In this study violent and nonviolent prisoners were differentiated on the basis of life history and psychometric variables. Life history data were collected from institutional files and from a biographical questionnaire. Psychometric procedures consisted of the Mini-Mult Prisoner Questionnaire and the Bender-Gestalt. In summary, the variables included in the discriminant function suggest that the violent subjects were more psychopathological than the nonviolent subjects. The violent subjects evidenced behavioral problems at a young age in appropriately expressing anger. They appeared to have limited behavioral repertoires in attaining their desires outside the immediate gratification through aggressive means. They were also more emotionally alienated and less socially skilled. The violent subjects received more negative feedback during childhood and were incarcerated at a younger age, They were more overtly hostile and also more lacking in cognitive ego mastery. In contrast, the nonviolent subjects apparently learned during childhood to repress their anger to a greater extent. They also seemed to modulate their anger by withdrawing from direct interpersonal conflict.

Este trabalho está centrado na análise dos fenômenos socioespaciais que envolvem a criminalidade violenta no meio urbano. Busca-se investigar a relação entre o aumento da violência letal e os elevados índices de desigualdade social nos últimos 30 anos. O trabalho trata respectivamente das causas da violência urbana, das relações do crime e da violência com o espaço, além da participação dos jovens nas ações violentas e no trabalho do tráfico de drogas como fator decisivo na elevação das taxas de letalidade juvenil. Selecionamos o bairro Santa Tereza, por tratar-se de uma região conflituosa no município de Porto Alegre - RS, como objeto de estudo de caso, visto que concentra características de uma sociabilidade violenta. Investigamos as relações de pertencimento nas comunidades e o medo dos lugares em virtude do aumento da criminalidade nos centros urbanos. Da mesma forma, consideramos as causas do aumento da violência como sendo um dos fatores de repulsão dos espaços de uso comum e promotor de novas territorialidades a partir do esgarçamento do tecido sócio espacial. / This work focuses on the analysis of socio-spatial phenomena involving violent crime in urban areas. The aim is to investigate the relationship between the increase in lethal violence to high levels of social inequality in the last 30 years. The work deals respectively of the causes of urban violence, crime and violence relations with the space on the participation of young people in violent actions and the work of drug trafficking as a decisive factor in the rise of juvenile mortality rates. We selected Santa Tereza district, because it is a conflictive region in the city of Porto Alegre - RS, as a case study object as it focuses characteristics of a violent sociability. We investigated the relationships of belonging in communities and the fear of places due to the increase of crime in urban centers. Similarly we consider the causes of increasing violence as one of repulsion factors of spaces for common use and promoter of new territoriality from the fraying of the socio-spatial fabric.

Eng. Violent crime a it's prevention Violence, violent crime and it's prevention are the main focus points of my thesis. Violence is as old as humanity itself, it made and destroyed some of the most famous people of our history and history of the whole world. Violence played and still plays a very important part in building and undoing nations. Even though it's often regarded as the last measure, violence is still present in our everyday lives. That's why it's still importat to study this subject. The main goal of my thesis is to elaborate the basics of violent crime and it's prevention as a whole and in the Czech Republic. Is the prevention system and it's goals set right to prevent violent crime and crime altogether? Is consumation of alcohol and other substances linked to the violent crime? Those are just few questions that I try to answer in this thesis. My thesis is split into seven parts. In parts one to seven I covered main focus of my thesis. In part one I cover the basics that are important for my work as a whole. Terms like criminality, criminology and violence. In the second part I write about offenders, their categories and differences between them based on their chracteristics. I also split them into categories based on their relationship with the educational system. In part three I...

Through Critical Discourse analysis, this thesis examined the discursive construction of terrorism related events and finds out the common definiens of terrorism in the editorials of two Bangladeshi English-medium newspaper. The Daily Star & Dhaka Tribune, both the newspapers covered terrorism related events in their editorials throughout the year of 2015. This thesis finds out the discrepancies in the produced expression and in the use of other common definiens of terrorism in the editorials. The newspapers were different in producing expressions against terrorism while sympathetic in portraying the victims and usually supported the victims. Both the newspapers represented perpetrators from ideological perspective, while distancing the ideologies from religious teachings. The newspapers identify terrorism as a serious threat both to security, social stability and perceives terrorist attacks as a threat to many crucial democratic values. In light of the problem, the newspapers suggested various policy recommendation, criticized the law enforcement for failures and emphasized on the engagement of religious clerics to curb terrorism from a Bangladeshi perspective, while stressing on the promotion of secular values of the country and its society.

