Thesis (DTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The process of anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable technologies to treat wastewater in the agricultural sector. In South Africa, in some industries in the agricultural sector, such as the poultry industry in particular, slaughterhouses have the highest consumption of potable water, culminating in the production of a large quantity of high strength wastewater. This high consumption of potable water has become a concern in South Africa due to water scarcity and reduced rainfall attributed to global warming, including weather changes. Furthermore, the generation of a large volume of wastewater poses environmental pollution concerns. The wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses can be quite easily treated to a suitable quality for reuse, using various bioreactor systems that utilise low cost anaerobic digestion processes. However, as this wastewater contains a high quantity of biodegradable organic matter – with the primary pollutants being proteins, blood, fats, oil and grease (FOG) – selecting a suitable anaerobic reactor configuration (up-flow vs down-flow) plays an important role in achieving high reactor performance. In this study, both the up-flow, (i.e. Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor) and the down-flow (i.e. Static Granular Static Granular Bed Reactor), were studied to quantitatively determine their performance in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Firstly, the feasibility of treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater with an up-flow Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor (EGSB) coupled with anoxic and aerobic bioreactors was investigated at an HRT of 7 (168 hr), 4 (96 hr) and 3 (72 hr) days using organic loading rates of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 gCOD/L.day. The averaged tCOD removal for the EGSB reactor was 40%, 57% and 55%, respectively, at the various OLRs and HRTs investigated. The overall tCOD removal of the system (EGSB-anoxic/aerobic) at high OLR of 1.0 gCOD/L.day was increased to 65%. The redundant performance of the up-flow EGSB reactor was attributed to the periodical sludge washout experienced during its operation due to high FOG and TSS concentrations in the influent. Due to the periodic sludge washout, the reactor required continuous re-inoculation resulting in the EGSB being operated for a short period (i.e. 26 days). As a result of such system deficiency, it was recommended that to improve the performance of the up-flow EGSB reactor in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater, a pre-treatment system – such as a Dissolved Air Floatation system (DAFs) or a FOG skimmer – is required to reduce the FOG and total suspended solids (TSS) load prior to the wastewater fed to the EGSB. This will minimise system failure and the need for a continuous re-inoculation of the system (see Appendix C for improved operation strategy of the EGSB reactor). Furthermore, a system redesign was recommended, thus the use of the SGBR. Secondly, after the EGSB system evaluation, the performance of a down-flow system (i.e. SGBR) for the new design, the following were deemed appropriate for improved system (SGBR) design: 1) reduced HRT for high wastewater treatment through-put rates; 2) the ability to adequately treat the wastewater with higher organic loading rates; and 3) reduction of the plant footprint by using a membrane filtration system (i.e. a single process unit) to effectively reduce process requirements needed for the anoxic/aerobic bioreactors (i.e. n=2 process unit) used with the EGSB. Similarly, for large-scale operations, it is advisable to have a backwash system to adequately handle declogging processes (i.e. these systems modifications were evaluated in the SGBR). The SGBR, coupled with an ultra-filtration (UF) membrane system, was then investigated for treating the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater at an HRT of 55 hrs and 40 hrs, including average OLRs of 1.01 and 3.14 gCOD/L.day, respectively. The average maximum performance of the SGBR in terms of tCOD, TSS and FOG removal was > 90% at the OLRs and HRTs investigated. The UF membrane system used as a post-treatment system further yielded a system performance improvement for tCOD, TSS and FOG of 64%, 88% and 60%, respectively. The overall performance of the combined system (SGBR and UF membrane system) in terms of tCOD, TSS and FOG removal was 98%, 99.8% and 92.4%, respectively. The highest performance for the down-flow SGBR was attributed to its ability to retain granulated sludge in the reactor while maximizing the digestion of the organic matter fed into the reactor, even at higher OLRs. Furthermore, for effective declogging, the implementation of a periodic backwash system to effectively remove dispersed fine sludge particles in the underdrain and excessive suspended solids entrapment was observed to ease the system operational deficiencies.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / In the recent past, the poultry industry in South Africa has grown due to an increased demand of poultry products as a result of population growth and improved living standards. Furthermore, this has led to poultry slaughterhouses generating high strength wastewater which is laden with a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from the slaughtering process and sanitation of equipment and facilities. As a result, South Africa has promulgated restrictions and a set of quality standards for effluent discharged into the environment to minimize ecological degradation and human health impact. Hence, there is a need for improved Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSW) pre-treatment prior to either discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or on-site secondary treatment processes such as anaerobic digesters. Additionally, amongst the pre-treatment methods for Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) laden wastewater, flotation remains the most popular with Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system being the most applied. However, modelling and optimization of a biological DAF system has never been attempted before in particular for a bioflocculant supported DAF (BioDAF) for PSW pre-treatment. Process modelling and optimization involves process adjustment to optimize influential parameters. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop an empirical model of a BioDAF for pre-treatment of PSW, for which a bioflocculant producer including production conditions, flocculant type and its floc formation mechanism, were identified. Twenty-one (n = 21) microbial strains were isolated from the PSW and their flocculation activity using kaolin clay suspension (4g/L) was quantified, with a mutated Escherichia coli (mE.coli) [accession number LT906474.1], having the highest flocculation activity even in limited nutrient conditions; hence, it was used for further analysis in other experiments. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for bioflocculant production achieved using RSM were pH of 6.5 and 36°C conditions which induced instantaneous bioflocculant production with the highest flocculation activity. The bioflocculant produced by the mE.coli showed the presence of carboxyl/amine, alkyne and hydroxyl functional groups, which was indicative that the bioflocculant contained both polysaccharides and some amino acids.

