This dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive study of Francesco Salviati’s portraits, analyzed within a chronological framework. Traditional attributions are re-examined and recent discoveries included to establish a reliable core group of the artist’s portraits, one exhibiting a stylistic coherence. Salviati’s activities as a portraitist are placed in the historical, political, cultural and artistic context of his time, with particular emphasis on patronage. Versatile and well-connected, Francesco served a number of top-ranking patrons of his time, including Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Pier Luigi and Alessandro Farnese (in Rome), Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici (in Florence), the Grimani family (in Venice), King Henri II, and the Cardinal of Lorraine in France. This study intends to navigate portraiture’s role in the relationships between the courtier-artist and his princely patrons. Characterized by innovation and experimentation, Salviati’s portraits vary in composition, media and supports. As one of the earliest artists to produce portrait miniatures in Italy, Francesco evidently introduced the genre to Cosimo I de’ Medici’s court to create an aura of a royal court equal to that in France and England. His experiments with the use of various stone supports for portraits are discussed in relation to his status as the leading painter in Rome after the death of Sebastiano del Piombo in 1547. Lastly, the artist’s career as a book illustrator is explored to shed light on his interactions with well-known literati of his time, such as Pietro Aretino, Anton Francesco Doni and Giambattista Gelli. The designs Salviati provided for their author portraits are not only testimony to their acquaintance, but also evidence of the artist’s participation in their intellectual communities. / Thesis (Ph.D, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2013-04-29 15:59:52.863

La guerre et ses conséquences sont trop importantes pour que la réflexion philosophique ne s’y attarde pas. Pour comprendre ses fondements et ses mécanismes internes, il faut une pensée qui creuse au coeur même des comportements guerriers. C’est ce que Thomas Hobbes et Carl von Clausewitz ont chacun tenté de faire en réfléchissant sur la nature de la guerre. Ce mémoire vise entre autres à rendre compte de leur théorie respective sur la nature de la guerre et de voir les rapprochements possibles. L’analyse du concept d’état de guerre et de ses causes chez Hobbes, de même que la pensée de Clausewitz centrée sur la nature de la guerre, rendent compte d’une même dynamique où la relation de réciprocité qu’entretiennent les belligérants conduit à une montée de la violence. La notion de volonté est centrale chez nos auteurs, car elle explique autant cette montée continue de la violence que sa possible résolution vers la paix. Écartant la sphère de la morale et du droit pour penser le phénomène guerrier, leurs réflexions se veulent froides et sans illusion. En saisissant la dynamique relationnelle (et mimétique) qui conduit à un désir illimité de puissance, nos deux auteurs décortiquent l’essence de la guerre par une pensée fondamentalement orientée vers la paix. Ainsi nous donnent-ils des outils pour éviter le pire. / War and its consequences are too important for philosophy to ignore these. In order to understand its foundations and internal mechanisms, we must thought into the heart of war behaviors. That is what Thomas Hobbes and Carl von Clausewitz each tried to do in thinking about the nature of war. This dissertation aims among other things to understand their respective theory about the nature of war and to see how to put them together. The conceptual analysis of state of war and of its causes according to Hobbes, as well as Clausewitz’s thought centered on the nature of war, ascertain similar dynamism where the belligerents’ reciprocal relationship leads to a rise of violence. The notion of will is central to these authors because it explains as much this continued rise of violence as well a possible resolution towards peace. Moving aside the sphere of morality and law while thinking about the war phenomenon, their thoughts wish to be cold and without illusions. In grasping the relational (and mimetic) dynamic which leads to an unlimited desire for power, these two authors decorticate the essence of war through a thought fundamentally oriented towards peace. Thus they give us tools to avoid the worst.