O estudo sobre a formação de jovens violentos tem por objetivo formular e avaliar, em nível agregado, os fatores etiológicos mais importantes na formação dos perfis atitudinais violentos entre os jovens, destacadamente aqueles identificados como de violência extrema. Para tanto, definimos um modelo causal, discutindo e operacionalizando a noção de “Disposicionalidade Violenta” (FANDINO MARINO, 2012b) como variável dependente e estabelecendo quatro campos etiológicos (brutalização, socialização familiar, socialização escolar e socialização comunitária) como variáveis independentes, com base nas contribuições da moderna criminologia, especialmente aquelas de Athens (1992, 1997), Hirschi (2001) e Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). O estudo incluiu a formação de banco de dados com respostas oferecidas por 111 jovens - de sexo masculino, oriundos de áreas de exclusão e de faixa etária relativamente homogênea, ligados a instituições de onde se poderia esperar ampla variedade de disposicionalidade violenta, incluindo violência extrema. Os questionários aplicados e combinados nesse estudo foram a Escala de Socialização Violenta (Violent Socialization Scale Questionnaire), desenvolvida por Rhodes et al (2003) e o High School Questionnaire, Richmond Youth Study (HIRSCHI, 2001), adaptado. A pesquisa envolveu também uma parte qualitativa, com entrevistas em profundidade (abordagem de histórias de vida) com um grupo de adolescentes e jovens adultos envolvidos em atos infracionais graves, internos em unidades da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo (Fase) do RS, e um grupo pareado de amigos de infância desses entrevistados, indicados por eles, não envolvidos com o mundo do crime. As técnicas de fatorialização e análise de regressão estatística do tipo stepwise permitiram a operacionalização e a análise etiológica do modelo de 26 variáveis independentes. Quatro delas, a) treinamento violento, b) experiência precoce com drogas ilegais e pequenos delitos, c) expulsão da escola e d) subjugação violenta, apresentaram coeficientes elevados e estatisticamente significativos de influência causal ( β = 0.54, 0.23, 0.20 e -0.19 respectivamente). Elas explicam, juntas, 38,5% da variação da disposicionalidade violenta. Além de testar o manuseio e a profundidade dos campos etiológicos do modelo, a tese demonstra, em seu recorte específico, o papel destacado de um tipo de socialização comunitária – especialmente o treinamento violento – derivado, presumidamente, das relações estabelecidas pelo tráfico de drogas com as juventudes periférias urbanas no Brasil. / The study on the formation of violent young people has as goal to formulate and evaluate, in aggregate level, the most important etiological factors in the formation of attitudinal violent profiles among the adolescents and young adults, notably those profiles identified with extreme violence. In order to do so, we have defined a causal model, discussing and operationalizing the notion of “Violent Dispositionality” (FANDINO MARINO, 2012b) as a dependent variable and establishing four etiological fields (brutalization, family socialization, school socialization and community socialization) as independent variables, on the basis of contributions from modern criminology, especially those from Athens (1992, 1997), Hirschi (2001) e Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). The study includes data-base formation from answers offered by 111 young males, derived from excluded and poor urban communities, within a relatively homogeneous age range, linked to institutions from where one could expect a large variety of violent dispositionality, including extreme violence. The applied and combined surveys in this study were the Violent Socialization Scale Questionnaire, developed by Rhodes et al (2003) and the High School Questionnaire, Richmond Youth Study (HIRSCHI, 2001), adapted. The research also involved a qualitative aspect, with in depth interviews (life-story approach) with a adolescent and young adult group involved in serious offenses, inmates in Fase (Foundation for Social and Educational Assistence) facilities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and a paired group of childhood friends of the inmates, nominated by them as people who had not gotten involved with criminality. The factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis techniques allowed the operationalization and the etiological analysis of the 26 independent variables model. Four of them, a) violent coaching; b) premature experience with ilegal drugs and misdemeanors; c) expulsion from school; d) violent subjugation, presented elevated and statistically significant coefficients of causal influence ( β = 0.54, 0.23, 0.20 e -0.19 respectively). The four variables explain, together, 38,5% of the violent dispositionality variation. Besides testing the handling and depth of the etiological fields of the model, the thesis demonstrates, in its specific frame, the prominent role of community socialization - specially through violent coaching - which presumably derives from the relations established between drug trafficking and the youth of poor urban communities in Brazil.

