated and connected through an industrial communication network. The NCS represents the evolution of networked control architectures providing greater modularity and control decentralization, maintenance and diagnosis ease and lower cost of implementation. The challenge in the development of NCS is to overcome the degenerative effects of factors which affect its performance and stability. Among these factors are the sampling time, the loss of information on the network and the network delays. Aiming to overcome this challenge, this work presents the development of NCS for applications in CAN-Based networks based on the simulation use and in a control strategy proposal. The use NCS simulation tools, selected by a comparative and qualitative study, allowed to analyze the impact of degrading factors in the NCS control performance and stability. This analysis using simulation highlighted the message sampling time as factor with the biggest influence for the design of CAN-based NCS. To overcome the sampling time problem, an adaptive control strategy was proposed. This strategy uses the NCS output to automatically adapt the message sampling time, ensuring NCS control performance and stability and providing significant reduction of the CAN network load. Experiments carried out on a NCS Research Platform demonstrated the reliability and robustness of the adaptive control methodology application, even under worst case conditions of operation of the CAN-based network. Experiments have also proved the effectiveness of a model identification technique developed for NCS, which presents the advantage of using information available on the network to obtain the NCS model with acceptable accuracy.

Η παρούσα διατριβή κινείται στο χώρο των Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένων Συστημάτων και έχει ως αντικείμενο τη μελέτη και τη σύνθεση μηχανισμών που βελτιώνουν τη λειτουργία τους. Ο όρος Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένα Συστήματα αναφέρεται στα συστήματα των οποίων τα δομικά στοιχεία συνδέονται μέσω ασύρματων δικτύων, με την έμφαση να δίνεται στα αυτό-οργανωμένα δίκτυα και στα δίκτυα αισθητήρων. Η βελτιστοποίηση και ο έλεγχος ενός Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένου Συστήματος γίνεται με γνώμονα την Ποιότητα των παρεχόμενων Υπηρεσιών του δικτύου, η οποία χρησιμοποιείται ως μέτρο αξιολόγησης και επαναπροσδιορισμού των παραμέτρων λειτουργίας αυτού. Προσεγγίζοντας το θέμα από την οπτική γωνία του δικτύου, οι μηχανισμοί που είναι υπεύθυνοι για τη βελτιστοποίηση της λειτουργίας των Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένων Συστημάτων, αποστασιοποιούνται από την ανάπτυξη νέων πρωτοκόλλων για τα διάφορα επίπεδα του μοντέλου αναφοράς Ανοιχτής Διασύνδεσης Συστημάτων. Για τον λόγο αυτό, αναφορικά με το μοντέλο αναφοράς Ανοιχτής Διασύνδεσης Συστημάτων, το ζήτημα της βελτιστοποίησης της λειτουργίας των Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένων Συστημάτων προσεγγίζεται από τα ακραία επίπεδα της στοίβας πρωτοκόλλων, και συγκεκριμένα από την οπτική γωνία του Επιπέδου Εφαρμογής και του Φυσικού Επιπέδου. Στο Επίπεδο Εφαρμογής το ενδιαφέρον επικεντρώνεται στην διασφάλιση των περιθωρίων ευστάθειας για τα Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένα Συστήματα Ελέγχου. Η διασφάλιση της ομαλής λειτουργίας του συστήματος κλειστού βρόχου βασίζεται σε διακοπτικές δομές ελέγχου, των οποίων οι παράμετροι λειτουργίας καθορίζονται από την Ποιότητα Υπηρεσίας του δικτύου, και συγκεκριμένα από το ποσοστό των επιτυχώς ληφθέντων πακέτων. Στο Φυσικό Επίπεδο εξετάζεται αρχικά το πρόβλημα αποκατάστασης της συνδεσιμότητας μεταξύ των μελών ενός Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένου Συστήματος και στην συνέχεια το πρόβλημα επαναπροσδιορισμού της ποιότητας των ασύρματων ζεύξεων. Οι κεντρικοποιημένοι και κατανεμημένοι μηχανισμοί που αναπτύσσονται για τη βελτιστοποίηση των παραμέτρων της Ποιότητας Υπηρεσίας των Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένων Συστημάτων στο Φυσικό Επίπεδο βασίζονται σε εργαλεία της Υπολογιστικής Γεωμετρίας, συνδυάζοντας τα χωρικά χαρακτηριστικά ενός Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένου Συστήματος με δημοφιλή μοντέλα διάδοσης μεγάλης κλίμακας. Τέλος, η αξιολόγηση των μεθόδων ελέγχου και βελτιστοποίησης της λειτουργίας των Ασύρματα Δικτυωμένων Συστημάτων πραγματοποιείται με την εφαρμογή τους σε κατάλληλες πειραματικές διατάξεις και σε ένα καθορισμένο σύνολο σεναρίων εξομοίωσης. / The primary objective of the present PhD thesis is the analysis and the synthesis of mechanisms and algorithms that optimize the operation of Wireless Networked Systems. The term Wireless Networked Systems is used to describe the distributed systems, whose components are interconnected over wireless networks. Referring to wireless networking, the emphasis is given at the self-organized Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks. The