Transportation sector is the backbone of today’s society and its being revolutionized by the development of electric cars. The subject of electrification of the fleet involves many challenges starting from building the require infrastructure all the way to securing raw material for batteries. Charging times and energy density are also two major challenges especially in heavy transportation. With current technologies it is impractical to use electric trucks as the advantages of direct injection engines are unmatched. A typical diesel car or truck has a very long range reaching around 1000 km using single fuel tank. The high energy density of fossil fuels is a corner stone of the heavy transportation sector. It is hard to imagine electric trucks without a breakthrough in battery technology that has very high energy density. High pressure combustion has great potential in extracting more power from liquid fuel. This is mainly attributed to the instant vaporization because of the vanishing surface tension once the fuel goes through a supercritical process, thus energy to vaporize the fuel is saved. Another advantage is in the better mixing that the highly dense and the highly diffused fluid possesses in that region. On the other hand, many of the modelling aspects requires to be investigated. For example, which equation of state predicts the correct density and what are the effect of the pressure and temperature dependant fluid properties on the spray development. To isolate the effect of the high pressure combustion from other possible modelling effects and to facilitate the investigation, simulations using both OpenFOAM and CONVERGE were conducted. First the morphologies of Spray C was numerically characterized under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The Volume of fluid method captured the cavitation properly upon using 7.8 μm mesh. The mass flow rate and the transient of the injection process were accurately captured. Implementation of appropriate high pressure models using OpenFOAM to account for real fluid effects showed that three-parameter Redlich-Kwong Peng-Robinson equation of state were superior than two-parameters realfluid equation of state. The correctness of fuel density and viscosity is dependant of the equation of state with ideal gas equation of state being inferior to the realfluid equation of state. The combustion characteristics of Spray A were investigated using coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. This approach demonstrated the ability of the modeling framework in predicting wide variety of parametric effects.

In geothermal reservoirs and unconventional gas reservoirs with very low matrix permeability, fractures are the main routes of fluid flow and heat transport, so the fracture permeability change is important. In fact, reservoir development under this circumstance relies on generation and stimulation of a fracture network. This thesis presents numerical simulation of the response of a fractured rock to injection and extraction considering the role of poro-thermoelasticity and joint deformation. Fluid flow and heat transport in the fracture are treated using a finite difference method while the fracture and rock matrix deformation are determined using the displacement discontinuity method (DDM). The fractures response to fluid injection and extraction is affected both by the induced stresses as well as by the initial far-field stress. The latter is accounted for using the non-equilibrium condition, i.e., relaxing the assumption that the rock joints are in equilibrium with the in-situ stress state. The fully coupled DDM simulation has been used to carry out several case studies to model the fracture response under different injection/extractions, in-situ stresses, joint geometries and properties, for both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. The following observations are made: i) Fluid injection increases the pressure causing the joint to open. For non-isothermal injection, cooling increases the fracture aperture drastically by inducing tensile stresses. Higher fracture aperture means higher conductivity. ii) In a single fracture under constant anisotropic in-situ stress (non-equilibrium condition), permanent shear slip is encountered on all fracture segments when the shear strength is overcome by shear stress in response to fluid injection. With cooling operation, the fracture segments in the vicinity of the injection point are opened due to cooling-induced tensile stress and injection pressure, and all the fracture segments experience slip. iii) Fluid pressure in fractures increases in response to compression. The fluid compressibility and joint stiffness play a role. iv) When there are injection and extraction in fractured reservoirs, the cooler fluid flows through the fracture channels from the injection point to extraction well extracting heat from the warmer reservoir matrix. As the matrix cools, the resulting thermal stress increases the fracture apertures and thus increases the fracture conductivity. v) Injection decreases the amount of effective stress due to pressure increase in fracture and matrix near a well. In contrast, extraction increases the amount of effective stress due to pressure drop in fracture and matrix.