Orientador: Helio Langoni / Banca: Antonio Carlos Paes / Banca: Márcio Garcia Ribeiro / Banca: Lisiane de Almeida Martins / Banca: Luiz Fernando Pita Gondim / Resumo: Toxoplasma gondii é um parasito de grande importância no contexto de produção animal e saúde pública, sendo importante patógeno oportunista em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Este estudo objetivou determinar a soroprevalência de toxoplasmose em ovinos de abatedouros do estado de São Paulo, e a variabilidade genotípica dos isolamentos obtidos. A presença de anticorpos para T. gondii foi pesquisada em 602 amostras de soro pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), aglutinação direta modificada (MAT), com antígeno fixado pelo metanol (AM) e formalina (AF). Bioensaio em camundongos e pesquisa do DNA do parasito pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) do gene 529 pares de bases (pb), repetitivo 300 vezes no genoma do parasito, foi realizado com cérebro, pulmão e músculo ("pool" de diafragma e coração) dos ovinos soropositivos. Das amostras positivas à PCR realizou-se a genotipagem pelas técnicas de multilocus-, nested-PCR e polimorfismo de comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP-PCR) em 12 loci (SAG1, 5'SAG2, 3'SAG2, alt-SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, CS3), adicionado de ROP18Del e ROP18UPS, além da confirmação do parasito pelo locus 18S rRNA, diferenciando de Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, S. moulei, S. miescheriana, S. hominis, S. capracanis e S. tenella. 66/602 (11,0%) amostras de soro foram positivas para algum teste sorológico, com maior sensibilidade da MAT-AF, utilizado como teste de triagem. Amostras teciduais de 20/66 (30,3%) animais foram positivas ao isolamento, sendo detectados cistos em 12, taquizoítos em quatro e somente sorologia positiva em outras quatro. Detectouse o DNA do parasito em amostras de 22/66 (33,3%) animais. O genótipo completo foi obtido em somente 13/22 (59,1%). Dez genótipos diferentes foram identificados, sendo seis novos genótipos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite with high importance to the animal production and public health, being important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in ovines in slaughterhouses from State of de São Paulo, and the genotypic variability of the obtained isolates. T. gondii antibodies were researched in 602 serum samples by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT), with methanol- (AM) and formalin-fixed antigen (AF). Bioassay in mice and the research of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of gene 529 base pairs (bp), 300 times repetitive in parasite genome, was assayed with brain, lung and muscle ("pool" of diaphragm and heart) from seropositive ovines. Genotyping of the PCR positive samples was performed by multilocus-, nested-PCR and restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) in 12 loci (SAG1, 5'SAG2, 3'SAG2, alt-SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3), added of ROP18Del and ROP18UPS, beyond the confirmation by 18S rRNA locus, to differentiate Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, S. moulei, S. miescheriana, S. hominis, S. capracanis and S. tenella. 66/602 (11.0%) serum samples were positive to, at least, one serological test with high sensitivity to MAT-AF, used as screening test. Tissue samples of 20/66 (30.3%) animals were positive to the isolation, being detected cysts in 12, tachyzoites in four and in other four only positive result to the serology. DNA of the parasite was detected in samples of 22/66 (33.3%) animals. The complete genotype was detected in only 13/22 (59.1%). Ten different genotypes were identified, with six new genotypes. Two samples presented type II, isolated from Polwarth (Ideal) breed, bred extensively in Santana do Livramento and Uruguaiana, RS. Two other samples, from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A presente pesquisa trata das relações entre trabalhadores, militantes ligados ao Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) e a comunidade fronteiriça de Santana do Livramento e Rivera, a partir da instalação na região do Frigorífico Armour, e especialmente durante o período de redemocratização da sociedade brasileira que se seguiu ao final do Estado Novo, em um recorte que compreende o período de 1945 a 1954. Tem por objetivo revelar as articulações políticas e lutas operárias que tiveram como protagonistas os militantes ligados ao PCB e a sociedade fronteiriça no período em que o partido viveu um breve momento de legalidade, que por fim iria desaguar em forte repressão e na chacina ocorrida em 24 de setembro de 1950, na linha divisória entre Brasil e Uruguai. Dividida em quatro capítulos, busca historicizar a trajetória de homens e mulheres que tomaram parte dessa busca por direitos e justiça social em uma sociedade que tinha na grande fábrica multinacional o motor de desenvolvimento e também de concentração de poderes. Para tanto utiliza um conjunto de fontes composto por entrevistas, periódicos, acervos particulares, Anais da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1946 e da Câmara de Vereadores de Santana do Livramento, textos literários e manuscritos. / This tesis concerns about the relations between workers, militants linked to the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) and the border community