effort made is focused on the reconfiguration of the Quality of Service of the underlying network. From such a perspective, the mechanisms responsible for improving the Quality of Service differentiate from the design of novel, specialized communication protocols. More specifically, with respect to the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI-RM), the optimization issues of the Wireless Networked Systems’ operation are examined at the Application and Physical Layer. At the Application Layer, problems related to the guarantee of the stability margins for Wireless Networked Controlled Systems are studied. More precisely, the assurance of the desired performance for the closed-loop controlled system is based on switching control techniques. The optimization decision variables are determined by the network’s Quality of Service parameters. At the Physical Layer the objective is twofold: (a) to establish the physical connectivity among the members of the Wireless Networked System and (b) to optimize of the wireless link’s quality. Based on the combination of the spatial characteristics of the Wireless Networked Systems with large-scale radio propagation models, the centralized and distributed mechanisms, synthesized for the optimization of the network’s Quality of Service at the Physical Layer, exploit effectively concepts adopted by the Computational Geometry. Finally, properly developed experimental testbeds and network simulation scenaria are utilized to examine the efficiency of the synthesized mechanisms for the control and optimization of the operation of Wireless Networked Systems at the Application and Physical Layer.

De nos jours, les systèmes de contrôle-commande temps-réel distribués à travers un réseau de communication sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les secteurs de l’automobile, de l’avionique, de la robotique mobile, de la télécommunication et plus généralement de la conduite de procédés industriels. En comparaison avec les systèmes de contrôle point-à-point conventionnel, un système contrôlé en réseau (SCR) permet non seulement de réduire le câblage et les coûts d’installation, mais offre aussi plus de flexibilité pour faire évoluer une installation existante et favorise les actions de diagnostic et de maintenance. Comme le réseau est partagé par plusieurs boucles de contrôle et par d’autres applications, la conséquence est que le trafic de communication est difficilement maîtrisable, ce qui peut conduire à des pertes de messages et engendre des délais aléatoires. Par ailleurs, le diagnostic et la tolérance aux défauts sont des enjeux importants pour les SCR, particulièrement dans le cas ou le domaine d’utilisation exige une grande sécurité. Il est évident que la théorie et l’application des approches classiques de diagnostic et de tolérance aux défauts doivent être révisées lorsqu’il s’agit de SCR.L’étude des SCR, reposant sur des compétences en automatique, en informatique et en réseau propose naturellement des solutions propres à chaque domaine. La problématique du diagnostic des SCR consiste non seulement à détecter et localiser des défauts affectant l’ensemble du système mais aussi à distinguer, les perturbations et défaillances affectant le réseau de communication de celles du système contrôle. L’objectif de nos travaux de thèse est de proposer des modèles intégrés permettant de représenter le comportement des SCR et de contribuer à leurs diagnostics. / Real-time control systems distributed across communication networks are increasingly used in automotive, avionics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications and more generally in the conduct of industrial processes. Compared with point- to-point conventional control systems, a networked control system (NCS) can not only reduce wiring and installation costs, but also offer more flexibility to expand an existing facility and promote actions of diagnosis and maintenance. As the network is shared by multiple control loops and other applications, the result is that the communication traffic is difficult to control, which can lead to loss of messages and generate random delays.Diagnosis and fault tolerance are important issues for NCS, especially in the case where the area of application requires security. It’s obvious that the theory and application of conventional approaches to diagnosis and fault tolerance need to be revised when it comes to NCS.The study of the NCS, based on automatic skills, computer science and network competences naturally provides adequate solutions to each area. The problem of NCS diagnosis is the one hand to detect and locate faults affecting the whole system and on the other hand to distinguish, disturbances and malfunctions affecting the communication network of the control system.Our work aims is to propose integrated models to represent the behavior of NCS and contribute to its diagnosis.