Recent developments in constructions have heightened the need for protecting existing buried infrastructure. New roads and buildings may be constructed over already existing buried infrastructures e.g. buried utility pipes, leading to excessive loads threatening their stability and longevity. Additionally applied loads over water mains led to catastrophic damage, which result in severe damage to the infrastructure surrounding these mains. Therefore, providing protection to these existing buried infrastructure against increased loads due to new constructions is important and necessary. In this research, a solution was proposed and assessed, where the protection concept would be achieved through the inclusion process of geogrid-reinforcing layers in the soil cover above the buried infrastructure. The controlling parameters for the inclusion of geogrid-reinforcing layers was assessed experimentally and numerically. Twenty-three laboratory tests were conducted on buried flexible and rigid pipes under unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced sand beds. All the investigated systems were subjected to incrementally increasing cyclic loading, where the contribution of varying the burial depth of the pipe and the number of the geogrid-reinforcing layers on the overall behaviour of the systems was investigated. To further investigate the contribution of the controlling parameters in the pipe-soil systems performance, thirty-five numerical models were performed using Abaqus software. The contribution of increasing the amplitude of the applied cyclic loading, the number of the geogrid-reinforcing layers, the burial depth of the pipe and the unit-weight of the backfill soil was investigated numerically. The inclusion of the geogrid-reinforcing layers in the investigated pipe-soil systems had a significant influence on decreasing the transferred pressure to the crown of the pipe, generated strains along its crown, invert and spring-line, and its deformation, where reinforcing-layers sustained tensile strains. Concerning rigid pipes, the inclusion of the reinforcing-layers controlled the rebound that occurred in their invert deformation. With respect to the numerical investigation, increasing the number of the reinforcing-layers, the burial depth of the pipe and the unit-weight of the backfill soil had positive effect in decreasing the generated deformations, stresses and strains in the system, until reaching an optimum value for each parameter. Increasing the amplitude of the applied loading profile resulted in remarkable increase in the deformations, stresses and strains generated in the system. Moreover, the location of the maximum tensile strain generated in the soil was varied, as well as the reinforcing-layer, which suffered the maximum tensile strain. / Government of Egypt

The thesis describes the application of anchors in mining and tunneling and gives an up-to-date overview about anchor types, design principles and the interaction mechanisms between anchors and rockmass. A constitutive model was developed, implemented and tested for the 2- and 3-dimensional numerical codes FLAC and FLAC3D to simulate non-linear anchor behaviour including unloading and reloading. The interaction between rockbolts and rockmass was studied in detail via numerical simulations for 5 Vietnamese coal mines. An extended version of the so-called c-Φ reduction method and a new introduced reinforcement factor were applied to quantify the effect of bolting. Mine specific and generalised relations were deduced to quantify the influence of anchor length and distance between anchors on the effect of bolting.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / INCT-EIE - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia De Estruturas Inteligentes em Engenharia / UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia / Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação numérica e experimental sobre o comportamento dinâmico de um sistema rotativo submetido a uma excitação pela base. Na área de aplicações aeronáuticas, o motor de uma aeronave é considerado um típico rotor embarcado, no qual seu comportamento dinâmico é afetado pela excitação da base. O modelo matemático do rotor é obtido a partir das equações de Lagrange e do método de elementos finitos, considerando as energias de deformação e cinética do eixo e as energias cinéticas do disco e da massa desbalanceada. A base do sistema rotativo é considerada rígida. As equações de movimento do sistema são utilizadas para determinar as respostas de vibração do rotor a partir das excitações devido ao desbalanceamento e ao movimento da base. Na análise numérica foi investigada uma máquina rotativa composta por um eixo horizontal flexível contendo dois discos e apoiada em suas extremidades. As diferenças entre o comportamento de rotores de base fixa e em movimento foram exploradas. Uma máquina rotativa composta por um eixo horizontal flexível apoiada em suas extremidades e um disco rígido foi utilizada na validação experimental do modelo adotado. As respostas de vibração do modelo matemático construído e medidas experimentalmente foram comparadas. Diferentes análises foram realizadas nos domínios de tempo e da frequência, onde foram obtidos funções de resposta em frequência, órbitas, respostas ao desbalanceamento e o diagrama de Campbell. Os resultados obtidos representam adequadamente o comportamento do sistema. / In the present work, a