of Santana do Livramento and Rivera, since the installation in the region of the Armour meat packers company, and especially during the period of redemocratization of Brazilian society which followed the end of ―Estado Novo‖, in a cut that covers the period from 1945 to 1954. The objective is to reveal the political articulations and workers' struggles that had as protagonists the militants linked to the PCB and the border society in the period in which the party Lived a brief moment of legality, which would eventually lead to strong repression and the slaughter that occurred on September 24, 1950, on the dividing line between Brazil and Uruguay. Divided into four chapters, it seeks to historicize the trajectory of men and women who took part in this search for rights and social justice in a society that had in the great multinational factory the motor of development and also concentration of powers. In order to do so, it uses a set of sources composed of interviews, periodicals, private collections, Annals of the Constituent Assembly of 1946 and the Council of Councilors of Santana do Livramento, literary texts and manuscripts.

Existe a necessidade de um diagnóstico preciso sobre a causa dos aumentos de volume na área umbilical de suínos por ocasião do abate, para que sejam adotados critérios adequados durante a inspeção das carcaças. Foi realizada uma avaliação deste tipo e alterações foram observadas e retiradas da carcaça, para abertura e categorização. Através da descrição das características anatomopatológicas externas e internas, e classificadas as diferentes formas de aumento de volume na região umbilical. Foram diagnosticados 515 aumentos de volume entre 96.599 suínos abatidos (0,53%), destes 235 foram avaliados e categorizadas 19 condições patológicas, com diversos tipos de associações. Os diagnósticos obtidos foram: hérnias umbilicais, flaps, cistos, fibrose e abscessos. Hérnias, associadas ou não, representaram o diagnóstico mais frequente, 155 casos. A seguir foram os "flaps", cistos, fibrose e abscessos, respectivamente. No exame histopatológico do saco herniário, foi observada proliferação de tecido conjuntivo denso, adjacente à área de tecido conjuntivo frouxo, revestida por mesotélio. Ainda, áreas de necrose, mineralização e hemorragia focalmente extensa. A composição dos flaps foi basicamente tecido conjuntivo frouxo com acentuada quantidade de formações vasculares, revestido por mesotélio. Os cistos apresentaram proliferação de tecido conjuntivo frouxo com acentuada quantidade de formações vasculares e dilatações císticas com material amorfo eosinofílico no interior, revestido por mesotélio e proliferação de tecido conjuntivo denso perifericamente com área focal de infiltrado de linfócitos. Em relação ao destino das 235 carcaças, 135 (57,44%) foram liberadas para mercado interno, 91 (38,72%) submetidas ao tratamento térmico e 9 (3,82%) enviadas à graxaria. Durante a análise dos casos de aumento de volume na área umbilical pela inspeção federal, não foram adotados os critério de condenação considerando a caracterização precisa das lesões, proposta no presente trabalho. A adoção dos mesmos poderia contribuir para a redução de perdas, sem comprometer critérios que visam a garantir a segurança alimentar. / It is important to reach a precise diagnosis of causes of increase in the volume in the umbilical area of pigs at slaughter, to enable decisions on the use of adequate criteria of carcass inspection. A study to evaluate this problem was carried out observing and removing lesions from the carcass to dissection and characterization. Through description of internal and external anatomopathologic characteristics, different forms of increase in the volume in the umbilical area were classified. Between 96,599 carcasses, 515 increases in the volume were diagnosed (0,53%), among them 235 were assessed and categorized and 19 pathological conditions with different associations were found. The main diagnosis were: umbilical hernias, flaps, cysts, fibrosis and abscesses. Hernias, in isolation or in association, were the most frequent diagnosis, 155. The following were the "flaps", cysts, abscesses and fibrosis, respectively. Using histopathological examination of the hernial sac, it was found proliferation of dense conjunctive tissue, adjacent to an area of loose conjunctive tissue, covered by mesothelium. Additionally, areas of necrosis, mineralization and focally extensive hemorrhage. The composition of flaps was basically loose conjunctive tissue with decreased amount of vascular formations, covered by mesothelium. Cysts showed proliferation of loose connective tissue with accentuated amount of vascular formations and with amorphous eosinophilic material inside, covered by mesothelium and proliferation of dense connective tissue with focal areas of inflammatory infiltrate composed by lymphocytes in the periphery. With respect to the destiny of the 235 carcasses, 135 (57,44%) were released for consumption in the internal market, 91 (38,72%) submitted to heat treatment and 9 (3,82%) sent to meat-and-bone-meal production. During the analysis of cases of increase in the volume in the umbilical area by the Federal Inspection, criteria proposed in the present work were not fully adopted. Its use could contribute to reduce unnecessary losses, without compromising a criterion which would maintain guarantees of food safety.