Nous abordons des problèmes de sécurité dans des systèmes cyber-physiques industriels. Les attaques contre ces systèmes doivent être traitées à la fois en matière de sûreté et de sécurité. Les technologies de contrôles imposés par les normes industrielles, couvrent déjà la sûreté. Cependant, du point de vue de la sécurité, la littérature a prouvé que l’utilisation de techniques cyber pour traiter la sécurité de ces systèmes n’est pas suffisante, car les actions physiques malveillantes seront ignorées. Pour cette raison, on a besoin de mécanismes pour protéger les deux couches à la fois. Certains auteurs ont traité des attaques de rejeu et d’intégrité en utilisant une attestation physique, p. ex., le tatouage des paramètres physiques du système. Néanmoins, ces détecteurs fonctionnent correctement uniquement si les adversaires n’ont pas assez de connaissances pour tromper les deux couches. Cette thèse porte sur les limites mentionnées ci-dessus. Nous commençons en testant l’efficacité d’un détecteur qui utilise une signature stationnaire afin de détecter des actions malveillantes. Nous montrons que ce détecteur est incapable d’identifier les adversaires cyber-physiques qui tentent de connaître la dynamique du système. Nous analysons son ratio de détection sous la présence de nouveaux adversaires capables de déduire la dynamique du système. Nous revisitons le design original, en utilisant une signature non stationnaire, afin de gérer les adversaires visant à échapper à la détection. Nous proposons également une nouvelle approche qui combine des stratégies de contrôle et de communication. Toutes les solutions son validées à l’aide de simulations et maquettes d’entraînement / We address security issues in cyber-physical industrial systems. Attacks against these systems shall be handled both in terms of safety and security. Control technologies imposed by industrial standards already cover the safety dimension. From a security standpoint, the literature has shown that using only cyber information to handle the security of cyber-physical systems is not enough, since physical malicious actions are ignored. For this reason, cyber-physical systems have to be protected from threats to their cyber and physical layers. Some authors handle the attacks by using physical attestations of the underlying processes, f.i., physical watermarking to ensure the truthfulness of the process. However, these detectors work properly only if the adversaries do not have enough knowledge to mislead crosslayer data. This thesis focuses on the aforementioned limitations. It starts by testing the effectiveness of a stationary watermark-based fault detector, to detect, as well, malicious actions produced by adversaries. We show that the stationary watermark-based detector is unable to identify cyber-physical adversaries. We show that the approach only detects adversaries that do not attempt to get any knowledge about the system dynamics. We analyze the detection performance of the original design under the presence of adversaries that infer the system dynamics to evade detection. We revisit the original design, using a non-stationary watermark-based design, to handle those adversaries. We also propose a novel approach that combines control and communication strategies. We validate our solutions using numeric simulations and training cyber-physical testbeds

Cette thèse se situe dans le domaine des Systèmes Commandés en Réseaux, systèmes pluridisciplinairesqui connaissent un grand développement dans le contexte technologique actuel etqui introduisent de nouveaux problèmes de recherche, en particulier, pour les communautés Automatiqueet Réseau de Communication. L’objectif est de montrer l’intérêt de considérer un lienbidirectionnel entre la Qualité de Contrôle (QdC) (stabilité et performance des applications decontrôle-commande) et la Qualité de Service (QdS) (retards dans les transmissions) en se focalisantsur les réseaux locaux et plus particulièrement sur l’ordonnancement des trames dans la souscouche MAC où on considère des protocoles MAC de type CSMA.Notre travail se situe tout d’abord dans le cadre du réseau CAN où nous faisons trois propositions.La première proposition consiste en des solutions de QdS pour des applications decontrôle-commande sur la base du concept de priorité hybride, pour l’ordonnancement de trames,dans laquelle nous définissons une partie priorité dynamique qui dépend d’un paramètre de QdC.Ceci permet de réaliser une relation QdC→QdS. La deuxième proposition consiste en des solutionsde QdC par une méthode de compensation de retard (maintenance des pôles dominants)ce qui permet de réaliser une relation QdS→QdC. La troisième proposition consiste à réaliserune relation QdC⇋QdS qui assure lors de l’implantation de plusieurs applications, une propriétéd’équité comportementale. Nous abordons ensuite le cadre particulier des réseaux locaux sans filoù, d’une part, nous définissons des protocoles MAC de type CSMA sans collision sur la basede priorités et, d’autre part, nous montrons la faisabilité des idées développées dans le cadre duréseau CAN / This thesis is in the field of Networked Controlled Systems, which are multidisciplinary systemsand which experience a great development in the context