numerical and experimental investigation regarding the dynamic behavior of a rotating machine subjected to a base excitation is presented. Regarding the aeronautical applications, the aircraft engine is considered a typical onboard rotor which has its dynamic behavior influenced by base excitations. The mathematical model of the rotor is derived from the Lagrange’s equation and the finite element method, which is obtained by considering the strain and kinetic energies of the shaft, and the kinetic energy of the discs and mass unbalance. In this case, the base of the rotor system is considered as being rigid. The resulting differential equations are used to provide information about the vibration responses of the rotor under base and unbalance excitations simultaneously. In the numerical analysis a rotating machine composed by a horizontal flexible shaft containing two rigid discs and supported by two ball bearings was investigated. The differences between the dynamic behavior of a fixed base and onboard rotors were explored. A rotating machine is composed by a horizontal flexible shaft, one rigid disc, and two self-aligning ball bearings was used in the experimental validation of the adopted model. The vibration responses of the mathematical model and the experimental results were compared. Different analyses were performed both in the time and frequency domains, as generated by the orbits, unbalance response, and Campbell diagram. The obtained results adequately represent the behavior of the system. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Face au changement climatique global, il est de plus en plus important de prêter attention à la performance thermique-hydro-mécanique des constructions géotechniques sous l'effet des conditions atmosphériques. L'objectif principal de cette étude est d'étudier le comportement hydro-thermique des sols soumis au effets du changement climatique par la modélisation numérique.Un modèle hydro-thermique couplé est tout d'abord développé pour décrire le comportement du sol hydro-thermique. La théorie utilisée pour décrire l'interaction sol-atmosphère est présentée sous forme des bilans de masse et d'énergie. Ensuite, une approche numérique pour analyser le comportement hydro-thermique du sol est proposée en combinant le modèle hydro-thermique couplé avec un modèle d'interaction sol-atmosphère. La validation de cette approche est réalisée par la comparaison entre les résultats numériques obtenus en utilisant le code FreeFem++ et les données des essais de la colonne de séchage qui sont trouvées dans la littérature. Cette approche est d'abord utilisée pour la modélisation numérique des essais à la chambre environnementale, réalisés par Song en 2014. Des résultats de simulation satisfaisants sont obtenus en termes de variations de la température et de la teneur en eau volumétrique du sol. Ensuite, cette approche est appliquée à deux remblais, à Héricourt et à Rouen. Pour le remblai d’Héricourt, une étude numérique a été menée pour une durée de 20 jours. La bonne concordance obtenue entre les résultats de simulation et les mesures montre que l'approche proposée est pertinente pour l'analyse du comportement hydro-thermique du sol dans le cas de remblais bidimensionnels. Elle prouve également que les conditions aux limites et les paramètres du sol adoptés sont appropriés. Dans le cas du remblai de Rouen, deux périodes différentes, 187 jours et 387 jours, sont prises en considération. On vérifie également la bonne performance de l'approche proposée pour estimer le comportement hydro-thermique du remblai sous l'effet du climat. La comparaison entre les calculs et les mesures révèle également l'importance d'adopter correctement les conditions aux limites thermiques et hydrauliques ainsi que les paramètres du sol. De plus, à partir des simulations numériques, plusieurs suggestions sont faites pour collecter des données d'entrée dans l'application de cette approche pour prédire les variations de la température et de la teneur en eau du sol à plus long terme / Facing the global climate change, it is more and more important to pay attention to the thermal-hydro-mechanical performance of geotechnical constructions under the effect of atmospheric conditions. The main objective of this study is to investigate the hydro-thermal behavior of soil subjected to climate change through numerical modelling.A coupled hydro-thermal model is developed for describing the coupled hydro-thermal soil behavior. The soil-atmosphere interaction is studied through the mass and energy balances. Afterwards, a numerical approach to estimate soil hydro-thermal behavior by integrating the coupled hydro-thermal model with a soil-atmosphere interaction model is proposed. The validation of this approach is performed through the comparison between the numerical results using FreeFem++ code and the experimental data available from column drying tests reported in literature. This approach is firstly used for the numerical modelling of the environmental chamber tests carried out by Song in 2014. Satisfactory simulation results are obtained in terms of variations of soil temperature and soil volumetric water content. Afterwards, this approach is further applied to two cases of embankments, in Héricourt and in Rouen respectively. For Héricourt embankment, a numerical investigation was conducted for 20 days, and a good agreement between simulation results and filed measurements is