A questão agrária acompanha a história do país, marca a base da organização da sociedade brasileira e permanece distante de ser resolvida. Tendo como pano de fundo essa questão, vários movimentos sociais surgiram ao longo da história, inclusive aquele que é considerado hoje o mais importante e vigoroso movimento social que luta pela transformação da sociedade: o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra (MST). Neste trabalho, pretendemos observar as relações que se estabelecem dentro do movimento social, em sua atuação concreta em um assentamento de reforma agrária, analisando os aspectos que contribuem e os que atrapalham o desenvolvimento de práticas emancipatórias e a construção de uma nova sociedade, utilizando para isso a psicologia social de T.W. Adorno. Como metodologia de pesquisa, optamos por uma abordagem qualitativa, um estudo de caso. Os dados indicam que frente à totalidade reinante nesta sociedade, o MST se constitui em uma possibilidade de que os indivíduos tenham uma experiência (Erfahrung), ou seja, que se coloquem de uma maneira reflexiva frente ao mundo administrado, que tenham uma possibilidade de desenvolvimento do pensamento não tutelado e questionador, ao mesmo tempo em que criam um conteúdo coletivo e um significado partilhado para suas ações. Por outro lado, com a entrada da lógica da mercadoria e do princípio do equivalente no assentamento, a vivência (Erlebnis) tende a tomar o lugar da experiência (Erfahrung), e os indivíduos tendem a voltar a se adaptar ao mundo administrado, o que causa uma série de rompimentos e desencontros. Isso, somado ao ingresso dos agentes estatais no assentamento, faz com que o MST passe a ter dificuldade de manter sua influência junto aos assentados, o que pode levá-lo a assumir uma postura que incentiva a adesão não refletida aos seus princípios e, portanto, remete ao pensamento em bloco, à mentalidade do ticket. Finalizamos salientando que para o MST continuar contribuindo para a emancipação dos sujeitos no assentamento, deve atentar para a importância da autodeterminação e da liberdade dos indivíduos, problematizando o já dado, explicitando as contradições e fomentando a construção de espaços coletivos que contribuam com o esclarecimento, com a autonomia. / The property of the land question is a permanent issue in the history of the country. It characterizes the basis of the organization of the Brazilian society, and remains as an issue far from being solved. Having this question as a background, several social movements have emerged. Among them, there is one which today is considered the most important and vigorous social movement struggling for a change in society; that is the Landless Rural Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra MST). This study attempts to observe the relations that are established within the social movement, in its concrete action in a land reform settlement. It will also analyze the different aspects that contribute or hinder the development of their emancipation and the construction of a new society. This study is based on the social psychology theories of Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno. As a methodology of research, a qualitative approach and case study were used. All informations, gathered through interviews and practical observation, indicate that in relation to the reigning totality in this society, the MST has become a possibility in which the individuals may have a experience (Erfahrung). This is to say, that these individuals assumed a reflective position in relation to the administered world, and that they had the possibility of developing their own thinking and questioning. At the same time, they created a collective content and a shared meaning for their activities. On the other hand, with the upcoming of the logic of merchandise and the equivalent principle in the settlement, the apprehension of reality (Erlebnis) tends to take the place of experience (Erfahrung) and the individuals tend to go back and adapt themselves to the administered world. This fact causes a series of misunderstanding and ruptures. In addition, the participation of government representatives in this new reality of the settlement, causes problems to the MST. The Movement has difficulties in keeping its influence on the settler. Such a situation may take the MST to assume a position which leads to non-reflective actions not in agreement with its principles, and therefore leads to mass thinking, the so-called ballot mentality. To finish up, the study emphasizes that the MST should continue to contribute towards the emancipation of the individual in the settlement; it should ponder the importance of autodetermination and freedom, pointing out the real cause of problems; it should explain all contradictions; and it should motivate the construction of collective spaces which will contribute to enlightenment, and lead to more autonomy.