abstract: Why and when do political actors use violence? This project answers these questions by exploring the dynamics of the interactions between state authorities and political dissidents. Both the state and the dissidents face the dilemma of using violence to achieve their political goals. While structural factors influence state violence and dissident violence, I contend that we need to examine how the dynamics of the state-dissident interactions shape these actors’ political behavior. This project first asks if nonviolent methods of resistance are effective--and perhaps even more successful than violent methods--why do opposition movements ever resort to violence? I argue that the efficacy of nonviolent resistance changes over time. When the likelihood of demobilization increases, dissident movements doubt the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance and weigh violence as an alternative tactic. The first chapter of this dissertation shows that the failure in expanding the size of a movement over several periods provides increases the risk of demobilization, and so dissident violence. I also argue while the expansion of the movement decreases the risk of dissident violence, a sudden and large expansion in the size of the movement overburdens its monitoring and sanctioning capacities, which raises the risk of dissident violence. These arguments are supported empirically using two different datasets. In the second theoretical part of this project, I examine the effects of foreign interventions on the dynamics of state repression and dissident violence. I find that the diplomatic statements and efforts such as disapproving state behavior, asking for political reform, and threatening to impose economic sanctions and to deploy military forces either did not have a significant effect, or increased state repression and decreased state concession during the Arab Spring. Finally, the last part of this project contributes to the literature on the formal modeling of dissent-repression by developing a recursive model of political violence dynamics. In addition to addressing several drawbacks in the literature, this model endogenizes the mobilization and demobilization of the movement and explains how these changes affect dissident violence. Due to the complexity of the developed mathematical model, I use a computational model to find the optimal outcomes. This computational model also can be used for simulating the state’s and the dissidents’ behavior under different scenarios. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Political Science 2018

In 2001, George W. Bush, the former president of the United States, declared war on terrorism after the 9/11 attack at the World Trade Centre in New York. Since then, terrorism and terrorist attacks have perceived to be rather frequent and the problem of radicalization has become a new phenomenon in societies, especially the western societies. Therefore, in 2014, the Swedish government decided to create a National Strategy Against Violent Extremism (NSAVE) which was released in 2016. In this strategy, it is argued that the main responsibility of the preventative-work against radicalization is directed at the local levels in Sweden, which is the municipalities. The research on the implementation of the strategy is however limited to non-existing. Therefore, this study is conducting a review of the national strategy and two case- studies with a qualitative approach to get an understanding of how municipalities are working with prevention of radicalization and violent extremism as well as how the national strategy is implemented at the local levels. The data collection that is used is semi-structured interviews with professionals working within two municipalities in Sweden. The findings show that the two municipalities are working with prevention of radicalization but use different strategies. The result is analyzed with the theoretical approach of inclusion and exclusion. The result shows that both municipalities are using the inclusive and development approach in their strategies. The last part of the thesis argues for recommendations in future work on national, regional and local levels as well as direct recommendations towards the two municipalities.

CVE is complex. It requires combatting the narratives and ideology of many extremist groups around the globe, constructing environments with appealing alternatives to extremism, and most importantly, sensitivity to the variety of circumstances in which CVE takes place to effectively battle the root causes of extremism. Constructing a complete CVE effort thus requires a great variety of skills, coordinated to efficient implementation. Despite notional commitment, U.S. CVE abroad lacks interagency coordination. JIATF-S offers a strong model of interagency coordination, from which lessons may be applied to the formation of an interagency CVE effort. Interagency coordination would bring extensive expertise and resources to bear on CVE operations.

Este trabalho está centrado na análise dos fenômenos socioespaciais que envolvem a criminalidade violenta no meio urbano. Busca-se investigar a relação entre o aumento da violência letal e os elevados índices de desigualdade social nos últimos 30 anos. O trabalho trata respectivamente das causas da violência urbana, das relações do crime e da violência com o espaço, além da participação dos jovens nas ações violentas e no trabalho do tráfico de drogas como fator decisivo na elevação das taxas de letalidade juvenil. Selecionamos o bairro Santa Tereza, por tratar-se de uma região conflituosa no município de Porto Alegre - RS, como objeto de estudo de caso, visto que concentra características de uma sociabilidade violenta. Investigamos as relações de pertencimento nas comunidades e o medo dos lugares em virtude do aumento da criminalidade nos centros urbanos. Da mesma forma, consideramos as causas do aumento da violência como sendo um dos fatores de repulsão dos espaços de uso comum e promotor de novas territorialidades a partir do esgarçamento do tecido sócio espacial. / This work focuses on the analysis of socio-spatial phenomena involving violent crime in urban areas. The aim is to investigate the relationship between the increase in lethal violence to high levels of social inequality in the last 30 years. The work deals respectively of the causes of urban violence, crime and violence relations with the space on the participation of young people in violent actions and the work of drug trafficking as a decisive factor in the rise of juvenile mortality rates. We selected Santa Tereza district, because it is a conflictive region in the city of Porto Alegre - RS, as a case study object as it focuses characteristics of a violent sociability. We investigated the relationships of belonging in communities and the fear of places due to the increase of crime in urban centers. Similarly we consider the causes of increasing violence as one of repulsion factors of spaces for common use and promoter of new territoriality from the fraying of the socio-spatial fabric.