of the current technology andintroduce new research problems, particularly for the communities of Automatic Control andCommunication Network. The aim is to show the interest in considering a bidirectional link betweenthe Quality of Control (QoC) (stability and performance of process control applications) andQuality of Service (QoS) (delays in the transmissions) and to focus on Local Area Networks and,more particularly, on the scheduling of frames in the MAC layer in which we consider CSMAMAC protocols.Our work first concerns a CAN network where we have three proposals. The first proposalconsists of solutions for QoS, for process control applications, which are based on the conceptof hybrid priority for the frame scheduling in which we define a dynamic priority part which dependson a QoC parameter. This allows to implement a relation QoC→QoS. The second proposalconsists of QoC solutions by using a compensation method for time delays (maintenance of dominantpoles) which allows to implement a relation QoS→QoC. The third proposal consists inimplementing a relation QoS⇋QoC that ensures, for the implementation of several applications,a fairness property. We then discuss the specific context of Wireless LANs, where, on the onehand, we define collision-free CSMA MAC protocols on the basis of priorities and, on the otherhand, we show the feasibility of the ideas developed in the CAN network

We address the question of performance of large-scale networks with distributed feedback control. We consider networked dynamical systems with single and double integrator dynamics, subject to distributed disturbances. We focus on two types of problems. First, we consider problems modeled over regular lattice structures. Here, we treat consensus and vehicular formation problems and evaluate performance in terms of measures of “global order”, which capture the notion of network coherence. Second, we consider electric power networks, which we treat as dynamical systems modeled over general graphs. Here, we evaluate performance in terms of the resistive power losses that are incurred in maintaining network synchrony. These losses are associated with transient power flows that are a consequence of “local disorder” caused by lack of synchrony. In both cases, we characterize fundamental limitations to performance as networks become large. Previous studies have shown that such limitations hold for coherence in networks with regular lattice structures. These imply that connections in 3 spatial dimensions are necessary to achieve full coherence, when the controller uses static feedback from relative measurements in a local neighborhood. We show that these limitations remain valid also with dynamic feedback, where each controller has an internal memory state. However, if the controller can access certain absolute state information, dynamic feedback can improve performance compared to static feedback, allowing also 1-dimensional formations to be fully coherent. For electric power networks, we show that the transient power losses grow unboundedly with network size. However, in contrast to previous results, performance does not improve with increased network connectivity. We also show that a certain type of distributed dynamic feedback controller can improve performance by reducing losses, but that their scaling with network size remains an important limitation. / <p>QC 20160504</p>

The integration of control systems with wireless communication networks has gainedsignificant popularity, leading to the emergence of wireless networked control systems(WNCS). WNCS comprises wireless devices such as sensors, actuators, andcontrollers that work together to ensure system stabilizability. However, communicationamong these wireless devices often relies on relay nodes, which presents a challengein guaranteeing system stabilizability due to potential failures caused by natural eventsor malicious activities targeting and disabling these nodes. This study proposes an approach to enhance the resilience of wireless sensor networks(WSNs) utilizing the WirelessHART communication protocol. The objective is to designthe WSNs and controller that can ensure stabilizability, even in the specific number ofrelay node failures. The study employs two key methodologies: firstly, the analysis ofconditions such as controllability, observability, solvability of fault detection andisolation, and the associated requirements to guarantee system stabilizability. Secondly,MATLAB simulations are employed to test the proposed system. By combiningtheoretical analysis and practical simulations, the study provides valuable insights anddesign strategies that contribute to the advancement of WNCS, enabling their reliabilityand stability in the face of potential relay node failures. / Integrationen av styrsystem med trådlösa kommunikationsnätverk har blivit mycketpopulär, vilket har lett till framväxten av trådlösa nätverksstyrningssystem (WNCS).WNCS omfattar trådlösa enheter som sensorer, aktuatorer och styrenheter som arbetartillsammans för att säkerställa systemets stabilisering. Kommunikationen mellan dessatrådlösa enheter förlitar sig emellertid ofta på relänoder, vilket utgör en utmaning föratt garantera systemets stabilisering på grund av potentiella