Elevadas prevalências de Salmonella têm sido identificadas na cadeia de produção de suínos brasileira. Dessa forma, pode haver um maior risco de contaminação dos produtos e, portanto, maior risco ao consumidor. Diferentes estudos têm sido conduzidos abordando os efeitos dos estágios do abate sobre a contaminação por patógenos em carcaças. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a presença de Salmonella na superfície da carcaça avaliando-se a influência de diferentes etapas do processo de abate de suínos, do recebimento dos animais à lavagem final das carcaças, caracterizando os isolados por técnicas fenotípicas e genotípicas para detectar grupos clonais de Salmonella no processo de abate, em três frigoríficos (A, B, C) sob inspeção federal no sul do Brasil. Foi estudada a soroprevalência de cada lote abatido no turno de amostragem, não havendo correlação entre a sorologia dos lotes e a contaminação das carcaças após o chuveiro final (P= 0.42941). A análise dos dados permitiu verificar que houve mais chance de isolar Salmonella a partir do conteúdo intestinal dos animais no Frigorífico C (Odds Ratio, OR=6,5, P<0,001), demonstrando que nesse matadouro são abatidos lotes com maior prevalência de portadores. Considerando todas as etapas analisadas, a análise de Qui-quadrado da independência indicou que houve uma frequência estatisticamente significativa maior (P=0,004) de isolamento de Salmonella após a depilação. Não houve isolamento de Salmonella das amostras de água da escalda, que manteve a temperatura sempre acima dos 61ºC durante o abate. Em comparação com o Frigorífico A, no Frigorífico B observou-se maior chance de isolamento de Salmonella após a depilação (OR=4,18), após flambagem (OR=11,17) e após o chuveiro final (OR=14,66). Na comparação do Frigorífico C com A não houve diferença estatística significativa. Somente no Frigorífico B o número de animais com conteúdo intestinal positivo foi preditivo da contaminação das carcaças após o chuveiro final (Coeficiente= 0,57), demonstrando que as práticas adotadas na linha de abate não foram capazes de contribuir para o controle de Salmonella. A sorotipificação revelou oito diferentes sorovares, dentre os quais os sorovares Derby (n= 47; 35,6%), Typhimurium (n=46; 34,8%) e Panama (n=21; 15,9%) foram os mais frequentes e apresentaram, respectivamente, seis, oito e três pulsotipos após a digestão de DNA com as enzimas XBaI e BlnI. A análise dos pulsotipos identificados nas carcaças após o chuveiro final demonstrou a sua relação com isolados das baias de espera, do conteúdo intestinal e de outras carcaças. As etapas até a depilação demonstraram ser as mais críticas para a disseminação de grupos clonais de Salmonella e a flambagem para o seu controle. Os resultados demonstraram a influência das práticas de higiene e processos de abate executados pelos matadouros no controle da contaminação da carcaça, mesmo quando lotes com elevado número de portadores de Salmonella são recebidos. / High prevalence of Salmonella have been identified in the Brazilian swine production chain. In this way, there may be a greater hazard of product contamination and higher risk to consumers. Different studies have been conducted addressing the effects of the stages of slaughter on the contamination by pathogens on carcasses. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Salmonella on the surface of the carcass after different stages of slaughtering process of pigs, from the animals receiving to the final wash of the carcasses, characterizing the isolates by phenotypic and genotypic techniques in order to detect clonal groups of Salmonella in the process of slaughter in three abattoirs (A, B, C) under federal inspection in southern Brazil. The prevalence of each batch slaughtered on the sampled shift was studied, there was no correlation between serology of batch and the contamination of carcasses after the Final Wash (P = 0.42941). Data analysis showed that there was a higher chance of Salmonella isolation from the intestinal content of animals in Abattoir C (odds ratio, OR = 6.5, P< 0.001), demonstrating that in this abattoir batches are slaughtered with higher prevalence of carriers. Considering all the stages analyzed, the chi-square analysis of independence indicated that there was a significant statistically higher frequency (P=0.004) of Salmonella isolation after dehairing. There was no Salmonella isolation from the scalding water samples, which always kept the temperature above 61 ºC during slaughter. Compared to Abattoir A, Abattoir B had a higher chance of Salmonella isolation after dehairing (OR = 4.18), after singeing (OR = 11.17) and after the final wash (OR = 14.66 ). Comparing Abattoir C to Abattoir A there was no significant statistically difference. Only in the Abattoir B the number of animals with positive intestinal contents was predictive for contamination of carcasses final wash (coefficient = 0.57), demonstrating that the practices adopted in the slaughter line were not able to control contamination by Salmonella. The serotyping revealed eight different serovars, of which the serovars Derby (n = 47, 35.6%), Typhimurium (n = 46, 34.8%) and Panama (n = 21, 15.9%) were the most frequent and showed, respectively, six, eight and tree pulsotypes of DNA after digestion with enzynes XbaI and BlnI. The analysis of pulsotypes identified in the carcasses after the Final Wash demonstrated their relationship with the isolates from lairage, intestinal contents and other cacasses. The stages up to dehairing were the most critical to the spread of clonal groups of Salmonella, while the flamming is crucial for their control. The results showed the influence of hygiene practices and slaughter processes implemented by abattoirs on the control of carcass contamination, even when batches of high numbers of Salmonella carriers are slaughtered.

Objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho caracterizar a influência do sistema de criação convencional de frangos de corte nas perdas produtivas desde a criação até a obtenção do produto final. Foram acompanhados 4 ciclos de produção até o produto final. A caracterização climática (temperatura, umidade relativa e entalpia específica do ar) ocorreu nas etapas de criação, transporte e espera das aves. A qualidade de cama do aviário (porcentagem de umidade) foi avaliada no início e final do ciclo de criação. No dia da apanha e carregamento das aves, uma amostragem de 80 aves foi selecionada aleatoriamente e identificada por anilhas para análise de lesão I (limpeza de plumagem). Durante o transporte ocorreu a caracterização da viagem (duração, distância percorrida e infraestrutura da rodovia), condições climáticas ambientais e mensuração dos níveis de vibração do caminhão. No frigorífico, a espera das aves foi caracterizada pela duração, tipologia do galpão e condições climáticas do ambiente. Na descarga, ocorreu a análise de lesões II (pododermatite, lesão de joelho, arranhão antigo e recente, fratura de asa e perna antiga e recente) e quantificação da mortalidade das aves. E selecionadas aleatoriamente 10 aves por linhagem (HUBB, ROSS/COBB e COBB), totalizando 30 aves. Após 24 horas do abate, os peitos de frango foram analisados com relação a cor (L*- luminância, a*- vermelho e b*- amarelo), pH, perda de peso por gotejamento e cocção, e força de cisalhamento. Realizou-se uma classificação em carne DFD-like (escura, dura e seca), normal e PSE-like (pálida, mole e exsudativa). Verificou-se uma heterogeneidade estrutural nos galpões, nas variáveis bioclimáticas e no conforto térmico das aves, proporcionando condições de estresse térmico pelo frio nas primeiras semanas de vida e pelo calor na fase adulta. A mortalidade de chegada ao frigorífico (DOA) mostrou-se relacionada com maior mortalidade durante a criação (DOF) e características do transporte (maior duração e distância de viagem). A alta umidade de cama mostrou uma relação com maior sujidade de plumagem e dermatites de contato. A lesão de joelho, pododermatite e arranhão da criação foram influenciados pela densidade de alojamento na criação. O arranhão gerado durante o período pré-abate foi relacionado com maior tempo de espera e estresse térmico. A fase de criação foi responsável pelos maiores níveis de ocorrência e severidade de lesões. A incidência de carne PSE-like foi 15% e possuiu relação com desconforto térmico das aves durante o transporte (altos valores de entalpia específica do ar e duração). Assim o sistema de criação convencional de frangos de corte influenciou nas perdas produtivas desde a criação até a obtenção do produto final. / The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of the conventional broiler rearing system on the productive losses from the rearing to the final product. Four production cycles were studying until the final product. Climatic characterization (air temperature, relative humidity, and specific enthalpy of air) occurred during the rearing, transport, and lairage. The litter quality of the aviary (percentage of moisture) was performed at the beginning and end of the rearing cycle. On the day of catching and loading of the birds, a sample of 80 birds was randomly selected and identified for analysis of lesion I (Plumage cleanliness). During transportation, the characterization of the travel (duration, distance traveled and highway infrastructure), environmental climatic conditions and measurement of vibration levels of the truck occurred. At the slaughterhouse, lairage was characterized by the length, typology of the barn and climatic conditions of the environment. In the discharge, the analysis of lesions II (pododermatitis, hock burn, old and recent scratch, old and recent wing and leg fracture) and quantification of the mortality of the birds occurred. And 10 bird of each breed (HUBB, ROSS/COBB e COBB) were randomly selected (totaling 30 birds). After 24 hours of slaughter, the chicken breasts were analyzed for color (L*- luminance, a*- red and b*- yellow), pH, drip loss, cooking loss and shear force. And classified in DFD-like (dark, firm, and dry), normal and PSE-like (pale, soft, and exudative) meat. There was a structural heterogeneity in the barns, in the bioclimatic variables and in the thermal comfort of the birds, providing conditions of thermal stress by the cold in the first weeks of life and by the heat in the adult phase. The dead on arrival (DOA) was related to higher dead on the farm (DOF) and transport characteristics (longer duration and distance of travel). The high litter moisture showed a relation with greater dirt plumage and dermatitis. The hock burn, pododermatitis, and scratch of the rearing were influenced by the stocking density in the rearing. The scratching generated during the pre-slaughter period was related to longer lairage time and thermal stress. The rearing phase was responsible for the higher levels of occurrence and severity of lesions. The incidence of PSE-like meat was 15% and had relation with the thermal discomfort of the birds during transport (high values of specific enthalpy of air and duration). Thus, the conventional broiler rearing system influenced the productivity losses from the rearing until the final product was obtained.

