Habilitationsschrift--Hamburg. / Bibliography: p. 171-182.

L’objectif de notre travail est d’explorer les jeux et les enjeux inter et intra familiaux significatifs qui ont conduit à l’acte d’adoption chez des couples ayant une descendance biologique. Nous tenterons de montrer en quoi l’importation d’un enfant issu d’une autre lignée est signifiante dans leur filiation, au regard de leurs romans familiaux respectifs. La population étudiée est constituée de cinq couples ayant des enfants biologiques au moment de l’adoption plénière d’un enfant venu « d’ailleurs ». Il s’agit d’une adoption internationale et donc visible, témoignant d’une rupture avec le biologique, puisque les enfants adoptés sont tous issus d’un pays d’Afrique Noire. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche se distingue des travaux décrits, dans la mesure où notre intérêt porte essentiellement sur l’appropriation de l’acte d’adopter, à la fois par le couple d’adoptants et par chacun des membres de ce couple. L’analyse discursive se situant au cœur de notre travail, c’est à travers le discours du couple, lors d’entretiens communs puis de chacun de ses membres dans le cadre d’entretiens individuels, que nous examinerons les raisons qui les amènent à souhaiter être parents d’un enfant de couleur. La démarche choisie est clinique et fondée sur l’analyse discursive. / The aim of our work is to explore the significance of inter and intra-familial issues that have led to the act of adoption in couples with children of different biological descent. We will try to show how the adoption of a child from another lineage is significant in their filiation, in relation to their respective family romance. The studied population consists of five couples with biological children at the time of the adoption of a child coming from "elsewhere". The international adoption clearly shows a difference with their own biological offspring, since the adopted children are all from an African country and are of a different race. The aim of this research differs from other referenced work, insofar as our interest focuses on the act of adopting by both members of this couple. As discourse analysis is at the heart of our work, it is through the discourse of the couple, during joint interviews and then by each of its members in the context of individual interviews, that we examine the reasons that lead them to wish to be parents of a child of a different ethnicity. The chosen approach is clinical and based on discursive analysis.

A presente dissertação trata da construção da rivalidade clubística entre Grêmio e Internacional, aqui pensada como uma construção social, com o intuito de verificar a influência que ela tem no processo de identificação dos torcedores integrantes de torcidas organizadas formais e informais desses clubes e de entender como esses elementos se relacionam com as violências entre eles. O objetivo é relacionar a construção social da rivalidade clubística e as violências entre os torcedores, que é mediada por um processo de identificação. O que interessa é a importância que o aspecto da rivalidade possui neste processo, pois se pensa que a maneira como ela é construída acaba refletindo nas posturas de hostilidade com relação aos torcedores do outro clube. A perspectiva teórica adotada está calcada no pensamento de Norbert Elias, no que se refere a Sociologia Configuracional e a Sociologia dos Esportes, Claude Dubar e Stuart Hall e os conceitos de identidade, assim como Peter Berger e Thomaz Luckmann. A problematização está inserida a partir de uma Sociologia das Violências e das Conflitualidades, estudada por José Vicente Tavares dos Santos. O método utilizado foi da observação, realizada durante o Campeonato Brasileiro de 2010,2011 e parte de 2012, aliada a técnica da entrevista semi-estruturada com torcedores e torcedoras dos referidos clubes. Verificou-se que a imprensa possui um papel importante na construção da rivalidade Gre-Nal, principalmente porque ela contrapõe um estilo gaúcho a um estilo brasileiro de jogar futebol, exaltando assim os dois principais e referidos clubes do extremo sul do Brasil. Exaltar e rivalizar Grêmio e Internacional são aspectos fundamentais para estabelecer o futebol rio-grandense. Tal processo teve impacto na formação das identidades dos torcedores desses clubes, que historicamente se reconhecem como rivais. A tensão de se identificar pelo amor ao clube e pelo ódio ao outro acaba fortalecendo o elemento da rivalidade como um elo de ligação dos torcedores em estudo, dificultando o desenvolvimento da prática da negociação de conflitos entre as torcidas de Grêmio e Internacional e traduzindo os confrontos violentos como uma marca constitutiva dos espetáculos de futebol. / This dissertation addresses the construction of rivalry between Grêmio and International soccer clubes, conceived as a social construction, in order to verify its influence in the process of identifying the members of formal and informal organized soccer fan and to understand how these elements are related to the violence between them.The objective is to relate the social construction of rivalry with the violence among soccer fans, a relationship which is mediated by a process of identification. The importance of the rivalry aspect in this process is emphasized, as the way it is constructed reflects on the attitudes of hostility toward the soccer fan of another club.The theoretical approach adopted is grounded in the thought of Norbert Elias; regarding the Configurational Sociology and the Sociology of Sport, Claude Dubar and Stuart Hall; and, concerning the concepts of identity, Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The problematization is inserted from a Sociology of Violence and Conflictualities, studied by José Vicente Tavares dos Santos.The method used in the field research was the observation, which was performed during the Brazilian Championship in 2010, 2011 and part of 2012, combined with the technique of semi-structured interviews with fans of these clubs. It was found that the press has an important role in the construction the ―Gre-Nal‖ rivalry, mainly because it opposes the ―gaucho‖ style of playing soccer to a Brazilian style, exalting these two main clubs in southern Brazil. The promotion of rivalries between Grêmio and Internacional soccer clubes are crucial to establish the soccer in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This process had an impact in shaping the identities of the fans of these clubs, with historically see themselves as rivals. This tension to identify the love for they own club and the hate for the other, ends up strengthening the element of rivalry as a link among the fans studied, hindering the development of the practice of negotiating conflicts between fans of Grêmio and Internacional soccer teams, translating the violent clashes in a constitutive trait of football shows.