Studies of the adverse impacts of high temperature on human health have been primarily focusing on urban areas, due in part to the facts that urban centers generally have higher population density and are often significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas (Heat Island Effect), and thus urban areas are considered to be more vulnerable to summer heat. However, heat vulnerability can also be affected by other population characteristics such as age, education, income and social isolation, which are likely to mark greater vulnerability among rural population. Here we explore the vulnerability to heat-related mortality in rural areas through a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence. We searched studies that examined the association between high ambient temperature and morality in rural areas published in English between 2000 and 2016. Heat-mortality effect estimates from selected studies are grouped into two: (1) Rural effect estimates (RRrural) and their corresponding urban effect estimates (RRurban), from studies that reported risk estimates for both urban and their surrounding rural areas (7 studies included); (2) Rural effect estimates only (12 studies included). For Group 1, we performed a meta-analysis of the ratio of the rural estimate to the urban estimate in order to compare the magnitude of effects in rural versus urban areas. For Group 2, we performed a meta-analysis of the effect estimates in rural areas only. The pooled ratio estimate (RRrural/RRurban) for Group 1 is 1.051 (95% CI: 0.954, 1.160), which indicates the rural relative risk is about 5% larger than the urban relative risk. The pooled estimate for Group 2 is 1.191 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.251). Our preliminary results suggest that vulnerability to heat in rural areas may be similar to or even higher than urban areas, indicating that more studies are needed to understand rural vulnerability to heat-related hazards.

The South African government is obliged to render basic services for the people through local government municipalities. These basic services include among others the development of adequate roads, clean water and electricity. The responsibility of the delivery of these services was given to the municipality after the 1994 general elections, with the belief that it is the government that is closer to the people on the ground than the national and provincial governments. The issue of the provision of quality roads in rural areas of South African still remains a critical challenge. The issue addressed in this study is the provision of quality roads provided in Polokwane Municipality. The study focused on the implementation of roads infrastructure development project in rural areas of South Africa and the provision of roads in the rural areas of Polokwane Municipality in Capricorn District, with a special focus on the provision of roads in the rural villages of Thabakgone, Komaneng, Segopje and Ga-Molepo. The study used data collection instruments such as interviews, questionnaires and supporting documents, such as Polokwane Integrated Development Plan and relevant scientific articles to collect data in the four selected villages. The findings of the study revealed that the provision of roads infrastructure in the municipality is of substandard quality, and that the provision of quality roads in the areas is required.

本研究旨在探討宜蘭縣城鄉國中學生學習態度、家長參與及學習成就比較之研究。研究對象是以宜蘭縣各類型國中為分析單位，搜集國中學生三年前、後的學習成就比較，並透過問卷調查方式搜集所需的資料，再運用各種統計方法對有效樣本加以分析檢視，歸納結論如下： 壹、宜蘭縣國中學生在不同背景變項的學習成就之情形 一、宜蘭縣國中不同學校類型其學習成就，都會型學校高於鄉村型學校，有顯著差異；但對高分群的學生，鄉村型學校的學生其學習成就是高於都會型學校的學生。 二、宜蘭縣不同規模的國中學校其學習成就有顯著差異，大型學校高於中型學校，中型學校高於小型學校；但對高分群的學生，中型和小型學校的學生其學習成就是高於大型學校的學生。 三、宜蘭縣國中越區就讀和未越區就讀學生其學習成就有顯著差異，越區就讀高於鄉村未越區就讀學生；但對高分群的學生，鄉村型未越區的學生其學習成就是高於越區就讀的學生。 四、宜蘭縣國中不同性別學生其學習成就在國文、英文和前後測總分中有顯著差異，女生的學業成就表現比男生好。 貳、宜蘭縣國中學生學習態度、家長參與度與學生學業成就之情形 一、不同背景變項之宜蘭縣國中學生學習態度情形： 1. 學生性別：宜蘭縣國中女學生在學習態度顯著高於男學生。 2. 越區就讀：「都會型｣學校之國中學生主動學習構面明顯高於「鄉村型｣學校生，但「都會越區｣的國中學生習態度和「鄉村型」學校並未有顯著性差異。 3. 入學成績：「高分組｣的學生其學習態度高於「低分組｣學生。 4. 升學期望：期望進入「高中｣之國中學生學習態度明顯高於期望其他各組期望之國中學生；期望進入「高職｣、「五專｣之國中學生學習態度明顯高於期望「就業｣之國中學生。 5. 家長社經：「父母高社經地位｣之國中學生學習態度明顯高於「父母低社經地位｣。 6. 學校規模：「大型學校｣之國中學生計畫執行構面明顯高於「中型學校｣之國中學生，「中型學校｣之國中學生計畫執行構面明顯高於「小型學校｣之國中學生。 二、不同背景變項之宜蘭縣國中家長參與度情形： 1. 學生性別：女學生之家長親師輔導顯著高於男學生之家長。 2. 越區就讀：「都會型｣學校之學生家長參與度各層面及整體明顯高於「鄉村型｣學校之學生；且「都會越區｣之學生在家長參與度及學業參與構面高於「鄉村未越區｣之學生。 3. 入學成績：「高分組｣之學生在家長參與度各構面之得分高於入學成績為「低分組｣之學生。 4. 升學期望：期望進入「高中｣學生之家長參與度各構面皆高於其他各組期望之學生。 5. 學校規模：「大型學校｣之學生在家長參與度與學業參與明顯高於「小型學校｣之學生。 三、不同背景變項的宜蘭縣國中學生，在學習成就和學業成績進步之情形： 1. 學生性別：不同性別之學生在學習成就中，國文、英文、總分等均達顯著水準，女生高於男生；但在學業成績進步的情形則未達顯著。 2. 越區就讀：「都會越區｣之學生在學習成就各科之得分都顯著高於「鄉村未越區｣之學生。且以學業成績進步情形，在都會地區學校未越區之學生其學業成績進步情形高於從鄉村越區到都會就讀之學生；在鄉村型學校，越區到都會型學校就讀的學生其學業成績進步情形，高於鄉村未越區就讀之學生。 3. 入學成績：「高分組｣之學生學習成就明顯高於入學成績「低分組｣之學生。但「低分組｣之學生學業成績進步情形高於入學成績「高分組｣之學生。 4. 升學期望：（1）期望進入「高中｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望其他各類期望；期望進入「高職｣、「五專｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望「就業｣之學生。（2）期望能讀到「研究所｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望其他各類期望；期望能讀到「大學｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望就讀「專校｣、「高中職｣、「專校｣之學生。（3）期望進入「高中｣之學生學業成績的進步上明顯高於期望進入「高職｣與「五專｣之學生。 5. 家長社經：「父母高社經地位｣之學生學習成就明顯高於「父母低社經地位｣之學生，且在學業成績的進步上也是如此。 6. 學校規模：「大型學校｣學校之學生學習成就明顯高於「中型學校｣、「小型學校｣學校之學生；「中型學校｣學校之學生學習成就明顯高於「小型學校｣學校之學生。但對學生學業進步分數數並未造成顯著影響。 最後，根據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以供教育行政機關、學校、家長與未來研究之參考。