Cette thèse interroge la transgénéricité inédite du schème de la rivalité amoureuse père-fils sur la scène française du XVIIe siècle. La réflexion se fonde sur un corpus représentatif des trois grands genres dramatiques de l’époque – comédie, tragi-comédie et tragédie – et riche d’une quarantaine de pièces. L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer que cette structure dramatique est doublement subversive dans le contexte du Grand Siècle. Sur le plan esthétique, ce conflit envahit tout l’espace scénique alors même que les discours des doctes de l’époque visent à hiérarchiser et à séparer les genres entre eux. La thèse interroge ainsi les stratégies développées par les dramaturges pour adapter ce schème aux contraintes esthétiques propres à chacun des genres. Sur le plan idéologique, ce type de crise met en rivalité les deux représentants mâles de la lignée. Or, dans le cadre particulier de ce Grand Siècle que les historiens qualifient d’ « âge d’or des pères », cela conduit à questionner le fonctionnement sociopolitique et religieux de l’Ancien Régime. S’agit-il en faisant triompher le fils-rival de remettre en cause l’autorité du patriarche au sein de la famille et, partant, du roi au sein de l’État ? Ou bien, à l’inverse, est-il question en favorisant la victoire du père-rival, de réaffirmer le bien-fondé du système établi ? La rivalité père-fils, sous ses apparences galantes serait-elle porteuse d’un discours plus grave, et révélatrice d’une évolution de la société ? Comment la galanterie en transcendant la question générique, questionne-t-elle le politique ? C'est autour de ces deux grands axes de questionnement – esthétique et idéologique – que s'organise la réflexion. / This thesis questions the scheme of the amorous rivalry between father and son which was used for the first time in all genres in seventeenth century French theatre. The research is based on a representative corpus of three dramatic genres of the period – comedy, tragi-comedy and tragedy – and includes about forty plays. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that this dramatic structure is doubly subversive in the period of the seventeenth century. On the aesthetic level, this conflict overcomes the stage even though the theoretic discourses of the period aimed to separate and classify dramatic genres according to a hierarchical system. The thesis studies the strategies developed by dramatists to adapt this dramatic scheme to aesthetic rules specific to each dramatic genre. On the ideological level, this type of conflict brings out the rivalry between the two representative males of the lineage. In the particular context of the seventeenth century, defined by historians as “l’âge d’or des pères”, this leads to reconsideration of the sociopolitical and religious functioning of the so-called “Ancien Regime”. Through the triumph of the rival son, is the authority of the patriarch challenged, and consequently, the one of the king in the state? Or, on the contrary, does the highlighting of the victory of the rival father reassert the legitimacy of the well-founded system? Would the rivalry between father and son, under its gallant appearances, bring a more serious speech and reveal an evolution in society? How does the gallantry, by transcending the limits of the dramatic genres, question politics? This study is based on these two aesthetic and ideological questions.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the extent of euro&rsquo / s challenge to the US dollar as an international currency, focusing on comparisons between these two major currencies&rsquo / international roles and their private and official uses as a store of value, a medium of exchange and a unit of account throughout the world, and specifically in Turkey. The thesis evaluates the roles of the euro and US dollar as financing and investment, invocing, vehicle, reserve, anchor and intervention currencies basically in financial markets, foreign trade, foreign exchange markets, foreign exchange reserves and exchange rate regimes globally and in Turkey. The evaluations highlight the fact that the euro has been successfull as an international currency since its introduction in 1999 and is the second most widely used international currency in all the main international currency roles, after the US dollar. The findings of the thesis indicate that the use of the euro shows an increasing trend and the euro is likely to play an increasingly prominent role in the world, and specifically in Turkey.

Inaug.-Diss.--Heidelberg. / Vita. Bibliography: p. [143]-145. Also issued in print.

Inaug.-Diss.--Heidelberg. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: p. [143]-145.

Thesis (M.S.)--School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 2008. / "June 2008." Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-131). Also available via the Internet.

A lek-breeding cichlid fish Pseudocrenilabrus philander was studied experimentally. Females in choice-chamber experiments showed no active choice for male size and colour, or for other male attributes, but preferred males which courted most actively. In a laboratory lek, the significant determinants of the strongly skewed mating success in males were territory size, side-shake and female chasing frequency. Together these three variables explained 79% of the variation in male mating success, with territory size alone accounting for 75% of the variation and the other two variables each accounting for 2% of the remaining variation. As there was no difference in territory quality in the laboratory lek, territory size became the principal measure of the effect of male-male competition since it was directly related to dominance. Both side-shake and female chasing could be identified as the basic factors influencing female choice, as they had an immediate effect on the display-response mating system of females. Thus, the relative importance of these three variables indicated that sexual selection in this particular lek mating species operated chiefly through the agency of intrasexual competition for dominance. However, both female behaviour and their requirement for a prolonged pre-spawning courtship had the effect of promoting male rivalry and favouring mating with dominant males. Although the intense male competition excluded subordinate males from practising normal courtship behaviour, competitively inferior males might "make the best of a bad situation" by facultatively adopting an alternative sneaking tactic to gain access to females. Spawning intrusions by females to steal freshly-laid eggs also occurred frequently. However, territorial males appeared to be relatively more tolerant of female intruders than male sneakers. Interference during spawning could lead to a longer pre-spawning courtship and even multiple-mating by females. The results of the present study and the behavioural evidence shown by males and females did not support the ʺrunaway selection modelʺ of the mating pattern in terms of sexual selection in leks, but conformed to the rival ʺwar propaganda modelʺ