fel orsakade av naturligahändelser eller skadliga aktiviteter som riktar sig mot och inaktiverar dessa noder. Denna studie föreslår ett tillvägagångssätt för att förbättra motståndskraften hos trådlösasensornätverk (WSNs) med hjälp av kommunikationsprotokollet WirelessHART. Måletär att utforma WSN och styrenheter som kan säkerställa stabilisering även vid ettspecifikt antal relänodfel. Studien använder sig av två huvudsakliga metoder: för detförsta analys av villkor såsom styrbarket, observerbarheten, lösbarheten hos felupptäcktoch isolering metod och de tillhörande kraven för att garantera systemets stabilisering.För det andra används MATLAB-simuleringar för att testa det föreslagna systemet.Genom att kombinera teoretisk analys och praktiska simuleringar ger studien värdefullainsikter och designstrategier som bidrar till framsteg inom WNCS, vilket möjliggörtillförlitlighet och stabilitet även vid potentiella fel på relänoder.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Con esta tesis se pretende dar solución a algunos de los problemas más habituales que aparecen en los Sistemas de control basados en red (NCS) como son los retardos variables en el tiempo, las pérdidas y el desorden de paquetes, y la restricción de ancho de banda y de recursos computacionales y energéticos de los dispositivos que forman parte del sistema de control. Para ello se ha planteado la integración de técnicas de control multifrecuencial, de control basado en paquetes, de control basado en predictor y de control basado en eventos. Los diseños de control realizados se han simulado utilizando Matlab-Simulink y Truetime, se ha analizado su estabilidad mediante LMIs y QFT, y se han validado experimentalmente en un péndulo invertido, un robot cartesiano 3D y en robots móviles de bajo coste. El artículo 1 aborda el control basado en eventos, el cual minimiza el ancho de banda consumido en el NCS mediante un control basado en eventos periódicos y presenta un método para obtener sus parámetros óptimos para el sistema específico en que se utilice. Los artículos 2, 4 y 6 añaden el control basado en paquetes, así como el control multifrecuencia, que aborda problemas de falta de datos por bajo uso del sensor y los retardos, pérdidas y desórdenes de paquetes en la red. También afrontan, mediante tecnicas de predicción basadas en un filtro de Kalman multifrecuencia variable en el tiempo, los problemas de ruido y perturbaciones, así como la observación de los estados completos del sistema. El artículo 7 hace frente a un modelo no lineal que utiliza las anteriores soluciones junto con un filtro de Kalman extendido para presentar otro tipo de estructura para un vehículo autónomo que, gracias a la información futura obtenida mediante estas técnicas, puede realizar de forma remota tareas de alto nivel como es la toma de decisiones y la monitorización de variables. Los artículos 3 y 5, presentan una forma de obtener y analizar la respuesta en frecuencia de sistemas SISO multifrecuencia y estudian su comportamiento ante ciertas incertidumbres o problemas en la red haciendo uso de procedimientos QFT. / [CA] Amb aquesta tesi es pretén donar solució a alguns dels problemes més habituals que apareixen als Sistemes de Control Basats en xarxa (NCS) com son els retards d'accés i transferència variables en el temps, les pèrdues y desordenament de paquets, i la restricció d'ampli de banda així com de recursos computacionals i energètics dels dispositius que foment part del sistema de control. Per tal de resoldre'ls s'ha plantejat la integració de tècniques de control multifreqüencial, de control basat en paquets, de control basat en predictor i de control basat en events. Els dissenys de control realitzats s'han simulat fent ús de Matlab-Simulink i de TrueTime, s'ha analitzat la seua estabilitat mitjançant LMIs i QFT, i s'han validat experimentalment en un pèndul invertit, un robot cartesià 3D i en robots mòbils de baix cost. L'article 1 aborda el control basat en events, el qual minimitza l'ampli de banda consumit a l'NCS mitjançant un control basat en events periòdics i presenta un mètode per a obtindré els seus paràmetres òptims per al sistema específic en el qual s'utilitza. Els articles 2, 4 i 6 afegeixen el control basat en paquets, així com el control multifreqüència, que aborda problemes de falta de dades per el baix us del sensor i els retards, pèrdues i desordre de paquets en la xarxa. També afronten, mitjançant tècniques de predicció basades en un filtre de Kalman multifreqüència variable en el temps. Els problemes de soroll i pertorbacions, així com la observació dels estats complets del sistema. L'article 7 fa referència a un model no lineal que utilitza les anteriors solucions junt a un filtre de Kalman estès per a presentar altre tipus d'estructura per a un vehicle autònom que, gracies a la informació futura obtinguda mitjançant aquestes tècniques, pot realitzar de manera remota tasques d'alt nivell com son la presa de decisions i la monitorització de variables. Els articles 3 y 5 presenten la manera d'obtindre i analitzar la resposta en frequencia de sistemes SISO multifreqüència i estudien el seu comportament front a certes incerteses o problemes en la xarxa fent us de procediments QFT. / [EN] This thesis