obtained, showing that the proposed approach is suitable for analyzing the soil hydro-thermal behavior in the case of two-dimensional embankments. It proves also that the boundary conditions and the soil parameters adopted are appropriate. In the case of Rouen embankment, two different periods, 187 days and 387 days, are considered. The good performance of the proposed approach in estimating the embankment hydro-thermal behavior under the climate effect is also verified. The comparison between calculations and measurements also reveals the importance of appropriately adopting the thermal and hydraulic boundary conditions as well as the soil parameters. Based on the numerical simulations, several suggestions are made in terms of collection of input data for the application of this approach to predict soil temperature and volumetric water content variations in longer term

The thesis describes the application of anchors in mining and tunneling and gives an up-to-date overview about anchor types, design principles and the interaction mechanisms between anchors and rockmass. A constitutive model was developed, implemented and tested for the 2- and 3-dimensional numerical codes FLAC and FLAC3D to simulate non-linear anchor behaviour including unloading and reloading. The interaction between rockbolts and rockmass was studied in detail via numerical simulations for 5 Vietnamese coal mines. An extended version of the so-called c-Φ reduction method and a new introduced reinforcement factor were applied to quantify the effect of bolting. Mine specific and generalised relations were deduced to quantify the influence of anchor length and distance between anchors on the effect of bolting.

L'interaction fluide-structure vise à étudier le contact entre un fluide et un solide. Ce phénomène est très présent lors de l’impact d’une vague sur une structure ou l’inverse. La réponse de la structure peut être fortement affectée par l'action du fluide. L'étude de ce type d'interaction est motivée par le fait que les phénomènes résultants sont parfois catastrophiques pour les structures composites ou constituent dans la majorité des cas un facteur dimensionnant important. Le fluide est caractérisé par son champ de vitesse et de pression. Il exerce des forces aérodynamiques ou hydrodynamiques sur l'interface de la structure qui subit des déformations sous leurs actions. Ces déformations peuvent affecter localement le champ de l'écoulement et donc les charges appliquées. Ce cycle des interactions entre le fluide et le solide est caractéristique du phénomène de slamming. Pour une conception optimale des structures marines, la vitesse du navire est devenue un paramètre important. Par conséquent, les exigences de conception ont été optimisées par rapport au poids structurel. D'autre part, l'apparition des structures composites au cours des dernières décennies a favorisé l'exploitation de ces matériaux dans les grands projets de construction pour les applications marines et aérospatiales. Ceci est dû à la nature de leurs propriétés mécaniques, car elles présentent un rapport rigidité / poids élevé. En revanche, l'interaction entre les structures déformables et la surface libre de l'eau peut affecter le flux du fluide en contact avec la structure ainsi que et les charges hydrodynamiques estimées par rapport au corps rigide, en raison de l'apparition des effets hydro-élastiques. En outre, ces structures sont toujours soumises à des mécanismes de dommages différents et complexes sous un chargement dynamique. Pour ces raisons, la flexibilité et les modes de défaillance dans les matériaux composites présentent une complexité supplémentaire pour prédire les charges hydrodynamiques lorsqu'il y a une interaction avec un fluide (l'eau). Ceci a présenté un défi majeur pour utiliser ces matériaux dans les applications maritimes. Par conséquent, une attention particulière doit être accordée dans la phase de conception et l'analyse des performances pendant l'utilisation à vie. Les principales contributions de ce travail sont l’étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement dynamique des panneaux composites et la quantification de l'effet de la flexibilité de ces panneaux composites sur les charges hydrodynamiques et les déformations résultantes. Pour étudier ces effets, des panneaux composites stratifiés et sandwichs avec deux rigidités différentes sont soumis à diverses vitesses d'impact à l'aide d'une machine de choc équipée d'un système de contrôle de la vitesse. La résistance dynamique a été analysée en termes de charges hydrodynamiques, de déformations dynamiques et de mécanismes de défaillance pour différentes vitesses d'impact. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux a montré que l’effort maximal augmente avec l’augmentation de la flexibilité des panneaux. D'autre part, le modèle numérique de tossage a été implémenté dans le logiciel Abaqus / Explicit basé sur l'approche du modèle Couplé Euler Lagrange (CEL). En outre, différents modes de défaillance des matériaux composites ont été développés et implémentés à l'aide d'une subroutine « VUMAT » définie par l'utilisateur et mis en œuvre dans le code de calcul éléments finis. Pour couvrir tous les modes de défaillance possibles dans les structures composites, l’implémentation de l’endommagement comprend : la rupture intralaminar, la décohésion de l'interface peau / âme et le cisaillement de l’âme. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux avec les modèles numériques sur la prédiction de la force hydrodynamique et de la déformation du panneau valide l’approche adoptée. / Generally, when marine vessels encounter the water surface on entry and subsequently re-enter the water at high speed (slamming), this can subject the bottom section of the vessels to both local and global effects and generate unwanted vibrations in the structure, especially over very short durations. In marine design, the vessel speed has become an important aspect for optimal structure. Therefore, design requirements have been optimized in relation to the structural weight. In other hand, the appearance of the composite structures in the last decades has encouraged the exploitation of these structures in major construction projects for lightweight marine and aerospace applications. This is due to the nature of their mechanical properties which shows a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. In contrast, the interaction between deformable structures and free water surface can be modified the fluid flow and changed the estimated hydrodynamic loads comparing with rigid body, due to appearance of hydroelastic effects. Moreover, these structures are always subject to different and complex damage mechanisms under dynamic loading. For these reasons, the flexibility and the damage failure modes in composite materials introduce additional complexity for predicting hydrodynamic loads when interactive with water. This considered a key challenge to use these materials in marine applications. Therefore, special attention must be taken in the design phase and the analysis of performances during lifetime use. The main contributions of this work are the experimental and numerical study of the dynamic behavior of composite panels and the quantification of the effect of the flexibility of these structures on the hydrodynamic loads and the resulting deformations. To study these effects, laminate composite and sandwich panels with two different rigidities and subjected to various impact velocities have been investigated experimentally using high speed shock machine with velocity control system. The dynamic resistance was analysed in terms of hydrodynamic loads, dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms for different impact velocities. The general analysis of experiment results were indicated that more flexible panel has a higher peak force as velocity increases compared with higher stiffness panels. On the other hand, the slamming model was implemented in Abaqus/Explicit software based on Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian model approach (CEL). In addition, different damage modes are developed and constructed using a user-defined material subroutine VUMAT and implemented in Finite element method, including the intralaminar damage, debonding in skin/core interface, and core shear to cover all possible damage modes throughout structures. The numerical model gave a good agreement results in judging with experimental data for prediction of the hydrodynamic force and panel deformation. Additionally, this study gives qualitative and quantitative data which provides clear guidance in design phase and the evolution of performances during lifetime of composite structures, for marine structure designers.

The Garpenberg mine, owned by the Boliden Mining group, has established a trial area at Dammsjön orebody in order to examine the possibility of increasing the productivity of the mine. The mine uses the rill mining method with a current rill height of 15 m. In order to increase the productivity, the mine is examining the possibility of increasing the height of the rill. The trial area is located at 882 m depth surrounded by dolomite on the hangingwall and quartzitic rock on the footwall side. Rock support arches have been installed, in addition to the regular support pattern, to test their effectiveness on stabilizing the ground around the drifts. The arches have been installed in every 6 m and every 3 m in different parts of the test area. Rock samples from the trial area were brought to the university laboratory for testing. The data gathered from the laboratory tests along with the data from the monitoring of the trial area were used to develop a calibrated numerical model. A three-dimensional (3-D) model was therefore created, by using the FLAC3D numerical code. After the calibration of the model a parametric study was conducted for different rill heights and different arch spacing to investigate the performance of the arches. Specifically, the case of no arch installation along with the cases of an installed arch every 6 m and 3 m were tested, for the rill heights of 15 m, 20 m, 25 m and 30 m. The study concluded that the arches assisted in reducing the ground convergence in the production drift. The results also showed that the total height of the rill bench yields regardless of its height. After the yielding, the rockmass can no longer support itself and caves under its own weight. The larger the rill height, the larger the volume of loose rock that has to be supported and thus, higher the convergence. Furthermore, it was also observed that, significant amount of convergence in the production drift occurred during the drifting of the top drive and less during the stoping of the rill bench. This indicates that, the timely installation of the arches is an important criterion for their performance.

