Chickens from lines selected for high (HA) and low (LA) antibody response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antigen were Used to study the role of genetic factors involved in resistance to Eimeria tenella and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Routes of administration were intravenous for SRBC antigen and intranasal for NDV. Chicks were exposed to E. tenella either through a natural challenge via the litter or a controlled oral administration. Differences between lines were observed in resistance to cecal coccidiosis, with line HA chicks being more resistant than those from line LA. Results were similar. for both natural and controlled exposures, Differences in resistance to E. tenella were found among alleles for the I alloystern with degree of additivity from the I⁴ allele on resistance depending on the background genome. Chicks from line HA exhibited higher antibody titers to SRBC and lower titers to NDV than did those from line LA. This pattern was the same regardless of whether antigens were given together or alone. Correlations within lines for birds which received both antigens were positive and significant in line HA and not different from zero in line LA. When NDV was given at the time birds received a booster dose of SRBC, antibody titers for NDV and for primary and booster SRBC were higher in. line HA than line LA. Correlations between all titers were positive and significant in both lines. The data suggest that relationships between titers for SRBC and NDV are influenced by both genetic and nongenetic factors. / M.S.

A Doença de Newcastle (DN) é uma enfermidade de etiologia viral e de rápido poder de disseminação. Um grande número de espécies aviárias é susceptível ao Vírus da Doença de Newcastle (VDN). Entre estas aves, o pombo doméstico (Columba livia), tem sido incriminado como hospedeiro e disseminador da DN. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o comportamento de pombos frente ao VDN. Foram avaliadas a patogenia da doença e a cinética da RIH de pombos submetidos à vacinação com estirpes vivas (LaSota) e a infecção experimental com estirpe patogênica (São João do Meriti) para galinhas (Gallus gallus), para avaliar os papéis desempenhados por estas como possíveis reservatórios do VDN. A resposta sorológica foi mensurada com a técnica de HI e a eliminação do genoma viral avaliada com a técnica de RT-PCR. Foi observado que as estirpes vacinas produziram títulos elevados de anticorpos, tanto nas aves vacinadas como nas sentinelas. Na infecção experimental, demonstramos que a estirpe patogênica não produziu a doença clínica em pombos, porém promoveu a formação de anticorpos, bem como a eliminação do genoma viral. Também foi comprovada a alta infectividade do agente, tendo em vista que aves sentinelas apresentaram níveis de anticorpos elevados, nos mesmos patamares das aves infectadas. / Newcastle Disease (ND), is a highly contagious disease of viral etiology and several bird species are susceptible this disease. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia), has been regarded as a host and disseminating agent of ND. Therefore, a study was carried out in order to evaluate the responses of pigeons naturally or experimentally infected with this pathogen and the possible role of these birds as potential reservoirs of NDV. The disease pathogenesis and the kinetics of the host humoral immune response were studied in pigeons subjected to vaccination with live NDV strains (LaSota) and to experimental infection with a NDV strain (São João do Meriti) that affects domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). The serological response was measured by HI and the elimination of the viral genome was evaluated by RT-PCR. Vaccine strains induced high antibody levels, both in vaccinated and in sentinel birds. Clinical signs of the disease were not induced by the pathogenic strain in experimentally infected pigeons, although there was antibody production, as well as elimination of the viral genome. The high infectivity of the agent was also confirmed, since the sentinels birds presented high antibody levels, which were similar to the levels produced by infected birds.

