For decades gender scholars have recognized the importance of gender to subjectivity, lived experiences, and life chances. Nonbinary gender identities are becoming more recognized by social, legal, and government institutions. However, currently there is a lack of research and scholarship that focuses on nonbinary gender identities. I demonstrate that the sociology of gender must move beyond the constraints of the hegemonic gender binary system in order to have a full and holistic conceptualization of gender. This paper reviews and critically analyzes contemporary interdisciplinary scholarship on nonbinary gender identities, then sets out a research agenda for moving forward. Within this scholarship there are gaps, shortcomings and limitations that arise that include upholding the cis/trans binary, misrepresenting contemporary society as having reached an era of understanding gender complexities, problematic framings of cross-cultural and historical examples, and centering discrimination/violence. I propose a research agenda moving forward should center racialization due to (un)marked whiteness in scholarship, legibility/intelligibility, and the possibilities and knowledge that exist due to existing in a space of exclusion.

Background: Much of the literature on transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) experiences in counseling focuses on White experiences with few recommendations for trans people of Color (TPOC). Research suggests mental health care providers lack intersectional sensitivity with TPOC, lack knowledge of TGNB issues and engage in microaggressive behaviors, notably with Queer-identified clinicians. Aim: To explore issues of power and privilege in the counseling relationship with Queer-identified clinicians and apply the multidimensional model of broaching behavior with TGNB clients of Color. Method: A critical review of conceptual and empirical literature focusing on the interaction and impact of client and clinician race, gender, and sexual/affectional identities in the counseling relationship is presented. Informed by the authors’ counseling experiences and respective positionalities as a Black Queer ciswoman and a White Queer transman, the multidimensional model of broaching behavior is applied to a composite case vignette. Results: The model provides a practical tool to facilitate critical conversations of power, privilege and identity in the counseling relationship. Conclusion: With a dearth of scholarship addressing the role of cisgender or White privilege in the counseling relationship, this article outlines strategies to broach issues partially-shared identities with TGNB clients of Color. Recommendations for culturally informed counseling practice, supervision and research are also provided.

Substantial research documents higher rates of eating disorders (EDs) in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) samples as compared to cisgender samples. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the vulnerability factors that explain poorer mental health outcomes in the TGD community and the resiliency factors that inform prevention and treatment strategies. The vulnerability factors identified include minority stress, particularly for TGD individuals with multiple nonprivileged identities; inadequate access to health care; experiences of trauma and abuse; food insecurity; co-occurring mental health disorders; and body dissatisfaction rooted in gender dysphoria. The resiliency factors identified include access to gender-affirming healthcare, community support, and family support. The implications section integrates the research on vulnerability factors and resilience factors and offers guidance for working with the TGD community in the prevention and treatment of eating disorders. These strategies include screening TGD patients for EDs with the goal of early intervention, screening ED patients for gender dysphoria, treating gender dysphoria concurrently with the ED, integrating gender issues in treatment, connecting TGD patients with community resources, supporting the families of TGD patients with EDs, and addressing access to care issues. The limitations of this body of research include the overrepresentation of privileged identities within the TGD community; complications arising from catch-all diagnostic categories; the use of instruments not designed or normed on the TGD community; insufficient statistical power of small sample sizes; discrepancies in the language; and inconsistent adherence to proposed ethical standards for conducting research about the TGD community. The lack of research on eating disorders in the TGD community means significant potential for future research. Future study is needed to determine lifetime prevalence of EDs in the TGD community, introduce or refine an assessment tool that screens for EDs in TGD samples, identify additional resiliency factors, parse out subgroup gender differences, understand intersections of privileged and nonprivileged identities, assess the effectiveness of community level interventions, and develop strategies that address access to care issues.