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rivalidade fraterna desde a gestação até os 24 meses de vida do segundo filho em famílias com um primogênito em idade pré-escolar, a partir da perspectiva dos progenitores. De modo especial, buscou-se compreender como se manifesta e como se desenvolve a rivalidade fraterna ao longo dos 2 anos iniciais da relação. Além disso, o estudo visou a examinar as possíveis interações estabelecidas entre esta dimensão do relacionamento fraterno e o relacionamento parental. Para tanto, através de um estudo de caso coletivo, 4 casais de progenitores de famílias com dois filhos responderam separadamente a entrevistas semidirigidas, em 4 momentos de coleta de dados (3º. trimestre de gestação, aos 3, 6, 12 e 24 meses de vida do segundo filho). A análise de conteúdo qualitativa indicou que no período inicial após o nascimento do irmão, a rivalidade fraterna se manifestou prioritariamente através do ciúme do primogênito em relação aos progenitores. Conforme o segundo filho passou a apresentar maior capacidade motora e de comunicação, essa passou a se expressar também através das competições e das disputas diretas entre os irmãos. Além disso, os dados indicaram uma possível inter-relação do relacionamento parental com o surgimento do ciúme do primogênito em relação aos progenitores com o irmão, enquanto que a disputa e a competição fraterna pareceram estar relacionadas ao curso do desenvolvimento do segundo filho. Estes achados apontam para uma compreensão da rivalidade fraterna como constitutiva do relacionamento fraterno, imersa no processo de crescimento e transformação da família como um todo. / The present study aimed to investigate sibling rivalry in preschool firstborns from parents’ perspective, from pregnancy to the second child’s 24th months. In particular, it aimed to understand how sibling rivaly manifests itself and develops through the initial 2 years of the sibling’s relationship. In addition, the study aimed to examine possible interactions between sibling rivalry and parental relationship. A collective-case study was carried out with four families comprising both parents and two children. Fathers and mothers answered separately to a semistructured interview, comprising four moments of data collection (3rd trimester of pregnancy, at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of the second child). Qualitative content analysis indicated that in the initial period after the second child’s birth sibling rivalry expressed itself primarily through the firstborn’s jealousy towards parents. As the second child showed more motor and communication skills, sibling rivalry was also expressed through direct competition and disputes between siblings. Moreover, the data indicated a possible interrelation between parental relationship and the emergence of the firstborn’s jealousy towards parents, while sibling dispute and competition seemed to be related to the second child’s course of development. These findings bring an understanding of sibling rivalry as constitutive of sibling relationships and as part of the process of growth and transformation of the family as a whole.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rivalidade fraterna desde a gestação até os 24 meses de vida do segundo filho em famílias com um primogênito em idade pré-escolar, a partir da perspectiva dos progenitores. De modo especial, buscou-se compreender como se manifesta e como se desenvolve a rivalidade fraterna ao longo dos 2 anos iniciais da relação. Além disso, o estudo visou a examinar as possíveis interações estabelecidas entre esta dimensão do relacionamento fraterno e o relacionamento parental. Para tanto, através de um estudo de caso coletivo, 4 casais de progenitores de famílias com dois filhos responderam separadamente a entrevistas semidirigidas, em 4 momentos de coleta de dados (3º. trimestre de gestação, aos 3, 6, 12 e 24 meses de vida do segundo filho). A análise de conteúdo qualitativa indicou que no período inicial após o nascimento do irmão, a rivalidade fraterna se manifestou prioritariamente através do ciúme do primogênito em relação aos progenitores. Conforme o segundo filho passou a apresentar maior capacidade motora e de comunicação, essa passou a se expressar também através das competições e das disputas diretas entre os irmãos. Além disso, os dados indicaram uma possível inter-relação do relacionamento parental com o surgimento do ciúme do primogênito em relação aos progenitores com o irmão, enquanto que a disputa e a competição fraterna pareceram estar relacionadas ao curso do desenvolvimento do segundo filho. Estes achados apontam para uma compreensão da rivalidade fraterna como constitutiva do relacionamento fraterno, imersa no processo de crescimento e transformação da família como um todo. / The present study aimed to investigate sibling rivalry in preschool firstborns from parents’ perspective, from pregnancy to the second child’s 24th months. In particular, it aimed to understand how sibling rivaly manifests itself and develops through the initial 2 years of the sibling’s relationship. In addition, the study aimed to examine possible interactions between sibling rivalry and parental relationship. A collective-case study was carried out with four families comprising both parents and two children. Fathers and mothers answered separately to a semistructured interview, comprising four moments of data collection (3rd trimester of pregnancy, at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of the second child). Qualitative content analysis indicated that in the initial period after the second child’s birth sibling rivalry expressed itself primarily through the firstborn’s jealousy towards parents. As the second child showed more motor and communication skills, sibling rivalry was also expressed through direct competition and disputes between siblings. Moreover, the data indicated a possible interrelation between parental relationship and the emergence of the firstborn’s jealousy towards parents, while sibling dispute and competition seemed to be related to the second child’s course of development. These findings bring an understanding of sibling rivalry as constitutive of sibling relationships and as part of the process of growth and transformation of the family as a whole.