Este trabalho propõe um modelo de qualidade e produtividade para o préabate de frangos de corte, processo que fornece a matéria prima inicial aos abatedouros. Existe grande interface de responsabilidades nas operações do préabate. Além disso, estas operações ocorrem em etapas e locais que vão desde os aviários até a recepção dos abatedouros. Estes fatores tornam muito difícil o controle do processo de pré-abate e qualquer problema ou perda incidirá sobre todos os processos subsequentes. O modelo foi construído com base em uma ampla revisão sobre o assunto, um estudo de caso descritivo de uma empresa do ramo e através do auxílio de especialistas do meio produtivo e acadêmico. Consiste de quatro módulos: módulo 1-aviários, apanha e carregamento, módulo 2-transporte e módulo 3-espera e pendura. O quarto módulo aborda o controle do processo e melhorias. Dentre as proposições do modelo destacam-se: o dimensionamento das equipes de apanha, frota e do galpão de espera; treinamento das equipes de apanha; uma série de quadros e tabelas que permitem a programação de coleta dos aviários, com estratégia de gerenciamento de riscos do estresse térmico por calor das aves, utilizando um índice de conforto térmico; um método de estratificação para identificar onde e em que parte das aves ocorreram hematomas e fraturas; por fim propõe-se a utilização de cartas de controle de medidas individuais de Shewart para monitoramento do processo. A validação do modelo ocorreu em duas empresas de grande porte. A conformidade foi de 78,8% na primeira empresa e 87,6% na segunda, em 113 recomendações técnicas rotineiras propostas. O modelo indicou dimensionamento adequado de equipes de apanha e frota para a primeira empresa e superdimensionamento na segunda nestes dois itens. Os galpões de espera das duas empresas comportam mais caminhões do que o necessário para o fluxo atual de abate, indicando que podem suportar ampliação deste fluxo. O método de estratificação apresentou restrições quanto à aplicabilidade nas duas empresas. A utilização de cartas de controle foi bem aceita para monitorar o processo de préabate. Os resultados indicam bom potencial de transferibilidade do estudo desenvolvido para as empresas nacionais de frangos de corte. / This paper puts forward a model of quality and productivity for the pre-slaughter of broilers, the process that begins with the capture of the birds at the site where they have been bred and ends with their being humanely killed in the slaughterhouse and their carcasses used as the initial raw material. There is a huge interface of responsibilities in pre-slaughter operations. Moreover, these operations occur in stages and locations ranging from the poultry houses to the receipt of the birds in the slaughterhouses. These factors make it very difficult to control the pre-slaughter process and any problem or loss will have an impact on all subsequent processes. The model was built after a comprehensive review of the subject and is based on a descriptive case study in an agrobusiness. It benefited from the assistance of experts from the productive sector and the academic world. The model consists of four modules: Module 1-poultry houses, catching and crating; module-2- transportation; module 3-holding and hanging. The fourth module deals with control of the process and improvements. Among the propositions of the model, the following are emphasized: sizing the teams of catchers, the fleet and holding area; training the teams of catchers; a series of charts and tables that allow collection from the poultry houses to be scheduled, with a strategy for managing the risks of the birds suffering from thermal stress because of excess heat by using a thermal comfort index; a stratification method to identify at what point during the process and on what part of the bird bruises and fractures occur; and finally the use of Shewhart control charts for individual measurements so as to monitoring the process is proposed. Validation of the model took place in two large companies. Conformity was 78.8% in the first company and 87.6% in the second, in 113 routine technical recommendations proposed. The model indicated the sizing of teams of catchers and the fleet were appropriate for the first company and there was over-sizing in the second company with regard to these two items. The holding areas of the two companies hold more trucks than necessary for the current flow of slaughter, which indicates they can support expansion of this flow. The stratification method revealed restrictions as to its applicability in the two companies. The use of control charts was readily accepted so as to monitor the pre-slaughter process. The results indicate there is good potential for the study to be transferable to national broiler chicken companies.