This is a comparative study between binary and nonbinary transgender people based on their everyday experience of difficulties. Previous studies show that many transpeople experience violence, infringement and oppression. Studies also show that suicide rate among transgender people is much higher than among the common (cisgender) population. Those studies rarely make an analysis based on specific gender identity, which shows the diversity among transgender people.To analyse the individual experiences, this study made four interviews with binary and nonbinary transgender people. The interviews were analysed with a queer-theoratical perspective to show and focus on the oppressional mechanics that heteronormativity has. The results show clear differences and similarities between binary and nonbinary transgender people's experiences of everyday life difficulties and oppression. Nonbinary transgender people elucidate their nonexistence in the majorities knowledge as a big difficulty; that people in their everyday surroundings and society in general are not aware of them. Binary transgender people's experiences have instead been focusing on their bodies and social context of their transitions. / Denna studie avser att undersöka och jämföra transpersoners erfarenheter kring svårigheter i vardagen. Jämförelsen görs mellan binära och ickebinära transpersoner. Tidigare forskning visar att många transpersoner blir utsatta för våld, kränkningar och förtryck. Den visar även att självmordsfrekvensen bland transpersoner är mycket högre än hos populationen i övrigt. I dessa undersökningar kring transpersoners hälsa och situation görs det sällan eller aldrig analyser baserade på den mångfald gällande identitet som finns inom gruppen transpersoner. För att undersöka dessa individuella erfarenheter genomfördes ett antal intervjuer med binära och ickebinära transpersoner. Intervjuerna analyserades utifrån en queerteoretisk utgångspunkt för att belysa de förtryckande mekanismer som heteronormen medför. Resultatet visar att det finns tydliga likheter och skillnader i binära och ickebinära transpersoners erfarenheter kring svårigheter och förtryck. Ickebinära transpersoner tar upp omgivningens omedvetenhet kring deras existens som en stor svårighet, att personer i deras vardagliga omgivning och i samhället i stort inte känner till att de finns medan svårigheterna för binära transpersoner snarare har varit i förhållande till deras kroppar och sociala sammanhang.

The objective of the following essay is to investigate in what way trans- and nonbinary people are portrayed in children’s literature. It aims to answer questions such as in what way the trans characters in the books examined are portrayed, and which stories and narratives are being told and reproduced, as well as which stories are missing or get neglected. The method used here is content analysis, in which twelve books make out the material for analysis. Out of these twelve, four books are analysed further and are presented in a more detailed manner. The content analysis is carried out by examining the literature based on how the stories are affected by their trans characters and how, if at all, the word trans is used by the author. In the result, the literature is categorized depending on where the focus of the story lies – and how the story is connected to the trans character in question. We learn that most of the books at hand can be classified as books without a focus on trans themes, and the remaining books either have a symbolic focus on trans themes, or a story mainly focused on a character being trans. This essay then discusses if literature with less outspoken trans themes are more attractive to conservative publishers, and why some of the literature with more uncommon themes are, as such, uncommon. The discussion also shines a light on the portrayal of nonbinary people, and raises questions regarding how we view gender based on looks and stereotypically gendered items. In conclusion, the essay finds that the books analysed here fails to show the diversity found in the trans community and in the way trans- and nonbinary people exist.

Most research on employment gender inequality focuses on differences between men and women, reinforcing a binary conception of gender. This study uses the National Transgender Discrimination Survey to evaluate the employment outcomes of nonbinary transgender people (those who identify as a gender other than man or woman). The results of this study suggest that being out as a nonbinary transgender person negatively affects nonbinary transgender people's employment outcomes. Though all transgender people have higher unemployment rates than the general population, outness has different effects on nonbinary transgender people based on sex assigned at birth, with those assigned male at birth tending to be discriminated against in hiring but those assigned female at birth more likely to experience differential treatment once hired. Race also contributes to differential treatment in the workplace. In an additional comparison between all transgender groups, I find that transgender women tend to have worse employment experiences than nonbinary transgender people and transgender men, the latter two tending to have similar outcomes.

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Nonbinary game characters are often designed based on harmful stereotypes such asfollowing a strict androgynous aesthetic or as not being human. This thesis studies both howthese stereotypes are perceived by the represented gaming audience, and also if analternative method can be successful in nonbinary character design. Two sets of fournonbinary characters were created in which two characters were based on existingstereotypes, and two were inspired by nonbinary celebrities and members of a nonbinaryforum. The artefacts were included in a survey in which the participants chose the most andleast successful design, motivated their answers, and also discussed trends and stereotypesthey had noticed in nonbinary characters. Based on the performed research and the surveyresults, the suggested solution is to create more nonbinary characters, especially visiblyhuman ones.

1 ABSTRACT The aim of the thesis was to explore the approach of schools towards trans and nonbinary students in Czech Republic. The theoretical part presents an analysis and comparison of various approaches to this issue and places it in the context of the Czech educational system. The practical part of the thesis brings quantitative research devoted to the assessment of the whole situation in a comprehensive form from the perspective of trans and nonbinary students themselves, with an extension of qualitative insight. The survey conducted through electronic questionnaires focused on experiences in the field of: school procedure after coming out; solving specific situations; the school's approach to queer and gender themes; safety in the school environment. The research involved 105 people who provided 122 experiences from schools in primary, secondary and tertiary education. The results provided a detailed description of the current situation and its significant diversity, while also pointing to specific problematic aspects and differences in the degree of respect for the identities of students growing along with the level of education. The variability of research results and frequently mentioned disregarding attitudes and approaches correlate with the theoretical finding that there are no officially...

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