O estudo sobre a formação de jovens violentos tem por objetivo formular e avaliar, em nível agregado, os fatores etiológicos mais importantes na formação dos perfis atitudinais violentos entre os jovens, destacadamente aqueles identificados como de violência extrema. Para tanto, definimos um modelo causal, discutindo e operacionalizando a noção de “Disposicionalidade Violenta” (FANDINO MARINO, 2012b) como variável dependente e estabelecendo quatro campos etiológicos (brutalização, socialização familiar, socialização escolar e socialização comunitária) como variáveis independentes, com base nas contribuições da moderna criminologia, especialmente aquelas de Athens (1992, 1997), Hirschi (2001) e Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). O estudo incluiu a formação de banco de dados com respostas oferecidas por 111 jovens - de sexo masculino, oriundos de áreas de exclusão e de faixa etária relativamente homogênea, ligados a instituições de onde se poderia esperar ampla variedade de disposicionalidade violenta, incluindo violência extrema. Os questionários aplicados e combinados nesse estudo foram a Escala de Socialização Violenta (Violent Socialization Scale Questionnaire), desenvolvida por Rhodes et al (2003) e o High School Questionnaire, Richmond Youth Study (HIRSCHI, 2001), adaptado. A pesquisa envolveu também uma parte qualitativa, com entrevistas em profundidade (abordagem de histórias de vida) com um grupo de adolescentes e jovens adultos envolvidos em atos infracionais graves, internos em unidades da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo (Fase) do RS, e um grupo pareado de amigos de infância desses entrevistados, indicados por eles, não envolvidos com o mundo do crime. As técnicas de fatorialização e análise de regressão estatística do tipo stepwise permitiram a operacionalização e a análise etiológica do modelo de 26 variáveis independentes. Quatro delas, a) treinamento violento, b) experiência precoce com drogas ilegais e pequenos delitos, c) expulsão da escola e d) subjugação violenta, apresentaram coeficientes elevados e estatisticamente significativos de influência causal ( β = 0.54, 0.23, 0.20 e -0.19 respectivamente). Elas explicam, juntas, 38,5% da variação da disposicionalidade violenta. Além de testar o manuseio e a profundidade dos campos etiológicos do modelo, a tese demonstra, em seu recorte específico, o papel destacado de um tipo de socialização comunitária – especialmente o treinamento violento – derivado, presumidamente, das relações estabelecidas pelo tráfico de drogas com as juventudes periférias urbanas no Brasil. / The study on the formation of violent young people has as goal to formulate and evaluate, in aggregate level, the most important etiological factors in the formation of attitudinal violent profiles among the adolescents and young adults, notably those profiles identified with extreme violence. In order to do so, we have defined a causal model, discussing and operationalizing the notion of “Violent Dispositionality” (FANDINO MARINO, 2012b) as a dependent variable and establishing four etiological fields (brutalization, family socialization, school socialization and community socialization) as independent variables, on the basis of contributions from modern criminology, especially those from Athens (1992, 1997), Hirschi (2001) e Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). The study includes data-base formation from answers offered by 111 young males, derived from excluded and poor urban communities, within a relatively homogeneous age range, linked to institutions from where one could expect a large variety of violent dispositionality, including extreme violence. The applied and combined surveys in this study were the Violent Socialization Scale Questionnaire, developed by Rhodes et al (2003) and the High School Questionnaire, Richmond Youth Study (HIRSCHI, 2001), adapted. The research also involved a qualitative aspect, with in depth interviews (life-story approach) with a adolescent and young adult group involved in serious offenses, inmates in Fase (Foundation for Social and Educational Assistence) facilities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and a paired group of childhood friends of the inmates, nominated by them as people who had not gotten involved with criminality. The factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis techniques allowed the operationalization and the etiological analysis of the 26 independent variables model. Four of them, a) violent coaching; b) premature experience with ilegal drugs and misdemeanors; c) expulsion from school; d) violent subjugation, presented elevated and statistically significant coefficients of causal influence ( β = 0.54, 0.23, 0.20 e -0.19 respectively). The four variables explain, together, 38,5% of the violent dispositionality variation. Besides testing the handling and depth of the etiological fields of the model, the thesis demonstrates, in its specific frame, the prominent role of community socialization - specially through violent coaching - which presumably derives from the relations established between drug trafficking and the youth of poor urban communities in Brazil.