O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rivalidade fraterna desde a gestação até os 24 meses de vida do segundo filho em famílias com um primogênito em idade pré-escolar, a partir da perspectiva dos progenitores. De modo especial, buscou-se compreender como se manifesta e como se desenvolve a rivalidade fraterna ao longo dos 2 anos iniciais da relação. Além disso, o estudo visou a examinar as possíveis interações estabelecidas entre esta dimensão do relacionamento fraterno e o relacionamento parental. Para tanto, através de um estudo de caso coletivo, 4 casais de progenitores de famílias com dois filhos responderam separadamente a entrevistas semidirigidas, em 4 momentos de coleta de dados (3º. trimestre de gestação, aos 3, 6, 12 e 24 meses de vida do segundo filho). A análise de conteúdo qualitativa indicou que no período inicial após o nascimento do irmão, a rivalidade fraterna se manifestou prioritariamente através do ciúme do primogênito em relação aos progenitores. Conforme o segundo filho passou a apresentar maior capacidade motora e de comunicação, essa passou a se expressar também através das competições e das disputas diretas entre os irmãos. Além disso, os dados indicaram uma possível inter-relação do relacionamento parental com o surgimento do ciúme do primogênito em relação aos progenitores com o irmão, enquanto que a disputa e a competição fraterna pareceram estar relacionadas ao curso do desenvolvimento do segundo filho. Estes achados apontam para uma compreensão da rivalidade fraterna como constitutiva do relacionamento fraterno, imersa no processo de crescimento e transformação da família como um todo. / The present study aimed to investigate sibling rivalry in preschool firstborns from parents’ perspective, from pregnancy to the second child’s 24th months. In particular, it aimed to understand how sibling rivaly manifests itself and develops through the initial 2 years of the sibling’s relationship. In addition, the study aimed to examine possible interactions between sibling rivalry and parental relationship. A collective-case study was carried out with four families comprising both parents and two children. Fathers and mothers answered separately to a semistructured interview, comprising four moments of data collection (3rd trimester of pregnancy, at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of the second child). Qualitative content analysis indicated that in the initial period after the second child’s birth sibling rivalry expressed itself primarily through the firstborn’s jealousy towards parents. As the second child showed more motor and communication skills, sibling rivalry was also expressed through direct competition and disputes between siblings. Moreover, the data indicated a possible interrelation between parental relationship and the emergence of the firstborn’s jealousy towards parents, while sibling dispute and competition seemed to be related to the second child’s course of development. These findings bring an understanding of sibling rivalry as constitutive of sibling relationships and as part of the process of growth and transformation of the family as a whole.

La présente recherche porte sur les applications possibles de la théorie mimétique de René Girard à des oeuvres cinématographiques américaines et européennes de trois périodes : l'entre-deux-guerres,les années 1970 et les années 2000.Cette étude se situe dans le champ d'une sociologie de l'imaginaire dont l'anthropologie du religieux constitue l'axe épistémologique principal.A partir des notions-clés de mimesis, de sacré, de sacrifice et de violence comme termes permettant de penser la sociogenèse, nous tentons de renouveler la lecture d'oeuvres classiques et récentes du cinéma d'auteur américain et européen. Le lien originel de la violence et du sacré constituerait,selon nous, un axe interprétatif essentiel pour la compréhension du lien du social à une violence fondatrice. Dans notre étude, nous analysons les oeuvres cinématographiques comme autant de mythes et de rituels affaiblis, héritiers du sacré et susceptibles à ce titre de transfigurer la violence.Quel sens donner à cette transfiguration esthétique aujourd’hui ? C’est en nous focalisant sur le passage historique du tiers au double, dont les films que nous analysons sont autant de jalons, que nous avons voulu reconstituer ce « parcours de la méconnaissance » qui semble se confondre avec la violence et le même. / The present study is concerned with the possible applications of René Girard’s