Elevadas prevalências de Salmonella têm sido identificadas na cadeia de produção de suínos brasileira. Dessa forma, pode haver um maior risco de contaminação dos produtos e, portanto, maior risco ao consumidor. Diferentes estudos têm sido conduzidos abordando os efeitos dos estágios do abate sobre a contaminação por patógenos em carcaças. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a presença de Salmonella na superfície da carcaça avaliando-se a influência de diferentes etapas do processo de abate de suínos, do recebimento dos animais à lavagem final das carcaças, caracterizando os isolados por técnicas fenotípicas e genotípicas para detectar grupos clonais de Salmonella no processo de abate, em três frigoríficos (A, B, C) sob inspeção federal no sul do Brasil. Foi estudada a soroprevalência de cada lote abatido no turno de amostragem, não havendo correlação entre a sorologia dos lotes e a contaminação das carcaças após o chuveiro final (P= 0.42941). A análise dos dados permitiu verificar que houve mais chance de isolar Salmonella a partir do conteúdo intestinal dos animais no Frigorífico C (Odds Ratio, OR=6,5, P<0,001), demonstrando que nesse matadouro são abatidos lotes com maior prevalência de portadores. Considerando todas as etapas analisadas, a análise de Qui-quadrado da independência indicou que houve uma frequência estatisticamente significativa maior (P=0,004) de isolamento de Salmonella após a depilação. Não houve isolamento de Salmonella das amostras de água da escalda, que manteve a temperatura sempre acima dos 61ºC durante o abate. Em comparação com o Frigorífico A, no Frigorífico B observou-se maior chance de isolamento de Salmonella após a depilação (OR=4,18), após flambagem (OR=11,17) e após o chuveiro final (OR=14,66). Na comparação do Frigorífico C com A não houve diferença estatística significativa. Somente no Frigorífico B o número de animais com conteúdo intestinal positivo foi preditivo da contaminação das carcaças após o chuveiro final (Coeficiente= 0,57), demonstrando que as práticas adotadas na linha de abate não foram capazes de contribuir para o controle de Salmonella. A sorotipificação revelou oito diferentes sorovares, dentre os quais os sorovares Derby (n= 47; 35,6%), Typhimurium (n=46; 34,8%) e Panama (n=21; 15,9%) foram os mais frequentes e apresentaram, respectivamente, seis, oito e três pulsotipos após a digestão de DNA com as enzimas XBaI e BlnI. A análise dos pulsotipos identificados nas carcaças após o chuveiro final demonstrou a sua relação com isolados das baias de espera, do conteúdo intestinal e de outras carcaças. As etapas até a depilação demonstraram ser as mais críticas para a disseminação de grupos clonais de Salmonella e a flambagem para o seu controle. Os resultados demonstraram a influência das práticas de higiene e processos de abate executados pelos matadouros no controle da contaminação da carcaça, mesmo quando lotes com elevado número de portadores de Salmonella são recebidos. / High prevalence of Salmonella have been identified in the Brazilian swine production chain. In this way, there may be a greater hazard of product contamination and higher risk to consumers. Different studies have been conducted addressing the effects of the stages of slaughter on the contamination by pathogens on carcasses. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Salmonella on the surface of the carcass after different stages of slaughtering process of pigs, from the animals receiving to the final wash of the carcasses, characterizing the isolates by phenotypic and genotypic techniques in order to detect clonal groups of Salmonella in the process of slaughter in three abattoirs (A, B, C) under federal inspection in southern Brazil. The prevalence of each batch slaughtered on the sampled shift was studied, there was no correlation between serology of batch and the contamination of carcasses after the Final Wash (P = 0.42941). Data analysis showed that there was a higher chance of Salmonella isolation from the intestinal content of animals in Abattoir C (odds ratio, OR = 6.5, P< 0.001), demonstrating that in this abattoir batches are slaughtered with higher prevalence of carriers. Considering all the stages analyzed, the chi-square analysis of independence indicated that there was a significant statistically higher frequency (P=0.004) of Salmonella isolation after dehairing. There was no Salmonella isolation from the scalding water samples, which always kept the temperature above 61 ºC during slaughter. Compared to Abattoir A, Abattoir B had a higher chance of Salmonella isolation after dehairing (OR = 4.18), after singeing (OR = 11.17) and after the final wash (OR = 14.66 ). Comparing Abattoir C to Abattoir A there was no significant statistically difference. Only in the Abattoir B the number of animals with positive intestinal contents was predictive for contamination of carcasses final wash (coefficient = 0.57), demonstrating that the practices adopted in the slaughter line were not able to control contamination by Salmonella. The serotyping revealed eight different serovars, of which the serovars Derby (n = 47, 35.6%), Typhimurium (n = 46, 34.8%) and Panama (n = 21, 15.9%) were the most frequent and showed, respectively, six, eight and tree pulsotypes of DNA after digestion with enzynes XbaI and BlnI. The analysis of pulsotypes identified in the carcasses after the Final Wash demonstrated their relationship with the isolates from lairage, intestinal contents and other cacasses. The stages up to dehairing were the most critical to the spread of clonal groups of Salmonella, while the flamming is crucial for their control. The results showed the influence of hygiene practices and slaughter processes implemented by abattoirs on the control of carcass contamination, even when batches of high numbers of Salmonella carriers are slaughtered.