A presente dissertação trata da construção da rivalidade clubística entre Grêmio e Internacional, aqui pensada como uma construção social, com o intuito de verificar a influência que ela tem no processo de identificação dos torcedores integrantes de torcidas organizadas formais e informais desses clubes e de entender como esses elementos se relacionam com as violências entre eles. O objetivo é relacionar a construção social da rivalidade clubística e as violências entre os torcedores, que é mediada por um processo de identificação. O que interessa é a importância que o aspecto da rivalidade possui neste processo, pois se pensa que a maneira como ela é construída acaba refletindo nas posturas de hostilidade com relação aos torcedores do outro clube. A perspectiva teórica adotada está calcada no pensamento de Norbert Elias, no que se refere a Sociologia Configuracional e a Sociologia dos Esportes, Claude Dubar e Stuart Hall e os conceitos de identidade, assim como Peter Berger e Thomaz Luckmann. A problematização está inserida a partir de uma Sociologia das Violências e das Conflitualidades, estudada por José Vicente Tavares dos Santos. O método utilizado foi da observação, realizada durante o Campeonato Brasileiro de 2010,2011 e parte de 2012, aliada a técnica da entrevista semi-estruturada com torcedores e torcedoras dos referidos clubes. Verificou-se que a imprensa possui um papel importante na construção da rivalidade Gre-Nal, principalmente porque ela contrapõe um estilo gaúcho a um estilo brasileiro de jogar futebol, exaltando assim os dois principais e referidos clubes do extremo sul do Brasil. Exaltar e rivalizar Grêmio e Internacional são aspectos fundamentais para estabelecer o futebol rio-grandense. Tal processo teve impacto na formação das identidades dos torcedores desses clubes, que historicamente se reconhecem como rivais. A tensão de se identificar pelo amor ao clube e pelo ódio ao outro acaba fortalecendo o elemento da rivalidade como um elo de ligação dos torcedores em estudo, dificultando o desenvolvimento da prática da negociação de conflitos entre as torcidas de Grêmio e Internacional e traduzindo os confrontos violentos como uma marca constitutiva dos espetáculos de futebol. / This dissertation addresses the construction of rivalry between Grêmio and International soccer clubes, conceived as a social construction, in order to verify its influence in the process of identifying the members of formal and informal organized soccer fan and to understand how these elements are related to the violence between them.The objective is to relate the social construction of rivalry with the violence among soccer fans, a relationship which is mediated by a process of identification. The importance of the rivalry aspect in this process is emphasized, as the way it is constructed reflects on the attitudes of hostility toward the soccer fan of another club.The theoretical approach adopted is grounded in the thought of Norbert Elias; regarding the Configurational Sociology and the Sociology of Sport, Claude Dubar and Stuart Hall; and, concerning the concepts of identity, Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The problematization is inserted from a Sociology of Violence and Conflictualities, studied by José Vicente Tavares dos Santos.The method used in the field research was the observation, which was performed during the Brazilian Championship in 2010, 2011 and part of 2012, combined with the technique of semi-structured interviews with fans of these clubs. It was found that the press has an important role in the construction the ―Gre-Nal‖ rivalry, mainly because it opposes the ―gaucho‖ style of playing soccer to a Brazilian style, exalting these two main clubs in southern Brazil. The promotion of rivalries between Grêmio and Internacional soccer clubes are crucial to establish the soccer in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This process had an impact in shaping the identities of the fans of these clubs, with historically see themselves as rivals. This tension to identify the love for they own club and the hate for the other, ends up strengthening the element of rivalry as a link among the fans studied, hindering the development of the practice of negotiating conflicts between fans of Grêmio and Internacional soccer teams, translating the violent clashes in a constitutive trait of football shows.