Glas und Beton sind sich in wesentlichen Materialeigenschaften ähnlich: Beide zeigen gegenüber einer hohen Druckfestigkeit eine vergleichsweise geringe Zugfestigkeit und versagen spröde. Diese Analogie führte zur Entwicklung bewehrter Glasträger, die sich durch eine aufgeklebte Stahllasche an ihrer Biegezugkante auszeichnen. Dadurch wurden die Übertragung von Zugkräften auch im Rissfall möglich, sodass ein duktiles Bauteilverhalten erreicht und der im Konstruktiven Glasbau notwendige Nachweis der Resttragfähigkeit erfüllt wird. Glasträger mit verbundlos vorgespannter Bewehrung – Spannglasträger – stellen die Fortführung dieses Analogiegedankens dar. Neben einer gezielten Steigerung der Erstrisslast, können die Träger planmäßig überhöht werden. Damit wird einer bisher üblichen Überdimensionierung mit der Anordnung nicht ausgenutzter „Opferscheiben“ entgegen gewirkt und sichere sowie materialeffiziente Konstruktionen mit maximaler Transparenz ermöglicht. Diese Konstruktionsweise wurde bislang ausschließlich für einzelne Sondierungsuntersuchungen in breiter Variantenvielfalt genutzt. Eine Systematik und einheitliche Bezeichnungsweise ist nicht vorhanden. Darüber hinaus beschränken sich verfügbare Ergebnisse auf die Beschreibung der Tragfähigkeit, ohne die Resttragfähigkeit explizit zu belegen oder die Dauerhaftigkeit nachzuweisen. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde anhand einer Analogiebetrachtung zum Eurocode 2 eine Bezeichnungsweise für bewehrte und vorgespannte Glasträger entwickelt und für vorhandene Konstruktionen erfolgreich angewendet. Darin zeigt sich, dass der Stand der Technik auf diese Weise charakterisierbar ist. Zusätzlich wird die These aufgestellt, dass sich das Tragverhalten von Spannglasträgern wie im Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonbau beschreiben und die auftretenden Spannkraftverluste analog berechnen lassen. Diese These wird mithilfe experimenteller Studien als Kern dieser Arbeit untersucht und durch eine ergänzende numerische Modellierung bestätigt. Zunächst wird das Tragverhalten im Kurzzeit-Biegeversuch an 15 Prüfkörpern unter variierten Bewehrungsgraden und Vorspannkräften untersucht. Dabei zeigen sich gesteigerte Erstrisslasten sowie ein sicheres Verhalten im Anschluss an die Belastung. Durch die Vorspannung wird das Tragverhalten gezielt beeinflusst. Zusätzlich erbringt eine zerstörungsfreie Untersuchungsreihe an 28 Prüfkörpern unter konstanter Gebrauchslast über 1000 Stunden erstmals eine Beschreibung der auftretenden Spannkraftverluste. Diese sind maßgeblich von der horizontalen Durchbiegung sowie der daraus resultierenden Belastung der Zwischenschicht im Verbund-Sicherheitsglas abhängig. Aus der Größenordnung der Verluste lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass eine Begrenzung dieses Verformungsanteils sowie eine konstruktive Entlastung der Zwischenschicht notwendig sind. Zudem wird die Änderung der Vorspannkraft unter einer Temperaturlast beschrieben. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass dieser Lastfall mittels der linearen Balkentheorie beschreibbar und der damit assoziierte Spannkraftverlust berechenbar ist. Die Resttragfähigkeit von 24 Spannglasträgern wird mithilfe eines eigens entwickelten Prüfverfahrens bestätigt. Während die Bewehrung einerseits eine Überbrückung von Rissflanken ermöglicht, verursacht die Vorspannkraft andererseits im teilzerstörten Tragsystem bisweilen ein frühzeitiges Versagen. Daher wird empfohlen, die baukonstruktive Detailentwicklung zu intensivieren, um einen größeren Sicherheitsvorteil aus der Konstruktionsweise zu generieren. Die Arbeit beinhaltet erstmals eine systematische Datensammlung zum Tragverhalten von Spannglasträgern. Es zeigt sich, dass auf eine Anordnung von „Opferscheiben“ zugunsten einer steigenden Materialeffizienz nicht nur verzichtet werden kann, sondern im Sinne eines effektiven Tragverhaltens verzichtet werden muss. Mit der vorgeschlagenen Bezeichnungsweise, den abgeleiteten konstruktiven Maßnahmen