mimetic theory toAmerican and European films from three different periods : the interwar period, the 1970s and the2000s.This work belongs to the field of the ‘sociology of the imaginary’, of which religious anthropologyconstitutes the main epistemological axis.Based on key notions such as mimesis, the sacred, sacrifice and violence, which facilitate thereflection on sociogenesis, this study represents an attempt to renew the interpretation of classic, aswell as recent, american or european art-house cinema. The original link between violence and thesacred may offer an essential interpretative axis for a proper understanding of the relationshipbetween social matters and a founding violence. In this work, we approach cinematic works asweakened forms of myth and ritual, heirs of the sacred which are, for this very reason, liable totransfigure violence. Which meaning can be given to this aesthetic transfiguration nowadays ? Byfocusing on the historical transition from the third to the double, of which the movies analyzed hereare milestones, I have attempted to reconstruct

Bei der Replikation monotoner Sequenzen tritt theoretisch ein Vorgang auf, den wir als „Basenkonkurrenz“ bezeichnen: Da sich an jeder Replikations-Stelle mehrere Basenbausteine bewerben, aber immer nur einer benötigt wird, bewerben sich die übrig gebliebenen Bausteine an den jeweils nächsten Replikations - Positionen und erlangen wegen der fortwährenden Beschleunigung durch elektrostatische Anziehung immer größere kinetische Energien. Das führt dazu, dass an einer bestimmten Stelle der replizierenden monotonen Sequenz der eine Partner der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung ein hohes Energieniveau erreicht. Es wird berechnet, dass sich dadurch kurzzeitig eine sehr hohe Bindungsenergie zwischen den beiden Partnern der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung einstellt, wodurch der in dieser kurzen Zeitspanne wirkende DNA-Reparaturmechanismus unterdrückt wird. Die Auswirkungen der hohen Basenkonkurrenz – Energien werden berechnet (hohe Bindungsenergien der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen, Tunnelvorgänge, irreparable Mutationen). Die Folgen dieser Erscheinung sind Tumorbildung, Alterung, Veränderung der DNA – Struktur, Beeinflussung der Evolution, worauf im Einzelnen eingegangen wird. Es zeigt sich, dass die negativen Auswirkungen der Basenkonkurrenz vorwiegend bei zu niedriger Viskosität des Zellplasmas auftreten.:1. Basenkonkurrenz 3 1.1. Basenkonkurrenz während des Replikationsvorganges 3 1.2. Der Einfluss der Viskosität des Zytoplasmas 6 1.3. Berechnung der Energiestufen Tk 7 2. Auswirkungen der Basenkonkurrenz auf tautomere Basenpaare 8 2.1. Berechnung der Bindeenergie der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung 8 2.1.1. Normierung der Wellenfunktionen und 12 2.1.1.1.Wasserstoff im Grundzustand (1s) 12 2.1.1.2. Wasserstoff im angeregten Zustand (2p) 13 2.1.1.3. Akzeptor im Grundzustand 13 2.1.2. Darstellung der Energieflächen 14 2.1.3. Berechnung der Bindeenergie, wenn beide Partner sich im Grundzustand befinden 15 2.1.4. Berechnung der Bindeenergie, wenn sich der Acceptor im Grundzustand und der Wasserstoff im angeregten Zustand 2p befindet 18 2.2. Falschpaarung durch Basenkonkurrenz bei tautomeren Basenpaaren 20 2.3. Abklingzeit der Basenkonkurrenz – Energie 21 2.4. Entstehung, Vererbung und Löschung eines „Gedächtnisses“ vorgeschädigter DNA 22 2.4.1. Entstehung 22 2.4.2. Vererbung 22 2.4.3. Löschung 22 3. Auswirkung der Basenkonkurrenz auf die DNA – Struktur 23 4. Tunnelvorgänge in biologischen Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen 26 4.1. Berechnung der Tunnel – Wahrscheinlichkeit 27 4.1.1. Ab–initio–Berechnung der Tunnel –Wahrscheinlichkeit 27 4.1.2. Der Protonenstrom 33 4.1.3. Der Einfluss der Temperatur 36 4.1.4. Berechnung der Tunnel – Wahrscheinlichkeit in Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen bei parabelförmigem Potenzialverlauf. 37 4.1.5. Berechnung des Mindestabstandes zwischen der Gesamtenergie E und dem Potenzialwall der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung 43 4.1.6. Berechnung der Größe 16/R 44 4.1.7. Die Änderung der Tunnel – Wahrscheinlichkeit durch Temperatur – und Energieänderung. 46 5. Zufällige Änderung der Basenverteilung der DNA während der Replikation 49 5.1. Aufzählung aller möglichen Verteilungen 49 5.2. Aufzählung aller günstigen Verteilungen und die Chance des Auftretens hoher Basenkonkurrenz – Energie 51 6. Die Total – Wahrscheinlichkeit der durch Basenkonkurrenz verursachten Mutation 53 7. Interpretation der Gleichung (93) 55 8. Evolution und Physik 58 9. Mutation und Physik innerhalb kleinerer Zeiträume 58 10. Zusammenfassung 59 Literaturverzeichnis 60