A presente dissertação trata da construção da rivalidade clubística entre Grêmio e Internacional, aqui pensada como uma construção social, com o intuito de verificar a influência que ela tem no processo de identificação dos torcedores integrantes de torcidas organizadas formais e informais desses clubes e de entender como esses elementos se relacionam com as violências entre eles. O objetivo é relacionar a construção social da rivalidade clubística e as violências entre os torcedores, que é mediada por um processo de identificação. O que interessa é a importância que o aspecto da rivalidade possui neste processo, pois se pensa que a maneira como ela é construída acaba refletindo nas posturas de hostilidade com relação aos torcedores do outro clube. A perspectiva teórica adotada está calcada no pensamento de Norbert Elias, no que se refere a Sociologia Configuracional e a Sociologia dos Esportes, Claude Dubar e Stuart Hall e os conceitos de identidade, assim como Peter Berger e Thomaz Luckmann. A problematização está inserida a partir de uma Sociologia das Violências e das Conflitualidades, estudada por José Vicente Tavares dos Santos. O método utilizado foi da observação, realizada durante o Campeonato Brasileiro de 2010,2011 e parte de 2012, aliada a técnica da entrevista semi-estruturada com torcedores e torcedoras dos referidos clubes. Verificou-se que a imprensa possui um papel importante na construção da rivalidade Gre-Nal, principalmente porque ela contrapõe um estilo gaúcho a um estilo brasileiro de jogar futebol, exaltando assim os dois principais e referidos clubes do extremo sul do Brasil. Exaltar e rivalizar Grêmio e Internacional são aspectos fundamentais para estabelecer o futebol rio-grandense. Tal processo teve impacto na formação das identidades dos torcedores desses clubes, que historicamente se reconhecem como rivais. A tensão de se identificar pelo amor ao clube e pelo ódio ao outro acaba fortalecendo o elemento da rivalidade como um elo de ligação dos torcedores em estudo, dificultando o desenvolvimento da prática da negociação de conflitos entre as torcidas de Grêmio e Internacional e traduzindo os confrontos violentos como uma marca constitutiva dos espetáculos de futebol. / This dissertation addresses the construction of rivalry between Grêmio and International soccer clubes, conceived as a social construction, in order to verify its influence in the process of identifying the members of formal and informal organized soccer fan and to understand how these elements are related to the violence between them.The objective is to relate the social construction of rivalry with the violence among soccer fans, a relationship which is mediated by a process of identification. The importance of the rivalry aspect in this process is emphasized, as the way it is constructed reflects on the attitudes of hostility toward the soccer fan of another club.The theoretical approach adopted is grounded in the thought of Norbert Elias; regarding the Configurational Sociology and the Sociology of Sport, Claude Dubar and Stuart Hall; and, concerning the concepts of identity, Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The problematization is inserted from a Sociology of Violence and Conflictualities, studied by José Vicente Tavares dos Santos.The method used in the field research was the observation, which was performed during the Brazilian Championship in 2010, 2011 and part of 2012, combined with the technique of semi-structured interviews with fans of these clubs. It was found that the press has an important role in the construction the ―Gre-Nal‖ rivalry, mainly because it opposes the ―gaucho‖ style of playing soccer to a Brazilian style, exalting these two main clubs in southern Brazil. The promotion of rivalries between Grêmio and Internacional soccer clubes are crucial to establish the soccer in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This process had an impact in shaping the identities of the fans of these clubs, with historically see themselves as rivals. This tension to identify the love for they own club and the hate for the other, ends up strengthening the element of rivalry as a link among the fans studied, hindering the development of the practice of negotiating conflicts between fans of Grêmio and Internacional soccer teams, translating the violent clashes in a constitutive trait of football shows.