Students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Colleges (TVET) in South Africa face a number of challenges including psychological problems. These challenges have a strong bearing on the academic success of the students. The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of psychological support services rendered to students at Majuba TVET College. Interviews were recorded verbatim and transcribed. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse the data. The themes used were derived from the research objectives and these were further divided into categories and sub-categories. The study found that the institution does provide psychological support services to the learner. The forms of psychological support include career counselling, pre-counselling, referral system, on-going counselling and peer counselling and mentoring. Improved academic performance, improved student attendance student retention and improved college certification rate are some of the benefits that can be realised from the effective utilisation of psychological support by the students. Various challenges hinder the effective utilisation of these psychological support services including, lack of qualified personnel, being understaffed, poor referral system, conflicting roles of staff, inadequate on-site counselling, low-prioritisation of psychological support by college management and limited access time. The participants highlighted the need for the institution to establish linkages with key stakeholders such as other TVET Colleges so as to have a platform for sharing vital information on psychological support. The participants were of the view that more qualified and registered staff should be hired to bolster the provision of psychological support to students. The referral system should be improved and the participants advocated for the services to be accessible around the clock. College management should show commitment to students’ welfare by prioritising and recognising student psychological support as pivotal to students’ academic success. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Adult Education)

La maladie de Newcastle est une maladie virale hautement contagieuse et dévastatrice chez la volaille. Bien que la biosécurité et lhygiène puissent savérer suffisantes pour lutter contre lintroduction de la maladie, la vaccination préventive est considérée comme une précaution supplémentaire et a été rendue obligatoire dans la plupart des pays européens dès les années 90 suite aux épidémies de ND. Cependant, lobservation dépizooties sporadiques témoigne des limites des programmes de prévention actuels. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses alternatives vaccinales sont étudiées afin de limiter le risque dune infection par le NDV et de réduire la transmission virale, tout en prévenant les signes cliniques et la mortalité. Durant ce travail, la vaccination à un jour à laide dun vaccin atténué a été privilégiée et lamélioration de son efficacité par la co-administration avec ladjuvant chitosan et une primo-vaccination in ovo avec un vaccin recombinant rHVT-ND a été investiguée. Lobjectif de cette thèse consiste à étudier de manière approfondie limmunité induite chez le poulet par la vaccination contre la ND et à établir une corrélation entre les réponses immunitaires mesurées et la protection. Ces expériences ont montré linfluence du tropisme de la souche vaccinale de NDV sur linduction de limmunité à médiation cellulaire et sur le degré de la réponse immune locale en anticorps au niveau des tractus respiratoire et digestif. Cette réponse immune cellulaire spécifique du NDV a pu être renforcée par la co-administration du chitosan avec le vaccin atténué. Linterférence des anticorps maternels sur linduction dune réponse immune spécifique lors dune vaccination à un jour a également été validée. Cet impact négatif a pu être limité par une primo-vaccination in ovo avec un vaccin recombinant rHVT-ND. Enfin, le programme de vaccination combinant une primo-vaccination in ovo avec une vaccination à un jour avec un vaccin atténué co-administré avec le chitosan a permis daméliorer la protection contre les signes cliniques de la maladie mais également de diminuer lexcrétion virale lors dune infection virulente. Cette plus forte protection peut être corrélée avec linduction dune meilleure immunité à médiation cellulaire et une réponse immune locale accrue. Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and devastating condition of poultry. Although good biosecurity and hygiene practices can be sufficient to fight against this disease, the preventive vaccination is thought to be an additional precaution and is rendered compulsory in many European Union countries since the 90 after ND epidemic. Nevertheless, enzootics and epizootics that are sometimes reported point out the limitations of current vaccination regimens. In this context, different approaches have been investigated in order to prevent infection by NDV, reduce the transmission of the virus and eliminate clinical signs and mortality. In this work, we have selected the vaccination at day-old with attenuated ND vaccine and we have attempted to increase its efficacy by the co-administration with chitosan adjuvant and by an in ovo injection of a rHVT-ND vaccine. The aim of this present work was to evaluate the immunity induced by ND vaccination and the establishment of the correlation between the recorded measurement and the protection. These experiments showed the influence of the tropism of the ND vaccine strain on the NDV-specific antibody-mediated immunity in the respiratory and digestive tracts and on the cell-mediated immunity. This NDV-specific cellular immune response was improved by the co-administration of chitosan with the ND attenuated vaccine. It was also observed that the presence of MDA interferes with the establishment of a persisting good protective immunity after a single day-old vaccination. The use of rHVT-ND vaccine applied in ovo as primo-vaccination allowed overcoming this negative interference of MDA. Finally, the innovative rHVT-ND/live ND-chitosan vaccination regimen provided the highest protection against mortality and morbidity as well as the strongest reduction of virus shedding, which could be related to a higher measured cellular immune response and local antibody-mediated immunity.

The thesis proposed to critique the neo-liberal perspective on regional policy in South Africa, and its emphasis on areas of strength and advantage, on two grounds. First, that it neglects processes of economic restructuring, and the possibility of place-specific decline or vulnerability. However, South Africa's increasing exposure to international markets, ongoing economic crisis, and political change, provide a context in which such conditions are likely. Secondly , these concerns are marginalised through the assumption that households can and do move out of areas experiencing restructuring or decline , or from places with weak economic bases. This assumption, however, ignores the limits to mobility in the current conjuncture, and the role of place in survival. The thesis critiques these arguments theoretically, and empirically - through a brief examination of the dynamics of restructuring and migration in KwaZulu-Natal, and a more detailed analysis of the case of Newcastle . The study of KwaZulu-Natal shows broad patterns of restructuring over the century, and points to new forms of instability in the 1990s. The research demonstrates that Newcastle has experienced several rounds of restructuring. While aggregate employment was relatively stable by the end of the 1980s, there had been a significant shift in the nature of economic activity and the composition of employment. Further rounds of restructuring coupled with employment decline - occurred in the 1990s, and key industrial sectors are shown to be vulnerable. The study of migration shows that, while there is a relationship between urbanisation and economic development in KwaZulu-Natal, there are also exceptions to it, with people remaining in, and even moving to places with weak or declining economic bases. The research did not find a complete, disjuncture ' between urbanisation and economic development in Newcastle. However, as, a consequence of past investments in place and limited opportunities elsewhere, low-income households remained in Newcastle despite restructuring. The study therefore shows that restructuring and place-vulnerability are concerns in South Africa, and that migration cannot be relied upon as a corrective. These findings underpin the need for a renewed consideration of social concerns within regional policy, and for moving beyond the 'efficiency' versus 'equity' dichotomy. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 1997.

This study investigates community involvement in promoting and improving road safety in Blaauwbosch, Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal. The aim is to evaluate communitydriven bottom-up approaches like the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The central premise is that road crashes can be reduced if community involvement is exercised. Road crashes are affecting all the communities globally, and they continue to escalate at an alarming rate. The 2013 and 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Status Reports form the basis of this study by providing the facts and figures about global road crash statistics. Communities are motivated by the outcomes and impacts of road safety interventions in improving their well-being and development. The objectives of the research study were to document the community’s perceptions of road safety, to check how community members can be involved in reducing road crashes, and to specify the role that local authorities can play. These objectives were met with the use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as a research tool for data collection. The study found that the community members of Blaauwbosch perceive road safety as an important factor that affects their lives. There was also a belief that, through community involvement, road crashes can be reduced. The authorities also had an important role to play in reducing road crashes, provided there is political will and the required resources. The findings and conclusions drawn affirms that road safety is a collective responsibility and requires joint efforts from all the stakeholders. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral estabelecer critérios de maior precisão para a interpretação de resultados do diagnóstico sorológico para a Doença de Newcastle realizadas através do teste de HI (inibição da hemaglutinação). A fonte dos dados foram resultados de ensaios sorológicos realizados para monitoria da doença no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, no período de 2000 à 2010, sendo estas, cedidas pela CIDASC (Companhia Integrada de Desenvolvimento Agrícola de Santa Catarina). Como metodologia, foram ulitizadas técnicas de geoprocessamento com auxílio do aplicativo Capeiro 7, para estudo de caso, métodos estatísticos para estudo das GMTs (médias geométricas dos títulos) e métodos geoestatísticos, com auxilio do aplicavo ArcGis, com desígnio de avaliar q dependência espacial exercida entre os títulos. Estes métodos permitiram a análise espacial dos títulos sorológicos e correlacionar com os vizinhos mais próximos (unidades de produção integradas de frangos de corte) através de mapeamentos. Diante das informações repassadas para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, no estudo de caso observou-se que os títulos sorológicos não exerciam influência sobre os vizinhos. Em um segundo momento, através das análises estatísticas observou-se um declínio das GMTs ao longo to tempo, podendo ser vizualizado um patamar de estabilização, que se fixou entre 1,14 e 1,60. Por fim, no estudo geoestatístico, pode-se constatar que os títulos sorológicos apresentaram dependência espacial nos dez anos analisados, sendo que, em ensaios de HI realizados com 4 UHA (unidades hemaglutinantes), os títulos 1/2 e 1/4 apresentaram dependência espacial de 12km, quando estudados em raios de 10 km a partir de granjas reprodutoras, as quais recebem vacinação para Doença de Newcastle. Os títulos 1/8 apresentaram dependência espacial de aproximadamente 8 km e os 1/16 de 5 km. Desta forma, foi detectado que, a medida que os títulos aumentavam, a dependência espacial entre eles diminuía, mas ainda sim, exercendo forte influencia sobre os vizinhos. / This study aimed to establish more precise criteria for the interpretation of results of serological diagnosis for Newcastle disease carried through the test of HI (hemagglutination inhibition). The source of the data were performed serologic test results for monitoring of the disease in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, from 2000 to 2010, these being provided by CIDASC (Integrated Agricultural Development Company of Santa Catarina). The methodology were used geoprocessing techniques to aid application Capeiro 7 for case study, statistical methods to the study of GMTs (geometric mean titers) and geostatistical methods with the aid of ArcGis software, with design to assess spatial dependence q exercised between titles. These methods allowed the spatial analysis of bonds and serological correlate with the nearest neighbors (production units integrated broiler) via mappings. Given the information passed to the development of this research, the case study showed that the serological not exerted influence on the neighbors. In a second step, through statistical analysis we observed a decline in GMTs over to time and can be visualized a level of stabilization, which was set between 1.14 and 1.60. Finally, the geostatistical study, it can be seen that the serological spatial dependence in ten years, and, in HI assays performed with 4 UHA (hemagglutinating units), securities 1/2 and 1/4 showed dependence space 12km, when studied in radius of 10 km from reproduction farms, which receive vaccination for Newcastle disease. The titres eighth spatial dependence of approximately 8 km and 1/16 of 5 km. Thus, it was detected that, as the titres increased, the spatial dependence between them lessened, but still exerting a strong influence on the neighbors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 denadai_j_me_jabo.pdf: 810265 bytes, checksum: 590ca7255c11f8f0b1c02155b7433db3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos, imunitários e epidemiológicos da vacinação contra a Doença de Newcastle em periquitos-australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) através de dois experimentos. Foram utilizadas amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 72 periquitos australianos com cinco meses de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos de 18 animais cada, num total de três repetições, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. A resposta imune foi avaliada pelo teste de HI, com posterior desafio frente a estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 11 meses de vida das aves. Em todos os grupos, coletou-se suabes cloacais para pesquisa de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). Independente do grupo experimental, sinais clínicos da reação vacinal não foram observados. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Os periquitos-australianos desafiados mostraram-se refratários à enfermidade clínica com o VDN. Entretanto, ficou caracterizado o estado de portador de VDN nesta espécie decorridos até 19 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com periquitos-australianos inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos periquitos-australianos para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 19 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do periquito-australiano como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas / The clinical, epidemiological, immunological and parameters of vaccination against Newcastle disease in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were investigated using 2 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were used. In experiment 1, 72 budgerigars were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 18 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 11 months of age. In all the groups, cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged budgerigars were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 19 days after experimental infection. In experiment 2, SPF chickens were housed with budgerigars which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain. Therefore, the pathogenic virus (NDV) was transmitted from the budgerigars to SPF birds up to 19 days after challenge, showing the importance of the budgerigars as source of dissemination of NDV to domestic birds

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_e_me_jabo.pdf: 361846 bytes, checksum: 88806de6aa141392c6646bc2ffc5421c (MD5) / Hy-Line do Brasil / Aves selvagens podem ser consideradas portadores/carreadores de agentes etiológicos patogênicos para galinhas de produção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar, em aves selvagens, a presença de anticorpo contra: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma sinoviae (MS), Salmonella Pullorum (SP), Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), Vírus da Doença de Newcastle e Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa; bem como a presença de Salmonella sp. Foram utilizadas 82 aves selvagens, e todas foram negativas na detecção de anticorpo anti-vírus da Doença de Newcastle e Bronquite Infecciosa, usando as técnicas de Inibição de Hemaglutinação e Soroneutralização, respectivamente. Para o diagnóstico de anticorpo anti Mycoplasma (MG e MS) foi utilizado inicialmente a técnica de Soroaglutinação Rápida em Placa, sendo sete aves positivas para MS e duas para MG. Amostras biológicas dessas aves foram posteriormente submetidas a técnicas de HI e/ou PCR, sendo todas negativas. Quanto ao diagnóstico de Salmonella sp., foi isolado Salmonella Muenchen da cultura de suabe de cloaca de uma curicaca; de uma seriema, foi isolado Salmonella Muenchen e Salmonella Saintpaul da cultura de órgãos e conteúdo intestinal, respectivamente; e do conteúdo intestinal de uma pomba foi isolado Salmonella Enteritidis. Apenas com os resultados dessa pesquisa, não foi possível concluir que as aves selvagens possam representar um risco sanitário para a avicultura. São necessários mais estudos envolvendo um número maior de aves e locais para elucidar o real potencial de transmissão e portador são das aves selvagens para os respectivos agentes pesquisados. / Wild birds can be considered carrier/transmitter of patogenic etiologic agents for chickens. The objective of this work was to verify in wild birds the presence of antibody Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma sinoviae (MS), Salmonella Pullorum (SP), Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), Newcastle Disease Virus, and Infectious Bronchitis Virus; as well as the presence of Salmonella sp. Eighty-two wild birds were sampled, and all was negative for antibody anti-virus Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis, using the techniques of Hemagglutination Inhibition and Seroneutralization, respectively. For the detection of antibodies anti Mycoplasma (MG e MS) were used initially the Fast Serum Agglutination on Plate method, seven birds were positive for MS and two for MG. Subsequently the positive sera and/or traqueal swab were submitted for HI and/or PCR techniques being all exams negative. Regarding the diagnosis of Salmonella sp., Salmonella Muenchen was isolated from a culture of cloacal swab of a buff-necked Ibis; from a red-legged seriema, Salmonella Muenchen and Salmonella Saintpaul were isolated from culture of organs and intestinal content, respectively; and Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated of intestinal content from a dove. It was not possible to conclude that the wild birds can represent a sanitary risk for aviculture considering only these results. More studies are necessary to elucidate the real potential of transmission and carrier of wild birds for the researched agents.