This thesis considers the relationship between Germany’s South-West African colony and its British South African counterparts (the Cape Colony, Natal, Rhodesia and, after the second Anglo-Boer War, the Orange River Colony, and the Transvaal) between 1883 and 1915. The chapters consider the complex and fraught relationship, including the British Government’s surprise and the Cape Government’s dismay following Germany’s establishment of the colony: the German public’s pro-Boer stance juxtaposed against the German Government’s refusal to intervene during the second Anglo-Boer War; the Cape Government’s dilemmas over whether to aid German South-West Africa (GSWA) during Germany’s quasi-genocidal campaigns against the Herero and the Nama; efforts to cooperate with German South-West Africa despite labour competition during the period of the unification of South Africa; and the period after 1910, when the diplomatic relationship became an affair of the Union of South Africa, which simultaneously pursued protectionist policy for South African trade, and bilateral cooperation concerning the diamond industry, as well as security along the border between 1911 and 1914. Finally, I consider the impact of the outbreak of the First World War, which saw Germany and GSWA offer support for an Afrikaner Rebellion to draw Britain’s attention away Europe and install a friendly government in South Africa, while also offering the Union an opportunity to conquer GSWA as part of its sub-imperial ambitions. Among the enduring themes are the interplay between political, economic and military developments, including border disputes, illicit trade, labour competition, and armed incursions led by non-state actors. In conclusion, I argue that as the idea of a South African federation progressed, it was driven in part by geopolitical factors and the desire to counter German imperialism. The British Government endorsed a South African union in part to create a South Africa strong enough to fend off German geopolitical threats. / Thesis (PhD (History))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Historical and Heritage Studies / PhD (History) / Unrestricted

How are the two superpowers of the world using Twitter as a platform for gathering global support for their policies when tweeting about an ongoing international conflict? That is the question that is answered in this thesis through a small-N case study. A mixed-method content analysis, based on security branding and generic framing, was applied to the data to determine how security branding is used by the actors to acquire social power. The findings suggest that China is using the situation to throw mud at, and question the morality of, the US and its behavior in international relations. The US is tweeting on a broader spectrum of topics. These topics include how the US and its allies and partners have supported Ukraine and taken action to weaken Russia. Another vital topic found is that the US uses Twitter to display its disagreement with the actions taken by Russia and Vladimir Putin in Ukraine.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tidig specialisering framför allt påverkar handbollsföreningen Ystad IF (YIF) och få en uppfattning kring hur IFK Ystad (IFK) tänker när spelare som inte platsar i YIF går till IFK i stället. Studien kommer också fokusera på hur det påverkar ungdomsleden i IFK och om det försvårar för ungdomarna i IFK att kunna ta en plats i A-laget samt hur samarbetet ser ut idag mellan föreningarna i förhållande till deras historiska rivalitet.  Metod: Denna studie utgår från en kvalitativ strukturerad intervjustudie med ett induktivt angreppsätt. Fem intervjuer gjordes där två av dem representerade YIF, en av dem från IFK och två spelare som tidigare spelat i YIF men som idag spelar i IFK. En avgränsning gjordes där fokus endast låg på handboll. Tillsammans med information från intervjuerna användes vetenskapliga artiklar, relevant litteratur samt allmänna källor och hemsidor för att kunna analysera fram ett resultat.  Teori: Det teoretiska ramverket som användes för studien utgick från sportifieringsmodellen samt tre av de sju processer som beskriver idrotten av Guttmann (2004).  