attempts to solve some of the most frequent issues that appear in Networked Control Systems (NCS), such as time-varying delays, packet losses and packet disorders and the bandwidth limitation. Other frequent problems are scarce computational and energy resources of the local system devices. Thus, it is proposed to integrate multirate control, packet-based control, predictor-based control and event-based control techniques. The control designs have been simulated using Matlab-Simulink and Truetime, the stability has been analysed by LMIs and QFT, and the experimental validation has been done on an inverted pendulum, a 3D cartesian robot and in low-cost mobile robots. Paper 1 addresses event-based control, which minimizes the bandwidth consumed in NCS through a periodic event-triggered control and presents a method to obtain the optimal parameters for the specific system used. Papers 2, 4 and 6 include packet-based control and multirate control, addressing problems such as network delays, packet dropouts and packet disorders, and the scarce data due to low sensor usage in order to save battery in sensing tasks and transmissions of the sensed data. Also addressed, is how despite the existence of measurement noise and disturbances, time-varying dual-rate Kalman filter based prediction techniques observe the complete state of the system. Paper 7 tackles a non-linear model that uses all the previous solutions together with an extended Kalman filter to present another type of structure for an autonomous vehicle that, due to future information obtained through these techniques, can remotely carry out high level tasks, such as decision making and monitoring of variables. Papers 3 and 5, present a method for obtaining and analyzing the SISO dual-rate frequency response and using QFT procedures to study its behavior when faced with specific uncertainties or network problems. / This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Grant referenced TEC2012-31506. / Alcaina Acosta, JJ. (2020). Design and implementation of event-based multi-rate controllers for networked control systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159884 / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La tesis doctoral se centra en el diseño eficiente de sistemas de control en red NCS aplicados a Vehículos Autónomos No Tripulados (UxVs), empleando técnicas de muestreo no convencional y control basado en eventos. La investigación aborda desafíos inherentes a los NCS, como el desorden y la pérdida de datos en la comunicación, limitaciones en el ancho de banda de la red, recursos computacionales y energéticos limitados, así como retrasos temporales variables. Se presentan cuatro artículos que contribuyen al tema. El primer y el segundo proponen un control de seguimiento de trayectoria Pure Pursuit para un vehículo terrestre no tripulado (UGV) de tracción en dos ruedas y a cuatro ruedas omnidireccionales, respectivamente, abordando la discrepancia en las frecuencias de muestreo uniforme y no uniforme, respectivamente. El uso de un filtro de Kalman extendido bifrecuencia (DREKF) y no uniforme (NUDREKF), respectivamente, permite estimar las mediciones no disponibles a frecuencia rápida y diseñar un controlador dinámico eficiente con la muestras compensadas por el filtro, logrando hacer un seguimiento efectivo de la trayectoria. Ambos artículos presentan el uso de herramientas de simulación avanzadas como Simscape Multibody que presentan una mayor fidelidad con la realidad. Este tipo de modelado presenta la problemática de la caracterización de parámetros, la cual se resuelve utilizando técnicas que emplean datos de experimentación reales, como se describe en el primer artículo. El tercer artículo presenta una metodología de síntesis de control para robots móviles con configuración diferencial bajo retrasos temporales variables y restricciones de saturación de entrada. Se propone un método de control basado en funciones no lineales estáticas suaves, demostrando convergencia garantizada hacia una posición objetivo con una tasa de decaimiento exponencial. En este artículo empleamos el simulador de Simscape del primer artículo para la simulación realista junto a las técnicas de estimación no uniforme del segundo artículo para la experimentación. El cuarto artículo introduce una estructura de control eficiente en el uso de recursos para el control remoto de seguimiento de trayectorias de vehículos autónomos basada en una combinación integral de filtrado de Kalman, muestreo de bifrecuencia no uniforme, comunicación activada por eventos periódicos y técnicas de control basadas en predicciones de h-pasos adelante, junto a una simulación que permite retardos y pérdidas de paquetes simulando una red inalámbrica. Este enfoque, validado mediante simulación y experimentación en una plataforma robótica holonómica de ruedas omnidireccionales, que ha sido mejorada a partir de la desarrollada en el artículo 2, demuestra una reducción significativa en el uso de recursos computacionales en la parte local en comparación con soluciones de control convencionales junto a un seguimiento de trayectoria satisfactorio. Adicionalmente, destacar que la estabilidad de media cuadrática es asegurada para el NUDREKF. En conjunto, estos