I denna uppsats redovisas en studie av hur svenska idrottsföreningar på landsbygden påverkas av de samhällsförändringar som intåget i det postmoderna samhället har medfört. Det studerade datamaterialet har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer och därefter analyserats genom forskningsmetoden grundad teori. De informanter som deltagit i studien är alla själva verksamma inom idrottsklubbar på små orter, och denna uppsats ger en inblick i deras erfarenheter som förhoppningsvis kan bidra till en ökad kunskap om hur svenska idrottsföreningar på landsbygden kan komma att utvecklas inom de närmaste åren. Resultaten avslöjar att de studerade föreningarna upplever stora problem vid rekryteringen av såväl nya medlemmar som ideellt engagerade tränare och styrelseledamöter. Dessutom påvisar studien en pågående konflikt mellan stad och landsbygd som i synnerhet berör resursfördelning och politisk prioritering. / In this thesis, a study of how Swedish sports associations in rural areas are affected by the societal changes which the advent of the post-modern society has brought is declared. The studied data has been collected through qualitative interviews and thenceforth analyzed through the research method grounded theory. The informants who have participated in the study are all active in sports clubs in small villages themselves, and this thesis provides an insight in their experiences which hopefully can contribute to an increased knowledge about how Swedish sports associations in rural areas may develop in the next few years. The results reveal that the studied sports clubs experience severe problems in the recruitment of new members as well as voluntary trainers and members of the board. Moreover, the study proves an ongoing conflict between urban and rural areas which in particular concerns allocation of resources and political priority.

Zugl.: Bonn, University, Diss., 2004.