Resultat och slutsatser: Resultaten visade att YIF strävar efter att skapa en balans mellan tidig specialisering och att uppmuntra ungdomarna att delta i flera sporter. De ansåg att tidig specialisering bör ske vid gymnasieåldern, runt 16 år, för att spelarna ska vara mogna att satsa på en sport. IFK har idag heller inga problem med att rekrytera spelare från YIF utan snarare kan se det som en fördel. IFK betonade vikten av att vilja satsa på talanger som vill bli bäst och att de bästa spelare ska spela oavsett vart de kommer ifrån. Samarbetet mellan föreningarna ansågs vara gynnsamt, och rivaliteten mellan dem hade i stort sett försvunnit i jämförelse med förr. Studien anses ha nått sitt syfte genom att ge insikter om YIF:s syn på tidig specialisering, IFK:s attityd till att ta emot spelare från YIF och det nuvarande tillståndet av rivalitet mellan föreningarna. / Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate how early specialization primarily affects the handball club Ystad IF (YIF) and gain an understanding of IFK Ystad's (IFK) perspective when players who don't make it to YIF join IFK instead. The study also focuses on how this affects the youth teams in IFK and whether it hinders the youth players' chances of making it to the senior team. Additionally, the study examines the current state of collaboration between the two clubs in relation to their historical rivalry.  Method: This study employs a qualitative structured interview study with an inductive approach. Five interviews were conducted, two representing YIF, one from IFK, and two players who previously played for YIF but now play for IFK. The study specifically focuses on handball. Alongside the interview data, scientific articles, relevant literature, and general sources were used to analyze and derive results.  Theory: The theoretical framework of the study is based on the sportification model and three of Guttmann's (2004) seven processes that describe sports.  Results and Conclusions: The results revealed that YIF strives to strike a balance between early specialization and encouraging youth players to participate in multiple sports. They believed that early specialization should occur during the high school years, around the age of 16, when players are mature enough to commit to a single sport. IFK currently has no issues with recruiting players from YIF. In fact, they see it as an advantage. IFK emphasized the importance of investing in talented players who aspire to excel and that the best players should play regardless of their origin. The collaboration between the clubs was considered beneficial, and the rivalry between them has largely diminished compared to the past. The study has achieved its objective by providing insights into YIF ́s perspective on early specialization, IFK ́s attitude towards recruiting players from YIF, and the current state of rivalry between the clubs.

This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

Research on ethnicity and conflict treats the concept of ethnicity as defining the actors in these conflicts, whereas research on the construction and maintenance of ethnic identity explores why ethnicity unifies individuals into a single social group. What happens when this unifying concept is divided between two enemy countries? How does this situation influence peace settlements over territorial issues, armed conflict, and economic relations between these countries? To answer these questions, I create a continuous measure of ethnic similarity between rivals. I find that ethnic similarity can facilitate cooperation and exacerbate conflictual interactions between rivals, but governments will seek to limit interactions with their rival when the cross border ethnic groups are minorities. In addition, I create categorical predictors of ethnic similarity, which reveal nuances in these relationships. Specifically, rivalries sharing a pan-ethnic identity are more likely to engage in conflict regardless of actual ethnic similarity, and dyads with a majority in one country sharing ethnicity with a minority in another country are less likely to fight once in a state of rivalry. This is because a quid pro quo exists between these rivals where one rival can reduce oppression of the minority in exchange for the other rival not supporting secessions by their co-ethnics. These pairs of rivals also are more likely to attempt peace settlements. Contested nations, which are rivalry-dyads with similar ethnic majorities, are both the most likely of the ethnically similar rival categories to engage in militarized interstate disputes, but also engage in larger amounts of interstate trade.