Orientador: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Aramis Augusto Pinto / Banca: Camillo Del Cistia Andrade / Resumo: A nucleoproteina do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) é um dos componentes antigênicos ideais para fazer o imunodiagnóstico da DN, por ser mais conservada e possuir uma elevada imunogenicidade. A sequência completa do gene da nucleoproteína (NP) (1470 pb) da estirpe La Sota do VDN foi amplificada, nesse estudo, por RT-PCR e submetida a clonagem no vetor de expressão em Escherichia coli pETSUMO (Invitrogen). A proteína NP foi expressa sob a forma de uma proteína recombinante de fusão contendo o peptídeo SUMO e a sequência de poli-histidina, em seguida foi purificada em resina de níquel-agarose e caracterizada por SDSPAGE e Western-blotting, apresentando um peso molecular de cerca de 66kDa e reatividade com anticorpos policlonais de galinhas hiperimunizadas com esse mesmo vírus. Foi então desenvolvido um método indireto de ELISA com essa proteína (NPVDN- ELISA) para ser aplicado na detecção de anticorpos anti-virais específicos. O NP-VDN-ELISA revelou ser capaz de diferenciar amostras de soros positivos para o VDN das amostras de soros negativos e, na comparação dos resultados obtidos na análise de 125 soros de campo pelo NP-VDN-ELISA com os do teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação (HI), foi encontrado um coeficiente de correlação significante entre estes métodos (r = 0,8345), bem como elevadas sensibilidade (89,3%), acurácia (90,4%) e especificidade (95,5%). Concluindo, a proteína NP recombinante expressa pelo sistema pET SUMO - E. coli compartilha os principais epítopos para interagir com anticorpos de galinhas produzidos contra a proteína NP do VDN, tendo, portanto, um bom potencial de ser aplicada de forma bem sucedida e com vantagens no teste de ELISA para realizar de forma mais rápida e prática, o imunodiagnóstico da DN de um maior número de amostras séricas de galinhas / Abstract: The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), is a preferred choice to develop a serologic assay on account of highly conserved sequences, and high immunogenicity. The whole open-reading-frame (orf) of NP gene from LaSota strain of NDV was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned in pETSUMO vector (Invitrogen) and Escherichia coli as cellular host. The NP protein was expressed as a fusion recombinant protein containing SUMO peptide and poly-histidine tags. This protein was easily purified in nickel-agarose resin, and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting, showing a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa and reactivity with polyclonal antibodies from NDV hiperimmunized chickens. The recombinant NP protein was used as antigen to develop an indirect ELISA (NP-NDVELISA) for the detection chicken anti-NDV antibodies. The capability of the recombinant NP protein to differentiate positive from normal chicken sera was evident in NP-NDV-ELISA, and by comparing this ELISA with haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) a high and significant correlation with the haemagglutination-inhibition test (r = 0,8345), as well as high sensitivity (89,3%), specificity (95,5%) and accuracy (90,4%) were obtained. In conclusion the results indicated that the recombinant NP protein shared the main epitopes with the homologous viral protein and has a great potential to be advantageously used in the ELISA for the analysis of large number of samples in the DN immunodiagnosis / Mestre