artículos contribuyen al diseño eficiente de sistemas de control en red aplicados a UxVs, superando desafíos como retrasos temporales, variabilidad en las frecuencias de muestreo y limitaciones de recursos, y demostrando su efectividad a través de simulaciones realistas y experimentos prácticos. / [CA] La tesi doctoral es centra en el disseny eficient de Sistemes de Control en Xarxa (NCS) aplicats a Vehicles Autònoms No Tripulats (UxVs), emprant tècniques de mostreig no convencional i control basat en esdeveniments. La investigació aborda desafiaments inherents als NCS, com el desorde i la pèrdua de dades en la comunicació, limitacions en l'amplada de banda de la xarxa, recursos computacionals i energètics limitats, així com retards temporals variables. Es presenten quatre articles que contribuïxen al tema. El primer i el segon proposen un control de seguiment de trajectòria Pure Pursuit per a un vehicle terrestre no tripulat (UGV) de tracció en dos rodes i a quatre rodes omnidireccionals, respectivament, abordant la discrepància en les taxes de mostreig uniforme i no uniforme, respectivament. L'ús d'un filtre de Kalman estés bifreqüència (DREKF) i no uniforme (NUDREKF), respectivament, permet estimar els mesuraments no disponibles a freqüència ràpida i dissenyar un controlador dinàmic eficient amb la mostres compensades pel filtre, aconseguint fer un seguiment efectiu de la trajectòria. Tots dos articles presenten l'ús de ferramentes de simulació avançades com Simscape Multibody que presenten una major fidelitat amb la realitat. Este tipus de modelatge presenta la problemàtica de la caracterització de paràmetres, la qual es resol utilitzant tècniques que empren dades d'experimentació reals, com es descriu en el primer article. El tercer article presenta una metodologia de síntesi de control per a robots mòbils amb configuració diferencial sota retards temporals variables i restriccions de saturació d'entrada. Es proposa un mètode de control basat en funcions no lineals estàtiques suaus, demostrant convergència garantida cap a una posició objectiu amb una taxa de decaïment exponencial. En este article emprem el simulador de Simscape Multibody del primer article per a la simulació realista junt a les tècniques d'estimació no uniforme del segon article per a l'experimentació. El quart article introduïx una estructura de control eficient en l'ús de recursos per al control remot de seguiment de trajectòries de vehicles autònoms basada en una combinació integral de filtrat de Kalman, mostreig de bifreqüència no uniforme, comunicació activada per esdeveniments periòdics i tècniques de control basades en prediccions d'h-passos avant, al costat d'una simulació que permet retards i pèrdues de paquets simulant una xarxa sense fil. Este enfocament, validat mitjançant simulació i experimentació en una plataforma robòtica holonómica de rodes omnidireccionals, que ha sigut millorada a partir de la desenvolupada en l'article 2, demostra una reducció significativa en l'ús de recursos computacionals en la part local en comparació amb solucions de control convencionals al costat d'un seguiment de trajectòria satisfactori. Addicionalment, cal destacar que l'estabilitat mitjana quadràtica és assegurada per al NUDREKF. En conjunt, estos articles contribuïxen al disseny eficient de sistemes de control en xarxa aplicats a UxVs, superant desafiaments com a retards temporals, variabilitat en les freqüències de mostreig i limitacions de recursos, i demostrant la seua efectivitat a través de simulacions realistes i experiments pràctics. / [EN] The doctoral thesis focuses on the efficient design of Networked Control Systems (NCS) applied to Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles (UxVs), employing non-conventional sampling techniques and event-based control. The research addresses inherent challenges in NCS, such as packet disorder and data loss in communication, network bandwidth limitations, limited computational and energy resources, as well as variable time delays. Four articles are presented, contributing to the topic. The first and second articles propose a Pure Pursuit trajectory tracking control for a two-wheel drive Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) and a four-wheel omnidirectional vehicle, respectively, addressing the discrepancy in uniform and non-uniform sampling rates, respectively. The use of uniform Dual-Rate Extended Kalman Filter (DREKF) and non-uniform Dual-Rate Extended Kalman Filter (NUDREKF) enables estimation of high-rate unavailable measurements and design of efficient dynamic controllers with filter-compensated samples, achieving effective trajectory tracking. Both articles employ advanced simulation tools such as Simscape Multibody, which provide higher fidelity to reality. This type of modeling addresses the problem of parameter characterization, which is resolved using techniques employing real-world experimental data, as described in the first article. {The third article presents a control synthesis methodology for mobile robots with differential configuration under variable time delays and input saturation constraints. A control method based on smooth static nonlinear functions is proposed, demonstrating guaranteed convergence to a target