This paper has two purposes. The first one is to explain the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia by analyzing four cases which has brought about and consolidated their power struggle. This gives the reader a historic background of the two countries relations, underlying reasons for their rivalry and a greater picture of their interests in the Middle East. It also leads up to the second purpose, which is to in depth examine Iran and Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy in Yemen, the latest conflict between the two countries. The papers research design is a qualitative case study with realism as its theoretical framework. The paper concludes that the Iranian revolution set off the rivalry due to Iran’s willingness to export its revolution and its Shia ideology to neighboring countries in the region. Saudi Arabia’s support to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War helped contain Iran’s hegemonic ambitions and made Saudi Arabia the most dominant power in the Middle East. In Syria, Iran has a lot at stake if the regime falls, which is why Saudi Arabia is trying to topple Bashar Al-Assad. The execution of Nimr al-Nimr further deteriorated tensions between Iran and Saudi Arabia. in Yemen, Iran seeks to expand its power to the Arabian Peninsula, whereas Saudi Arabia seeks to push out Iranian influence and regain its dominance.

In binocular rivalry, paradigms have been proposed for unobtrusive moment-by-moment readout of observers' perceptual experience (“no-report paradigms”). Here, we take a first step to extend this concept to auditory multistability. Observers continuously reported which of two concurrent tone sequences they perceived in the foreground: high-pitch (1008 Hz) or low-pitch (400 Hz) tones. Interstimulus intervals were either fixed per sequence (Experiments 1 and 2) or random with tones alternating (Experiment 3). A horizontally drifting grating was presented to each eye; to induce binocular rivalry, gratings had distinct colors and motion directions. To associate each grating with one tone sequence, a pattern on the grating jumped vertically whenever the respective tone occurred. We found that the direction of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)—induced by the visually dominant grating—could be used to decode the tone (high/low) that was perceived in the foreground well above chance. This OKN-based readout improved after observers had gained experience with the auditory task (Experiments 1 and 2) and for simpler auditory tasks (Experiment 3). We found no evidence that the visual stimulus affected auditory multistability. Although decoding performance is still far from perfect, our paradigm may eventually provide a continuous estimate of the currently dominant percept in auditory multistability.

