Key Words: migration, gender, transnational motherhood, care work, reproductive remmitences, Ukrainian female migrants in the Czech Republic Abstract: The aim of my dissertation is to analyze how gender operates in transnational spaces, and what impacts it has on the experience of motherhood and the formation of new gender identities. I will try to describe how transnational Ukrainian mothers narratively construct and emphasise their experiences with transnational motherhood. I will also focus my attention on the social practices of transnational motherhood and social conditions of female care migration in the Czech Republic.

Bc. Kateřina Vlčková ABSTRACT: Petya parent - "socialist" fatherhood in Mladý svět magazine at the end of the 70th and beginning of the 80s of the 20th century The topic of my thesis is fatherhood in socialist Czechoslovakia in the late 70s and 80s of the 20th century. My primary source research is a section Péťa Parent, published from 1979 to 1982 in the Mladý svět magazine. The uniqueness of this column, I see in the fact that the author (Petr Hora-Hořejš) as the father advise to "public" readers regarding about education and child care. The theoretical part will focus on the concepts that are relevant to my research, such as the gender culture, fatherhood, masculinity, private and public sphere, motherhood, femininity, etc. Among the basic questions I'll ask include the following: How "socialist" father defends and publishes his paternal role, how he views care and education (his) child or what image of man-father Mladý svět magazine helps to create. With my work I try to contribute to a greater awareness of the history of fatherhood changes and involvement father in a family area, which was at that time primarily attributed to the women-mothers.

Quiet Little Animals is a novel set in early-1940s Spain. The story begins with a young couple, Carmen and Ernesto, who are expecting their first child. Carmen gives birth to their daughter Isadora in a Catholic hospital, but when she wakes up after the birth, she's told that the baby has died. However, the truth is that the baby was kidnapped by the nun Sor Eugenia, who decided that she would provide the baby with a better life by sending her away to be adopted by a more "proper" family - and a young religious woman named Ava finally gets the baby she's been trying for years to have, her little Maria. The story follows the four main point-of-view characters - Carmen, Ernesto, Sor Eugenia and Ava - as their lives move past that moment when Isadora/Maria was taken from one family and given to another. In addition to the four main points of view, there are also a number of chapters that are told in the form of fairy tales. The use of multiple points of view to tell one story allows each of the characters to have a known stake in the outcome of the narrative, and is a major stylistic interest of the piece. The central themes of the book are motherhood, grief, birth and death. It also asks questions about the creation of family, fate, and the aftermath of civil war.