sowie den gezeigten Untersuchungsmethoden besteht nunmehr die Möglichkeit, sichere und dauerhafte Spannglasträger zu entwerfen und deren Trageffizienz zu belegen. / Glass and concrete share essential material characteristics: Their compressive strength exceeds their tensile strength considerably and both of them fail in a brittle manner. This analogy led to the development of reinforced glass beams, which are improved by means of adhesively bonded steel sections in the tensile zone. This improvement allowed for a direct transfer of tensile loads in a post-breakage state and resulted in a ductile structural element, which met the special demand of structural glass for a sufficient residual loadbearing capacity. Glass beams with unbonded, post-tensioned reinforcement – Spannglass Beams – carry this analogy concept on. The members will comprise an increased initial fracture strength and may be uplifted intentionally. This development has rendered the need for over-dimensioning by removing unnecessary sacrificial layers, which will result in a material efficient structure and will maximise transparency. Solely single exploratory investigations have used this idea in a wide variety of options so far. There is neither a uniform classification nor a consistent nomenclature. Furthermore, available results are limited to the concise description of the short-term load-bearing properties without proving the residual load-bearing capacity explicitly and confirming longterm durability. This thesis describes the development and the application of a nomenclature for reinforced and pre-compressed glass beams in an analogy study according to Eurocode 2. The state of technology can be characterised in this manner. Additionally, the research describes the load-bearing behaviour as well as the calculation of the loss of pre-stress of Spannglass Beams by analogy with concrete structures. As the key section of this thesis, this statement is examined by means of comprehensive experimental studies and completed by a numerical calculation. Primarily, the load-bearing behaviour of 15 specimens in short-term bending tests and a variety of reinforcement ratios and pre-stress levels were determined. The results show an increase of initial fracture strength as well as safe behaviour after failure. The pre-stress changes the load-bearing performance significantly. Furthermore, a non-destructive study including a constant loading for 1000 h describes the loss of pre-stress in 28 specimens for the first time. The horizontal deflection and the thus resulting shear stresses of the interlayer material of a laminated glass section are the critical parameters. From the magnitude of losses it may be concluded that the deflections need to be limited and the interlayer foils need to be relieved from stress. Moreover, the structural response during a change in temperature is in good agreement with the results obtained from linear beam theory. This allows for an estimation of the associated losses. Finally, a specifically developed test approach confirms the residual load-bearing capacity of 24 specimens. The reinforcement shows the ability to bridge cracks in the glass. However, it should be noted that pre-stress occasionally causes an early failure of the partially broken Spannglass cross-section. Therefore, intensifying the development of structural details in order to generate an increased advantage concerning safety is recommended. This contribution contains a systematic acquisition of analytical, experimental and numerical data regarding the loadbearing characteristics of Spannglass Beams for the first time. The use of a sacrificial layers is not necessary. Even more, to reach the most effective load-bearing behaviour, it is necessary to abandon them completely. Implementing the developed nomenclature, realising the recommended structural provisions and using the proposed methods, it is now possible to compose safe and durable Spannglass Beams as well as prove their structural efficiency.