Initiée par René Girard, la théorie mimétique suggère que l’égalité des conditions consacrée comme un droit exacerbe la rivalité entre semblables. Quand l’étiolement de la souveraineté étatique et la logique compétitive de l’économie marchande coïncident avec la prolifération de conflits aux enjeux planétaires, cette rivalité des égaux prend une valeur paradigmatique. L’ambition d’une anthropologie mimétique à traiter de l’époque contemporaine mieux que la philosophie politique idéaliste ou la science politique réaliste suppose une reformulation. Espérance de pallier une insuffisance d’être, le désir mimétique, ou désir d’être autre, aboutit à un résultat contradictoire, la déception de rester insuffisant, l’autre étant alors perçu à la fois comme modèle et obstacle. Pour les acteurs politiques, ce désir devient la revendication d’une égale puissance d’être, promesse faite autant par la citoyenneté, le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes que la souveraineté des États sur leur territoire et leur population.En tant que modalité de la contention de la violence, le politique serait ainsi analysable par une « science des rapports humains », anthropologie englobante et non-disciplinaire adoptant un interdividualisme méthodologique. Sur fond de menaces inédites pour la pérennité de l’humanité, la réciprocité des rapports humains fait douter de la compatibilité entre projet égalitaire, quête d’identité et concorde sociale. Ces rapports questionnent également la prépondérance actuelle de la compétition dans les institutions, entre autres politiques, laquelle s’est imposée comme liant paradoxal du gouvernement représentatif et de l’économie de marché. / Conceived by René Girard, mimetic theory suggests that the equality of conditions, established as a right, exacerbates the rivalry between similar individuals or groups. When the withering away of state sovereignty and the competitive logic of the market economy overlap with the multiplication of conflicts, this rivalry of equals becomes a relevant paradigm.Mimetic anthropology’s ambition – to address contemporary issues better than either idealistic political philosophy or realistic political science –, demands nevertheless to be revisited. The hope to overcome a lack of being, mimetic desire, or one’s desire to become someone else ends up giving way to a contradictory outcome: the disappointment of remaining oneself, the other thereby being perceived as both one’s model and one’s obstacle. For political actors, this desire turns into the claim of the equal power to be, which the promise of citizenship, the right of peoples to self-determination and the state sovereignty over its people and its territory each exemplify. As a modality of the containment of violence, politics could then be analyzed by a non-disciplinary "science of human relationships", implementing a methodological interdividualism. Against the backdrop of unprecedented threats to the survival of humanity, the reciprocity of human relationships casts doubt on the compatibility between the egalitarian project, the quest for identity, and social harmony. These relationships also question the current predominance of competition in the institutions, including political institutions, which has become the paradoxical binding agent between representative governments and the market economy.

This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

This article examines a pattern of inter-community parties in a contemporary indigenous group, the Wari’ of Rondônia, Brazil. In rituals structured around acts and symbols of transgression, punishment, predation and death, Wari’ negotiate their relations with allies and potential allies. In a "fractal" pattern of sociality, this ritual encounter is replicated at other levels, in human relations with the spirit world, the world of ancestors and animals. These rituals are a key mediator of social reproduction (in relations among Wari’ communities) and biological reproduction (in relations with the spiritual forces that control aspects of subsistence and human death). Holding in tension simultaneous possibilities for cooperation and opposition, this framework for inter-group relations conceived as symbolic rivalry and voluntary reciprocal predation allows communities to cultivate and terminate political affiliations and commitments in response to changing circumstances. These ritual encounters play an important role in exchanges of information, and in defining and maintaining networks of flexible alliances and the possibility of mobility, which in the past helped Wari’ cope with historical pressures of inter-ethnic violence and epidemics. / El presente artículo analiza un patrón de fiestas intercomunidades en el caso de un grupo nativo contemporáneo: los wari’ de Rondônia, Brasil. Los wari’ manejan sus relaciones con aliados y potenciales aliados en rituales estructurados alrededor de actos y símbolos de trasgresión, castigo, depredación y muerte. En un patrón social "fractal" —es decir, un patrón con una estructura básica que se repite en diferentes escalas— estos encuentros rituales intercomunidades son llevados a otras dimensiones en las relaciones humanas con el mundo espiritual, el mundo de los antepasados y los animales. Estos rituales constituyen un mediador clave de la reproducción social para el caso de las relaciones tradicionales entre las comunidades wari’ y de la reproducción biológica en las relaciones con las fuerzas espirituales que controlan la subsistencia y la mortalidad. Si las posibilidades simultáneas de cooperación y oposición se mantienen en tensión dinámica, este marco de relaciones intergrupales, concebidas como de rivalidad simbólica y "depredación" recíproca voluntaria, permite a las comunidades cultivar o poner fin, según sea el caso, las filiaciones políticas y de compromiso en respuesta a circunstancias cambiantes. Estos encuentros rituales tienen un papel importante en los intercambios de información y la definición y mantenimiento de las redes de afiliaciones o alianzas caracterizadas por su flexibilidad y la posibilidad de movilidad que, en el pasado, permitieron que los wari’ sobrellevaran las presiones históricas de violencia interétnica y las epidemias.