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[pt] A maternidade não atinge da mesma forma pessoas de diferentes países e culturas. A vivência da maternidade, assim como a da migração, é atravessada por questões sociais, econômicas e raciais. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender a vivência da maternidade de mulheres brasileiras que tiveram filhos fora do país de origem. De modo a alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa na qual foram entrevistadas, em 2022, sete mulheres brasileiras que vivenciaram gestação, parto e primeiro ano de vida do filho (a) em Portugal, Reino Unido, Itália, Espanha e França. Foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo para analisar os dados (Bardin, 2016). Da análise das falas das participantes emergiram cinco categorias: gestando no meio sociocultural; rede de apoio na perinatalidade em tempos pandêmicos; parir em outra língua; pertencimento à cultura de origem da família e transmissão cultural da maternidade. Os resultados apontam a fragilidade das redes de apoio, além da relevância da inclusão da cultura de origem e do país de acolhimento na maternidade. Conclui-se que a vivência de maternidade fora do país de origem é envolta em lutos e revisitações às referências culturais da mãe. O distanciamento da rede familiar, de amigos e de referenciais da cultura de origem da mulher migrante gerou o aumento das sobrecargas psíquica e física inerentes à maternidade. No entanto, os grandes conflitos vividos por essas mulheres não excluem a percepção das potencialidades dessa experiência. / [en] Motherhood does not affect people from different countries and cultures inthe same way. The experience of motherhood, as well as the migration, is crossedby social, emotional and racial issues. This study aims to understand the experienceof motherhood of Brazilian women who had children outside their country of origin.In order to reach the proposed objective, a qualitative research was carried out inwhich seven Brazilian women were interviewed in 2022 who experiencedpregnancy, childbirth and the first year of life of their child in Portugal, UnitedKingdom, Italy, Spain and France. The content analysis method was used to analyzethe data (Bardin, 2016). From the analysis of the participants statements, fivecategories emerged: pregnant in the sociocultural environment; perinatal supportnetwork in pandemic times; give birth in another language; belonging to the cultureof origin of the family and cultural transmission of motherhood. The results pointto the capture of support networks, in addition to the protection of the inclusion ofthe culture of origin and the host country in maternity. It is concluded that theexperience of motherhood outside the country of origin is shrouded in mourningand revisiting the mother s cultural references. The distance from the familynetwork, friends and references of the culture of origin of the migrant womangenerated an increase in the psychic and physical overloads inherent to motherhood.However, the major conflicts experienced by these women do not exclude theperception of the potential of this experience.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka hur strukturella och relationella sociala omständigheter påverkar utrikesfödda, ensamstående mödrars livsvillkor. De strukturella utmaningar som försätter den studerade gruppen i en utsatt position i samhället undersöks utifrån ekonomiska resurser i form av möjligheter och hinder för etablering på arbetsmarknaden och kontakt med välfärdsfunktioner. Sociala resurser kommer också att undersökas i och med en migration till Sverige som innebär att viktiga sociala nätverk kan vara bristande. Kulturell bakgrund och anpassningen till ett nytt samhälle med främmande språk, normer och förväntningar kan också tänkas påverka kvinnornas möjligheter att säkerställa goda livsvillkor. Det empiriska materialet baseras på åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med utrikesfödda, ensamstående mödrars personliga berättelser och upplevelser. Det sociologiskt teoretiska ramverket utgörs av ett intersektionalitetsperspektiv, Scheffs teori om sociala band och Habermas teori om system och livsvärld. Uppsatsens huvudinsikter omfattar den individualistiska samhällsutveckling som utmanat utrikesfödda, ensamstående mödrars livsvillkor. Samhällets nedmontering av välfärdsfunktioner ställer höga krav på relationer i kvinnornas livsvärld. Sociala relationer och kontaktnät med kvinnor i liknande situation visar sig vara av stor vikt för god hälsa och välmående. / This essay aims to examine how structural and relational social circumstances affect the living conditions for migrant women in lone motherhood households. The structural challenges that contributes to the groups vulnerable position in society will be examined in this essay through financial resources in the form of opportunities and obstacles on the labor market and contact with welfare functions. Social resources will also be in focus because of the migration to Sweden which means access to important social networks may be lacking. Cultural background and the adaptation to a new society with a foreign language, norms and expectations can affect the women's ability to accommodate good living standards. The empirical material is based on eight qualitative interviews, with migrant women in lone motherhood households, and their personal stories and experiences. The sociological theoretical framework consists of an intersectional perspective, Scheff's theory of social bonds and Habermas theory of system and lifeworld. The essay's key points cover the individualistic societal development that has challenged the living conditions for the group in question. Society's dismantling of welfare functions contributes to high demands on relationships in the lifeworld of the women, where social relationships with women in a similar position prove to be of big importance for good health and well-being.