Existe a necessidade de um diagnóstico preciso sobre a causa dos aumentos de volume na área umbilical de suínos por ocasião do abate, para que sejam adotados critérios adequados durante a inspeção das carcaças. Foi realizada uma avaliação deste tipo e alterações foram observadas e retiradas da carcaça, para abertura e categorização. Através da descrição das características anatomopatológicas externas e internas, e classificadas as diferentes formas de aumento de volume na região umbilical. Foram diagnosticados 515 aumentos de volume entre 96.599 suínos abatidos (0,53%), destes 235 foram avaliados e categorizadas 19 condições patológicas, com diversos tipos de associações. Os diagnósticos obtidos foram: hérnias umbilicais, flaps, cistos, fibrose e abscessos. Hérnias, associadas ou não, representaram o diagnóstico mais frequente, 155 casos. A seguir foram os "flaps", cistos, fibrose e abscessos, respectivamente. No exame histopatológico do saco herniário, foi observada proliferação de tecido conjuntivo denso, adjacente à área de tecido conjuntivo frouxo, revestida por mesotélio. Ainda, áreas de necrose, mineralização e hemorragia focalmente extensa. A composição dos flaps foi basicamente tecido conjuntivo frouxo com acentuada quantidade de formações vasculares, revestido por mesotélio. Os cistos apresentaram proliferação de tecido conjuntivo frouxo com acentuada quantidade de formações vasculares e dilatações císticas com material amorfo eosinofílico no interior, revestido por mesotélio e proliferação de tecido conjuntivo denso perifericamente com área focal de infiltrado de linfócitos. Em relação ao destino das 235 carcaças, 135 (57,44%) foram liberadas para mercado interno, 91 (38,72%) submetidas ao tratamento térmico e 9 (3,82%) enviadas à graxaria. Durante a análise dos casos de aumento de volume na área umbilical pela inspeção federal, não foram adotados os critério de condenação considerando a caracterização precisa das lesões, proposta no presente trabalho. A adoção dos mesmos poderia contribuir para a redução de perdas, sem comprometer critérios que visam a garantir a segurança alimentar. / It is important to reach a precise diagnosis of causes of increase in the volume in the umbilical area of pigs at slaughter, to enable decisions on the use of adequate criteria of carcass inspection. A study to evaluate this problem was carried out observing and removing lesions from the carcass to dissection and characterization. Through description of internal and external anatomopathologic characteristics, different forms of increase in the volume in the umbilical area were classified. Between 96,599 carcasses, 515 increases in the volume were diagnosed (0,53%), among them 235 were assessed and categorized and 19 pathological conditions with different associations were found. The main diagnosis were: umbilical hernias, flaps, cysts, fibrosis and abscesses. Hernias, in isolation or in association, were the most frequent diagnosis, 155. The following were the "flaps", cysts, abscesses and fibrosis, respectively. Using histopathological examination of the hernial sac, it was found proliferation of dense conjunctive tissue, adjacent to an area of loose conjunctive tissue, covered by mesothelium. Additionally, areas of necrosis, mineralization and focally extensive hemorrhage. The composition of flaps was basically loose conjunctive tissue with decreased amount of vascular formations, covered by mesothelium. Cysts showed proliferation of loose connective tissue with accentuated amount of vascular formations and with amorphous eosinophilic material inside, covered by mesothelium and proliferation of dense connective tissue with focal areas of inflammatory infiltrate composed by lymphocytes in the periphery. With respect to the destiny of the 235 carcasses, 135 (57,44%) were released for consumption in the internal market, 91 (38,72%) submitted to heat treatment and 9 (3,82%) sent to meat-and-bone-meal production. During the analysis of cases of increase in the volume in the umbilical area by the Federal Inspection, criteria proposed in the present work were not fully adopted. Its use could contribute to reduce unnecessary losses, without compromising a criterion which would maintain guarantees of food safety.