position with an exponential decay rate. In this article, we use the Simscape Multibody simulator for realistic simulation as in the first article, along with the non-uniform estimation techniques from the second article for experimentation. The fourth article introduces a resource-efficient control structure for remote trajectory tracking control of autonomous vehicles, based on a comprehensive combination of Kalman filtering, non-uniform dual-rate sampling, periodic event-triggered communication, and h-steps ahead prediction-based control techniques, alongside a simulation that incorporates delays and packet losses to simulate a wireless network. This approach, validated through simulation and experimentation on a holonomic omnidirectional-wheeled robotic platform modeled in the second article, demonstrates significant reduction in computational resource usage on the local side compared to conventional control solutions, along with satisfactory trajectory tracking. Additionally, it is worth highlighting that the stability of the NUDREKF is guaranteed through stability conditions. Together, these articles contribute to the efficient design of NCS applied to UxVs, overcoming challenges such as time delays, variability in sampling rates, and resource limitations, and demonstrating their effectiveness through realistic simulations and practical experiments. / This PhD research was part of the R+D+i Project, Grant RTI2018-096590-B- I00 (Research, Development and Innovation projects - "Research Challengues"), funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 (Ministry of Science, Innova- tion and Universities - Spanish government) and by Europe "ERDF A way of making Europe". And grant for predoctoral contracts for the training of doc- tors, Grant PRE2019-088467 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039 /501100011033 and by Europe "ESF Investing in your future". / Carbonell Lázaro, R. (2024). Efficient Design of Wireless Networked Control Systems Applied to UxVs using Non-Conventional Sampling and Event-Based Control Techniques [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/213211 / Compendio

Networked control over wireless networks is of growing importance in many application domains such as industrial control, building automation and transportation systems. Wide deployment however, requires systematic design tools to enable efficient resource usage while guaranteeing close-loop control performance. The control system may be greatly affected by the inherent imperfections and limitations of the wireless medium and malfunction of system components. In this thesis, we make five important contributions that address these issues.  In the first contribution, we consider event- and self-triggered control and investigate how to efficiently tune and execute these paradigms for appropriate control performance. Communication strategies for aperiodic control are devised, where we jointly address the selection of medium-access control and scheduling policies. Experimental results show that the best trade-off is obtained by a hybrid scheme, combining event- and self-triggered control together with contention-based and contention-free medium access control. The second contribution proposes an event-based method to select between fast and slow periodic sampling rates. The approach is based on linear quadratic control and the event condition is a quadratic function of the system state. Numerical and experimental results show that this hybrid controller is able to reduce the average sampling rate in comparison to a traditional periodic controller, while achieving the same closed-loop control performance. In the third contribution, we develop compensation methods for out-of-order communications and time-varying delays using a game-theoretic minimax control framework. We devise a linear temporal coding strategy where the sensor combines the current and previous measurements into a single packet to be transmitted. An experimental evaluation is performed in a multi-hop networked control scenario with a routing layer vulnerability exploited by a malicious application. The experimental and numerical results show the advantages of the proposed compensation schemes. The fourth contribution proposes a distributed reconfiguration method for sensor and actuator networks. We consider systems where sensors and actuators cooperate to recover from faults. Reconfiguration is performed to achieve model-matching, while minimizing the steady-state estimation error covariance and a linear quadratic control cost. The reconfiguration scheme is implemented in a room heating testbed, and experimental results demonstrate the method's ability to automatically reconfigure the faulty system in a distributed and fast manner. The final contribution is a co-simulator, which combines the control system simulator Simulink with the wireless network simulator COOJA. The co-simulator integrates physical plant dynamics with realistic wireless network models and the actual embedded software running on the networked devices. Hence, it allows for the validation of the complete wireless networked control system, including the study of the interactions between software and hardware components. / <p>QC 20140929</p>