Der demografische Wandel vollzieht sich insbesondere in den ländlichen Gebieten Sachsens bereits in großen Schritten. Junge und hoch qualifizierte Menschen wandern weiterhin ab und die älteren bleiben zurück. Daraus resultiert ein Bevölkerungsrückgang, der zu einer Ausdünnung der Infrastruktur in diesen Gebieten führt. Insbesondere der reduzierte öffentliche Personennahverkehr schränkt die Mobilität der älteren Bevölkerung immer stärker ein. Gleichzeitig wird mit dem sich erhöhenden Altersdurchschnitt die Nachfrage nach medizinischer und pflegerischer Versorgung ansteigen. Ältere Menschen werden somit abhängig von der Unterstützung durch Familienangehörige, Freunde und Nachbarn. Stehen diese nicht zur Verfügung, sind das Verlassen des gewohnten Umfelds und der Umzug in eine stationäre Altenpflegeeinrichtung oftmals die einzige verbleibende Alternative. Dies entspricht jedoch weder den individuellen Wünschen der Betroffenen noch ist es aus volkswirtschaftlicher Perspektive sinnvoll. Die vorliegende Projektstudie wurde aus Mitteln der Demografierichtlinie durch die Sächsische Staatsregierung gefördert und hat zum Ziel, die Lebensbedingungen älterer Menschen in dünn besiedelten Regionen so sicherzustellen, dass sie in ihrem vertrauten Lebensumfeld so lange wie möglich verbleiben können. Dazu ist es notwendig, dass Elemente der Daseinsvorsorge, wie insbesondere medizinische und pflegerische Leistungen, Waren des täglichen Bedarfs etc., in ihrem unmittelbaren Umfeld vorhanden und für sie selbstständig erreichbar sind. Um diese kleinräumige Versorgung bedarfsgerecht und kosteneffizient gestalten zu können, ist die Entwicklung, Erprobung und Evaluierung entsprechender neuer Konzeptionen notwendig. Die Innovation des vorliegenden Projektes besteht darin, dass eine Lösung entwickelt wurde, deren Elemente nach raumplanerischen und gesundheitsökonomischen Gesichtspunkten aufeinander abgestimmt sind und den Bedürfnissen der Bevölkerung im Altersbereich 70+ entspricht.

The start of the 21th century is notable for the apparent lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. Over one billion people in all parts of the world lack access to clean water. Most live in developing countries, such as Africa. Unsafe water and poor sanitation have been primary causal factors in the vast majority of water-borne diseases, especially diarrheal ones. The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 24) states: “Everyone has the right: (a) To an environment that is not harmful to their health and their wellbeing; and (b) To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; ecologically sustainable development, and the use of natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and social development.” Secondly, section 27 states that: “Everyone has the right to have access to: (a) Health-care services, including reproductive health care; (b) Sufficient food and water; and (c) Social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance.” These factors have prompted this research within the Ugu District Municipality on the perceptions of inadequate rural water service delivery. This study reveals information on those areas in the Ugu District Municipality, which do not have access to clean water, and on the health hazards that might lead to death if residents’ lack of access to clean water persists. The Ugu District Municipality, is situated in KwaZulu-Natal Province, and covers a surface area of 5866 km2. There are six local municipalities in this district. These are: Ezinqoleni, Umzumbe, Umziwabantu, Hibiscus Coast, Umdoni and Vulamehlo. The node is 77% rural and 23% urban, and the total population for this area is 704027 (Ugu District Municipality IDP 2nd 2011/2012:19). / M. Development and Management (Water Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The start of the 21th century is notable for the apparent lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. Over one billion people in all parts of the world lack access to clean water. Most live in developing countries, such as Africa. Unsafe water and poor sanitation have been primary causal factors in the vast majority of water-borne diseases, especially diarrheal ones. The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 24) states: “Everyone has the right: (a) To an environment that is not harmful to their health and their wellbeing; and (b) To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; ecologically sustainable development, and the use of natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and social development.” Secondly, section 27 states that: “Everyone has the right to have access to: (a) Health-care services, including reproductive health care; (b) Sufficient food and water; and (c) Social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance.” These factors have prompted this research within the Ugu District Municipality on the perceptions of inadequate rural water service delivery. This study reveals information on those areas in the Ugu District Municipality, which do not have access to clean water, and on the health hazards that might lead to death if residents’ lack of access to clean water persists. The Ugu District Municipality, is situated in KwaZulu-Natal Province, and covers a surface area of 5866 km2. There are six local municipalities in this district. These are: Ezinqoleni, Umzumbe, Umziwabantu, Hibiscus Coast, Umdoni and Vulamehlo. The node is 77% rural and 23% urban, and the total population for this area is 704027 (Ugu District Municipality IDP 2nd 2011/2012:19). / M. Development and Management (Water Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Die Broschüre vermittelt anschaulich, was von Gemeinden, Grundeigentümern, Bewirtschaftern und anderen Betroffenen auf lokaler Ebene unternommen werden kann, um Schäden durch Hochwasser vorzubeugen. Diskutiert werden Maßnahmen wie Flächenentsiegelung, angepasste Landwirtschaft, der Ausbau von Rückhaltebecken oder verbesserte Teichnutzungen. Erfolgreiche Beispiele aus der Praxis runden die Handlungsempfehlungen ab.