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[pt] Esse trabalho trata da luta das mães e familiares de vítimas da violência do Estado brasileiro, mais especificamente sobre o engajamento político das mães, moradoras de favelas no Rio de Janeiro, que perderam seus filhos assassinados por policiais militares e agentes do Estado. As reflexões trazidas aqui são fruto de trabalho etnográfico no qual acompanhei e testemunhei o luto público das mães nos espaços públicos da cidade. É a partir do testemunho da luta e do luto das mães que pude tecer a problemática dessa tese que se centra na relação entre gênero, violência, soberania e sacrifício. Argumento, partindo das minhas experiências e vivências etnográficas, que o movimento de mães questiona a legitimidade do poder de matar do Estado ou, em outras palavras, questiona a própria soberania de Estado como o poder sobre a vida e a morte. Ao defenderem que o Estado brasileiro não tinha o direito de tirar a vida dos filhos que elas geraram, as mães trazem à tona a relação entre gênero e soberania e o modo como ambos estão intimamente conectados. Além disso, argumento que o movimento de mães toca nas estruturas fundacionais do Estado-nação ao revelar que a soberania de Estado repousa sobre uma economia sacrificial na qual a vida de alguns depende da morte de outros. O movimento das mães reúne tanto as condições para expor a lógica sacrificial sobre a qual se sustenta a soberania estatal quanto revelam que elas, as próprias mães, se inserem também em uma lógica sacrificial ao lutar em nome de seus filhos assassinados pelo Estado. Nesse sentido, percorro um caminho de investigação filosófica a fim de compreender as fundações mitológicas da soberania de Estado e a lógica sacrificial intrínseca a ela. / [en] This dissertation deals with the struggles faced by mothers of victims of Brazilian state violence. More specifically, about the political engagement of mothers, slum dwellers in Rio de Janeiro, who have lost their sons murdered by military police and state agents. The reflections I brought to the fore are the results of an ethnographic project in which I followed and witnessed the public mourning of some mothers in the public space of the city. Through witnessing their mourning I was able to develop the problematic tackled in this thesis: the relationship between gender, violence, sovereignty and sacrifice. Based on my ethnographic experiences, I argue that the movement organized by these mothers put into question the legitimacy of state sovereignty, in other words its power over life and death. When they claim that the Brazilian state did not have the right to take their sons lives, lives which they give birth to, they bring to the fore the intimate relation between gender and sovereignty. In addition, I argue that the mothers movement touch upon the foundational structures of the nation-state when they reveal the state sovereignty reliance on an economy of sacrifice, specifically one in which the lives of some depend on the death of others. The mothers movement provides the conditions both to expose the sacrificial logic upon which state sovereignty relies and to reveal that the mothers themselves are also embedded in a sacrificial economy when they struggle in the name of their sons killed by the state. In this sense, my thesis is a philosophical investigation in order to grasp the mythological foundations of state sovereignty and its intrinsic reliance of an economy of sacrifice.

The Swedish author Birgitta Stenberg (1932-2014) is primarily known for her subversive autobiographical novels based on her travelling and adventures in Europe, mainly Kärlek i Europa. Her work is characterized by subjects as sex, drugs, crime and breaking free from the limiting demands of everyday life. The book Eldar och is (2010) creates an autobiographical narrative around her grandmother Alma, her mother Ingeborg, and Birgitta herself. In the turn towards her own history the novel can be seen as a break from Stenberg’s earlier authorship. To analyze how motherhood is depicted in the novel I use Sara Ahmed and Judith Halberstam theorization of queer orientations and life lines, and motherhood studies based primarily on Jenny Björklunds queer reading of mothers who leave. In the analysis of the text two major themes emerged: Motherhood and class, and Motherhood, sexuality, and blood ties. The class theme shows how motherhood is shaped through class position and also how different class positions makes certain life lines within reach. Motherhood was also directly tied to changing class positions making motherhood both a sacrifice and possibility. The mothers also shaped their daughter’s orientation in the world in a profound way. The theme on sexuality and blood ties shows how sexuality posed both as a threat and a possibility to negotiate positions tied to motherhood. The result shows how heteronormative life scripts circumference motherhood but also how slips and slides on the straight line forms a resistance against these norms. By exposing the fantasy of the family motherhood as a construction, as balancing along a straight line, including slips, and uncertain blood ties, different realities come within reach.