A presente dissertação tem como propósito estudar o que denominamos herói anti-existencialista do romance Angústia, de Graciliano Ramos, ao analisar sua dificuldade de auto-afirmação diante do mundo de que faz parte, a qual o conduzirá à ação central do livro, o assassinato de Julião Tavares. Escamoteando essa causa subjetiva dos afetos aparentes, os sentimentos de opressão e inferioridade, o protagonista irá atribuí-los ao exterior, à sua existência citadina, ao convívio com o outro, ao rival, Julião Tavares. A dificuldade de auto-afirmação causa de ordem subjetiva desses afetos aparentes , com origem no passado da infância, na não superada rivalidade edipiana, ameaça trazer a tona dois afetos latentes, que se revelam por meio da narrativa digressiva, enquanto forma de auto-análise, a saber: o medo da castração simbólica, e a culpa pelo desejo da morte do pai na infância. Daí a necessidade de escamoteá-la, atribuindo-se ao exterior, a uma causa de ordem objetiva, portanto, os sentimentos de opressão e inferioridade, o que engendrará a idéia de vingança, motivo aparente do assassinato. No ato de vingança estaria implicado um valor anacrônico, com origem na sociedade patriarcal, na qual vivera o menino Luís da silva, a saber: a prática da violência naturalizada, enquanto expressão do sentido arcaico da liberdade, a liberdade ilimitada. Nesse sentido, o caráter anti-existencialista do herói o levará para a livre escolha do assassinato, como forma imprópria de tentar superar os sentimentos de opressão e inferioridade, cuja conseqüência será o aniquilamento do seu ser, descaminho da sua liberdade. / This dissertation aims at studying the anti-existentialist hero in Angústia, a novel by Graciliano Ramos. In doing so, one analyzes the character´s difficulty of self-affirmation to the world in which he lives, and which will occasionally take him to the central action of the story, that is, the murder of Julião Tavares. As to hide the underlying causes of the apparent affections i.e., feelings of oppression and inferiority , the protagonist will tie them to exterior elements, such as the fact that he lives in town or to the fact that he lives with his enemy, Julião Tavares. The difficulty of self-affirmation is the cause for the underlying apparent affections and has its origins on his childhood, instead of being based on the surpassed oedipal rivalry. It risks bringing up two underlying affections shown up in the story by means of digressions in moments of self analysis done by the character. There are the fear of symbolic castration, end the guilty for wishing for his father´s death when he was a child. This is why he feels the need of hiding them and ties their existence to exterior reasons, to something objective, and this is why he feels inferior and oppressed. Ultimately, there are reasons that will make him wish for revenge and will also constitute the reasons for murder. There is an anachronistic value implied on such revenge, whose origin goes back to the patriarchal society in which the boy Luís da Silva lived: the common naturalized violence as an expression of the archaic sense of freedom an unlimited freedom. In this sense, the anti-existentialist trace of the hero will take him to the free will of murdering as an improper way trying to overcome the feeling of oppression and inferiority, whose consequence will be his own annihilation, a misleading of his freedom.

Jealousy is understood as a system of physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses, yet few studies have examined these aspects of jealousy simultaneously in infants. Further, jealousy paradigms have not been examined as a potential stressor in infancy and thus typical cortisol reactivity and regulation patterns in response to jealousy paradigms have not been observed. In addition, the contribution of attachment security to infant expressions of jealousy has been vastly understudied. The present study seeks to fill the current gaps in the infant jealousy literature by investigating quantitative and qualitative changes in infant jealousy across the first two years of life. Data was collected longitudinally and mother- infant dyads were asked to participate when infants were 12- months and 24-months of age. Associations between behavioral jealousy responses, baseline EEG activity, stress reactivity and attachment security were examined. Differences in approach behaviors and behavioral arousal were found across conditions and were consistent with previous studies (Hart & Carrington, 2002; Mize & Jones, 2012). Findings relating to EEG activity pointed to a relationship between left EEG asymmetry and global approach behaviors across time. Cortisol reactivity was found to be associated with attachment security but reactive cortisol concentrations compared to baseline cortisol concentrations do not indicate that the paradigm was an effective stressor. Attachment security was found to be associated with proximity behaviors in 12- month olds but not 24-month olds. Finally, a linear regression revealed that attachment security, EEG asymmetry, and cortisol reactivity at 12-months are significant predictors of behavioral jealousy responses at 24-months. Changes in behavioral and physiological measures across time indicate that jealousy continues to develop during the second year of life but may have different underlying processes than the processes that contribute to jealousy expression in 12-month-olds. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection