Algal biofuels present a promising future alternative to petroleum based fuels. Water nutrient recycling is a key step to increase the sustainability of algae biofuel production facilities. This thesis discusses the process of nutrient and water recycling in high rate algae raceway ponds (HRAP) fed primary treated municipal wastewater. Research was conducted primarily at the San Luis Obispo Water Resource Reclamation Facility (SLOWRRF). Nine 30 m2, 0.3 m deep HRAP’s were operated continuously from June 1, 2013 to April 17, 2014. The ponds were arranged in three sets of triplicate ponds, with two pond sets run on 3-day hydraulic residence time (HRT), and the third on a 2-day HRT. The biomass productivity of the 2-day HRT and 3-day HRT were compared. The two sets of 3-day HRT ponds were run in series to determine the effect on productivity associated with recycling growth media without supplemental nutrient addition. The first pond in series was referred to as round 1 and the second as round 2. Due to solids accumulation in the 2-day HRT ponds in summer proper biomass productivity values could not be determined. 4-inch standpipes were determined to cause the solids accumulation when large flocs were present in ponds. As a possible solution to the solids accumulation issue, a ramped standpipe was designed and installed in one pond per triplicate set. In winter the 2-day HRT pond was roughly 37% more productive than the 3-day HRT. In summer the round 1 (3-day HRT) ponds were roughly 33% more productive than the round 2 (3-day HRT) ponds. In winter the round 1 (3-day HRT) ponds were roughly 19% more productive than the round 2 (3-day HRT) ponds. The type of standpipe (ramped or 4-inch) did not cause a significant amount of solids accumulation in either of the 3-day HRT ponds. The type of standpipe did make a difference in the 2-day HRT ponds. On average the 4-inch standpipe pond had 35% higher TSS than the ramped standpipe ponds. In addition to these field experiments, laboratory aerobic degradation experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient release of previously digested sludge in aerobic ponds. Pretreatment of algae sludge did not have a significant effect on nutrient release of previously anaerobically digested algae sludge in aerobic conditions. The maximum soluble nitrogen generated in the aeration reactors was between 56% for the treated sludge, and 66% for the untreated sludge.

L'autophagie est importante pour le recyclage et la mobilisation des éléments nutritifs dans les plantes. Plusieurs lignées sur-exprimant les gènes AtATG8a-i d’Arabidopsis ont été sélectionnées afin de déterminer l'effet de l'augmentation de l'activité autophagique sur l'efficacité de la remobilisation de l'azote. Les lignées sur-expresseur ont présenté une meilleure remobilisation de l'azote des feuilles de la rosette jusqu'aux graines qque le contrôle, mais uniquement dans des conditions de culture en nitrate pléthorique. Les lignées sur-exprimant ATG8a et ATG8g ont été les plus performantes. Une vaste collection de mutants atg, comprenant les mutants atg8a-i, a ensuite été utilisée pour mesurer la remobilisation de l’azote des rosettes, aux tiges et aux semences, afin de déterminer quels gènes ATG sont essentiels pour la remobilisation. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la famille de gènes ATG8a-i afin de déterminer si un membre de la famille ATG8 pourrait être plus spécifiquement dédié au recyclage de l'azote lors de la sénescence des feuilles pour la remobilisation. Bien que les divers mutants atg8 n’aient pas présenté de différence majeure par rapport au sauvage, l'un d'entre eux a montré un léger phénotype de sénescence précoce, suggérant que cette isoforme pourrait être plus spécialisée dans la remobilisation de l'azote. Afin d'améliorer l'activité de l'autophagie chez l'orge, nous avons surexprimé HvATG5 chez l'orge et testé la sensibilité des sur-expresseurs à plusieurs conditions de stress. Nous avons constaté que les sur-expresseurs de HvATG5 étaient plus tolérants à une faible alimentation en nitrate, à une faible teneur en soufre, et surtout moins sensibles aux effets de l'obscurité prolongée. Afin d'estimer les rôles respectifs des protéases induites par la sénescence et de l'autophagie, plusieurs mutants de protéase (sag12, rd21A, cathB3) ont été croisés avec des mutants d'autophagie (atg5, atg7. Leur contribution à la remobilisation de l'azote a été mesurée par marquage 15N. / Autophagy is important for nutrient recycling and mobilization in plants. Several Arabidopsis AtATG8a-i overexpressing lines were selected in order to determine the effect of increasing autophagy on nitrogen remobilization efficiency. The overexpressing lines remobilized more nitrogen from the rosette leaves to the seeds but only when cultivated under high nitrate conditions. The lines overexpressing ATG8a and ATG8g were the most performant. A large collection of atg mutants including the atg8a-i mutants was then used to monitor N-remobilization from the rosettes to the stems and seeds in order to determine which ATG genes are essential for N remobilization. A special focus was dedicated to the ATG8a-i gene family in order to determine whether a member of the ATG8 family could be more specifically dedicated to N-recycling during leaf senescence for remobilization. Although the various atg8 mutants were not different from wild-type, one of them presented slight early senescence phenotype, suggesting this isoform could be more specialized in N remobilization. In order to enhance autophagy activity in barley, we overexpressed HvATG5 in barley and tested sensitivity of over-expressors to several stress conditions. We found that barley HvATG5 over-expressors were more tolerant to low nitrate supply, to low sulfur, and especially less sensitive to dark-stress effects. In order to estimate the respective roles of autophagy and senescence induced proteases, several protease mutants (sag12, rd21A, cathB3) were crossed with autophagy mutants (atg5, atg7) in order to monitor their respective contributions to nitrogen remobilization.

Evaluation of an On-Farm Water Storage (OFWS) system as a Best Management Practice (BMP) for nutrient and sediment loading control and irrigation in East Mississippi has shown that the system can effectively reduce sediment and nutrient loading as it was able to capture 46 tons of sediment and 558 kg of phosphorus over the monitoring period. The system was also able to decrease nitrogen loading as shown from the nitrogen concentration in the captured storm runoff events although an accurate estimate could not be made using AnnAGNPS because adequate model input data was not available. The system was able to provide about 63 million gallons of water for irrigation as a result of which increased corn and soybean yield was also obtained in irrigated fields when compared to non-irrigated fields. Water from the storage pond used for irrigation did not have adequate nutrient recycling to reduce commercial fertilizer application.

I investigated the drivers of nutrient cycling by heterotrophic microbes during leaf decomposition in streams. My research addressed two overarching questions: 1) how do exogenous and endogenous factors interact to drive microbial nitrogen (N) cycling during organic matter decomposition in stream ecosystems, and 2) what affect will the global increase in biologically active N have on these factors and resulting fluxes? I conducted studies in natural streams and laboratory mesocosms to address these questions and used general stoichiometric theory to conceptualize diverse microbial assemblages as a single functional unit within stream ecosystems. First, I described spatial and temporal patterns of N and phosphorus uptake and mineralization by leaf-associated microbial assemblages in five southern Appalachian streams which spanned a gradient of nitrate availability. I found wide variations in nutrient fluxes across time and space, perhaps due to macroinvertebrate-induced changes in microbial assemblage composition. Secondly, I explored the roles of endogenous and exogenous N in meeting microbial requirements. I isolated microbial biomass from leaves that had been labeled with N-15 and incubated in the same five Appalachian streams. The importance of exogenous N increased as decomposition progressed and was particularly important in streams with high N availability. Finally, I tested potential interactions between two exogenous drivers of microbial nutrient cycling: N availability and animal activity. I used mesocosms to test the effects of consumer nutrient recycling (CNR) and grazing by two shredders on microbial uptake under different N regimes. Animals only influenced microbial uptake under low N conditions. Shredder CNR generally stimulated uptake while grazing had a negative effect. My research provides a robust model describing N cycling by detritus-associated microbes over the course of decomposition. According to this model, microbes assimilate endogenous N during the initial stages of decomposition and immobilization of exogenous N becomes more important as decomposition progresses. The labeled substrate technique that I used to generate this model is an elegant way of testing the applicability of this model in other ecosystems. My results also suggest that anthropogenic activities that increase exogenous N availability have implications for N and C cycling in lotic systems. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Salatiér Buzetti / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Resumo: O potássio (K) é o segundo nutriente requerido em maior quantidade pela cultura da soja. Com a utilização de altas doses de potássio na semeadura da soja em solos com baixa Capacidade de Troca Catiônica (CTC) e precipitação pluvial intensa ocorrem perdas de K+ por lixiviação, necessitando de um melhor manejo dessa adubação. As plantas de cobertura podem ser opções eficientes para a reciclagem de K+ do solo e disponibilização gradativa à cultura subsequente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito da antecipação da adubação potássica da soja em culturas de cobertura para a produção de palha e disponibilização gradativa de potássio para a soja em sucessão, em semeadura direta num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso (LVd) na região de cerrado, em comparação às aplicações usuais na semeadura e/ou em cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2009/2010 na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria -MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x3x5, com quatro repetições. Os fatores consistiram de culturas de cobertura (milheto e painço) e um controle (pousio), doses de K2O (0, 50 e 100 kg ha-1) e formas de aplicação de K2O (100% na semeadura das culturas de cobertura; 100% na semeadura da soja; 100% em cobertura na soja; 50% antecipada nas culturas de cobertura + 50% na semeadura da soja; 50% na semeadura da soja + 50% em cobertura na soja). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: Estado nutricional e massa seca das culturas de cobertura, estado nutricional das plantas de soja, altura de plantas, altura de inserção de primeira vagem, número de vagens por planta e grãos por vagem, produtividade de grãos, massa de 100 grãos e teor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The potassium is the second nutrient required in greater quantity by crop soybean. With the utilization of high doses of potassium in soybean sowing in soils with low Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC) and intense rainfall occurs losses of K+ by leaching, requiring better management of fertilizer. Cover crops can be efficient options for the recycling of K the soil and gradual availability to subsequent crop. In this sense, aimed to evaluate the effect of anticipation potassium fertilization of soybean in cover crops for the production of straw and gradual availability of potassium soybean in succession, in no-tillage in a clayey Distrofic Red Latosol, in savannah, comparing to the usual applications at sowing and/or cover. The experiment was conducted in the crop season 2009/2010, in the experimental farm of São Paulo State University, campus of Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 3x3x5, with four replications. The factors consisted of cover crops (Pennisetum glaucum and Panicum miliaceum) and a control (fallow area), doses of K2O (0, 50 e 100 kg ha-1) and application forms of K2O (100% at sowing of cover crops; 100% at sowing of soybean; 100% at cover in soybean; 50% at sowing cover crops + 50% at sowing of soybean; 50% at sowing of soybean + 50% at cover in the soybean). We evaluated the following variables: nutritional state and dry matter of cover crops, nutritional state of soybean plants, plant height, height of insertion of first pod, number of pods per plant and grains per pod, grains productivity , mass 100 grains and macronutrient content in soybean seeds. The pearl millet as cover crop soybean predecessor, had dry matter and potassium content higher than the proso millet, independent of dose and application form of K2O. In soil with high potassium... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Im Zuge der zunehmenden energetischen Holznutzung fällt vermehrt Holzasche als Abfallprodukt an. Obwohl die Asche potenziell für die Nährstoffrückführung in Wälder genutzt werden könnte, findet dies in Deutschland aktuell kaum statt, da negative ökologische Auswirkungen befürchtet werden, die Handhabbarkeit von Holzasche schwierig ist und hinsichtlich des Nährstoffhaushalts der Wälder keine Notwendigkeit gesehen wird. Durch eine Verarbeitung der Asche zu Rinde-Asche-Pellets (RIA-Pellets) sollte die ökologische Verträglichkeit erhöht und die Handhabbarkeit verbessert werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, wie RIA-Pellets auf bodenchemische Parameter sowie den Ernährungszustand der Bäume wirken. Dazu wurden zwei Versuchsflächen in der Oberlausitz (Ostsachsen) etabliert: ein 38-jähriger Kiefernbestand auf einem Braunerde-Podsol aus eiszeitlichem Elbschotter im Tiefland sowie drei Fichtenbestände im Alter von 36 bis 49 Jahren auf einer Braunerde aus Lösslehm über Granodioritzersatz im Hügelland. Im Jahr 2011 wurde eine Behandlung mit 4 t ha-1 RIA-Pellets durchgeführt und auf dem Hügellandsstandort zusätzlich eine Vergleichsvariante mit 3,5 t ha-1 Dolomitkalk angelegt. Daraufhin wurden bodenchemische Parameter (pH-Wert, AKe, Nährstoff-Gesamtgehalte, C/N-Verhältnis) sowie Nadelspiegelwerte der Bäume untersucht. Außerdem wurde der zu erwartende Nährstoffverlust mittelalter Nadelholzbestände im Rahmen der Durchforstungen in den kommenden 20 Jahren abschätzend quantifiziert und den sonstigen Stoffflüssen der untersuchten Standorte gegenübergestellt. Auf dem sorptionsschwachen Tieflandsstandort mit Kiefer führten RIA-Pellets in einer Dosis von 4 t ha-1 innerhalb von zwei Jahren zu einer moderaten Erhöhung des pH-Werts um 0,6 Einheiten, einer Zunahme der Kationenaustauschkapazität von 267 auf 338 mmolc kg-1 sowie einer Erhöhung der Basensättigung von 45 auf 90 %. Zudem war eine signifikante Erhöhung der Gesamtgehalte von Ca, Mg und Mn zu verzeichnen. Auf dem sorptionsstarken Boden des Hügellandsstandort mit mittelalten Fichtenbeständen hatte die gleiche Dosis von RIA-Pellets ebenfalls zwei Jahre nach der Ausbringung zu wesentlich geringeren Effekten geführt. Zwar war auch hier ein pH-Anstieg um 0,3 Einheiten zu verzeichnen. Die RIA-Pellets beeinflussten jedoch die AKe und die Basensättigung nicht und die Nährstoff-Gesamtgehalte nur bei Ca und Mn. Alle Effekte waren auf beiden Versuchsflächen auf die Humusauflage begrenzt. Im Vergleich zu einer Kalkung trat die Wirkung der RIA-Pellets langsamer ein und fiel geringer aus. Die Behandlung mit RIA-Pellets führte nach zwei Jahren zu keiner Veränderung der Nadelspiegelwerte auf beiden Versuchsflächen. Die Untersuchung der oberirdischen Bestandesbiomasse zeigte, dass bereits mittelalte Nadelbaumbestände im Rahmen von Durchforstungen bei intensiven Aushaltungsszenarien erhebliche Nährstoffentzüge zu verkraften haben. So stieg die Biomasseentnahme bei Vollbaumnutzung gegenüber konventioneller Nutzung nur um den Faktor 1,3, während die Nährstoffentzüge um den Faktor 1,8 (Ca) bis 4,0 (P, Kiefer) stiegen. Die Nährstoffzusammensetzung der RIA-Pellets unterschied sich aufgrund der Herkunft der Asche (Verbrennung von Rinde und Holz in einem Sägewerk) von der eines Vollbaums. Daher läge der Kompensationsbedarf für die Nährstoffentzüge in den nächsten 20 Jahren bei Vollbaumnutzung im Kie-fernbestand bei 0,7 (Ca) bis 2,0 t ha-1 (P) und im mittelalten Fichtenbestand bei 1,3 (Ca) bis 12,8 t ha-1 (P). Der Vergleich der drei untersuchten unterschiedlich alten Fichtenbestände hat gezeigt, dass der Waldrestholzanteil und somit auch die zusätzliche Biomasse- und Nährstoffentnahme umso höher ist, je jünger bzw. geringer dimensioniert der Bestand ist. Die Betrachtung von Kiefern- und Fichtenbestände zeigte baumartenspezifische Unterschiede bei der Verteilung der oberirdischen Bestandesbiomasse auf die einzelnen Biomassekompartimente sowie der Nährstoffgehalte in den jeweiligen Kompartimenten. Die überschlägigen Nährstoffbilanzen für beide Versuchsflächen haben gezeigt, dass die Nährstoffentzüge mit der geernteten Biomasse bei Vollbaumnutzung in einer ähnlichen Größenordnung lagen, wie die Verluste mit dem Sickerwasser und die Festlegung im Biomassezuwachs. Auch ohne die Berücksichtigung von Nährstoffentzügen mit der Biomassenutzung wiesen die Standorte aufgrund des Nachwirkens historischer Säureeinträge bereits negative Stoffbilanzen für Ca und Mg auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht, dass die Holzascherückführung in Wälder keinen drastischen Eingriff in die Stoffflüsse natürlicher Ökosysteme darstellt. Vielmehr handelt es sich um den Versuch, die Folgen der aktuellen menschlichen Aktivitäten im Bereich intensiver Biomassenutzung zumindest hinsichtlich der Nährstoffnachhaltigkeit abzumildern. Die intensive Biomassenutzung reiht sich dabei als eine weitere Form menschlichen Eingreifens in die Stoffflüsse des Ökosystems Wald in eine seit Jahrhunderten stattfindende Nutzungs- und damit Störungsgeschichte durch Streunutzung, Waldumbau zu Nadelholzforsten und atmosphärische Säure- und Stoffeinträge ein.

Les systèmes intégrés d’aquaculture multi-trophique (IMTA) proposent de limiter les rejets dans l’environnement en associant la culture d’espèces de niveaux trophiques différents et le recyclage des déchets. Les détritivores sont un groupe trophique intéressant car ils permettent l’extraction de matière organique particulaire. Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor est un polychète qui connait un intérêt croissant du fait de sa capacité de bioturbation dans les sédiments et de sa haute valeur commerciale en tant qu’appât et nourriture potentielle pour animaux. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel d’ H. diversicolor dans la bio-remédiation des rejets solides en système IMTA. Plus spécifiquement, l’étude a eu pour objectifs : i) de calibrer une nouvelle méthode de mesure des composés organiques des rejets (azote, carbone, phosphore, lipides), ii) d’évaluer l’activité métabolique (respiration) d’H. diversicolor nourries aux fèces de Dicentrarchus labrax en fonction de leur taille et de différentes températures, et iii) d’utiliser un modèle bioénergétique pour simuler croissance, respiration et excrétion d’H. diversicolor selon différents scenarios IMTA.Pour obtenir une caractérisation rapide des composés organiques, une méthode novatrice (NIRS) a été calibrée. Les composés des rejets ont varié entre 44-77% de matière organique, 2-5% d’azote organique total, 11-51% de carbone organique total, 9-26 de rapport carbone/azote, 1-3% phosphore total and 2-12% de lipides (% de matière sèche).Les taux métaboliques de H. diversicolor nourries aux fèces ont été estimés par consommations d’oxygène à différentes températures (11, 17, 22 and 27°C). Les effets de la température et de la taille du ver sur les consommations en oxygène ont été significatifs, mais ces niveaux de respiration (12.3 µmol g-1 de poids sec h-1 à 20°C) correspondaient probablement à un métabolisme basal dû aux conditions expérimentales (jeun et obscurité).Les simulations du modèle DEB H. diversicolor ont été comparées aux données expérimentales de taux de croissance, de respiration et d’excrétion, ce qui a permis de corroborer les prédictions du modèle. Le modèle DEB a permis de tester différents scenarios pour prédire les réponses métaboliques, la croissance, la maturité et la reproduction d’ H. diversicolor à différentes températures (5 à 25°C) et disponibilité alimentaire (f variant de 0.5 à 1, correspondant à la disponibilité des fèces). Le modèle DEB s’est avéré être un outil utile pour prédire les réponses physiologiques sous différentes conditions environnementales dans un contexte IMTA. / Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems are based on the concept of limiting aquaculture discharges associating species of different trophic levels to reuse wastes. Deposit-feeders are one trophic group that has gained attention for the extraction of particulate organic matter. Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor is a polychaete species that has gained increasing interest for its bioremediation capacity through bioturbation activity in sediments, and high commercial value as fish bait and animal food sources. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the fish waste bioremediation capacity of polychaete H. diversicolor in IMTA context. More specifically, i) to predict organic compounds (nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, lipids) in marine fish waste, ii) to evaluate the metabolic responses - respiration - of H. diversicolor fed with solid waste of seabass Dicentrarchus labrax at different temperatures and body size, and iii) to use a bioenergetic model (DEB) to simulate growth, oxygen consumption and excretion in different IMTA scenarios.To provide fast characterization of organic compounds we used an innovative method based on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Chemical content of the waste measured by NIRS models after calibration, ranged from 44-77% organic matter, 2-5% total organic nitrogen, 11-51% total organic carbon, 9-26 carbon/nitrogen ratio, 1-3% total phosphorus and 2-12% lipids (% of dry matter).Fish waste fed H. diversicolor metabolic rates were evaluated through oxygen consumption at different temperatures (11, 17, 22 and 27°C). The effect of temperature and worm body size was significant on oxygen consumptions, however these respiration measures (12.3 µmol g-1 of dry weight h-1 at 20°C) may represent basal metabolic rate due to experimental conditions (starvation, darkness).DEB model of H. diversicolor was compared to experimental data on growth, respiration and excretion rates, which corroborated DEB model predictions. DEB was then applied to test different scenarios predicting metabolic responses, growth, maturity and reproduction of H. diversicolor at different temperatures (5 to 25°C) and food levels (f varying from 0 to 1, corresponding to fish waste loading). DEB revealed to be a useful tool in IMTA context, predicting physiological responses in different environmental conditions.

Ett stort antal bristfälliga avlopp i Sverige bidrar till övergödningsproblematiken och behöver åtgärdas, ett särskilt problem i omvandlingsområden. Om kretsloppsanpassade avlopps-system implementeras när dessa åtgärdas utnyttjas avfallet som en resurs och näringsämnena återförs till jordbruksmark. För att åstadkomma denna systemförändring och uppnå ett fungerande kretslopp krävs acceptans hos och involvering av användarna. På grund av att tidigare forskning till stor del fokuserat på de tekniska aspekterna med avloppssystemen, finns ett behov av att utreda hur kommunikation med användarna bör ske och hur den är relaterad till acceptans. Syftet med studien är därför att genom en fallstudie förstå hur kommunikation kan bidra till användares acceptans för ett nytt avloppssystem samt att ta fram en kommunikationsplan för användning vid införande av kretsloppsanpassade vatten- och avloppssystem. Studien bygger på en dokumentstudie samt intervjuer med ansvariga för en kretsloppsanpassad systemförändring och boende i området där förändringen genomförs. Data analyseras kvalitativt och en SWOT-analys av det kretsloppsanpassade systemet genomförs. Studien kopplar samman acceptans, kommunikation och lärande, främst genom ett ramverk som bygger på att kommunikation kan påverka medvetenhet och intresse, förståelse, attityder, intentioner och handlingsutlösning. Resultatet visar att systemets olika aspekter och kommunikationen kring dem, kan utgöra både hinder och möjligheter för acceptans. Genomtänkt och välplanerad kommunikation anpassad efter målgruppen och med fokus på motiven bakom förändringen, kan dessutom minska motstånd och möjliggöra att information hos individen blir till kunskap, som i sin tur kan öka acceptansen. I studien belyses även att demografiska faktorer påverkar acceptansen, men svårligen låter sig påverkas av kommunikation, vilket tyder på att acceptans är både komplext och individuellt / A large number of insufficient on-site wastewater treatment systems in Sweden are contributing to the problems with eutrophication and are therefore in need of replacement. This is especially a problem in transition areas, where former summer house areas are becoming permanent. By implementing nutrient recycling systems in these areas, the waste is utilized as a resource and the nutrients are recycled as fertilizer. In order to achieve this system change and close the nutrient loop, social acceptance is necessary and the users need to be involved. Since previous research has focused mainly on technical aspects of wastewater systems, there is a need to investigate how communication with users should be handled and the relation between communication and acceptance. The aim of the study is therefore to, through a case study, understand how communication can contribute to user acceptance of a new wastewater system and to develop a plan for communication in nutrient recycling waste water projects. The study consists of a document study, interviews with professionals responsible for a nutrient recycling system change as well as interviews with residents affected by the change. Data is qualitatively analyzed and a SWOT-analysis of the system is conducted. The study connects acceptance, communication and learning through a framework stating that communication can affect awareness and interest, understanding, attitude, intention and readiness to act. The result shows that aspects of the system and communication regarding them can work either as an obstacle or as an enhancer of acceptance. Strategic communication adapted for the targeted group and with a focus on the motives for change, can also reduce resistance as well as facilitate learning, which in turn is needed for acceptance. The study also discusses acceptance related factors which are hard to affect with communication. Hence, the study concludes that acceptance is both complex and individual.

In horse keeping horse manure is produced, which can be utilized as a fertilizer or considered a waste. Horse manure constitutes a resource in terms of both plant nutrients and energy. In addition energy policies and objectives aim at replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. The interest to improve resource recovery of horse manure increases due various incentives for renewable vehicle fuels, legal requirements on management of manure, and environmental impact from current horse manure management. This thesis aims at describing horse manure management in a life cycle perspective. This is made by (1) identifying factors in horse keeping affect­ing the possibility to use horse manure as a biogas feedstock and to recycle plant nutrients, (2) analysing factors in anaerobic digestion with influence on methane potential and biofertilizer nutrient content and (3) comparing the environmental impact from different horse manure treatment methods. Literature reviews, systematic combining, and simulations have been used as research methods. The results show that horse keeping activities such as feeding, indoor keeping, outdoor keeping and manure storage affect the amount and charac­teristics of horse manure and thereby also the possibilities for anaerobic digestion horse manure. Transport affects the collected amount and spread­ing affects loss of nutrients and nutrient recycling. Simulation results in­dicate the highest methane yield and energy balance from paper bedding, while straw and peat gave a higher nutrient content of the biofertilizer. The highest methane yield was achieved with a low rate of bedding, which in the cases of woodchips and paper is also preferable for plant nutrient recycling. Still, results indicate the best energy balance from anaerobic digestion with a high ratio of bedding. The environmental impact assessment indicates a reduction in global warming potential for anaerobic digestion compared to incineration or composting. / Vid hästhållning alstras hästgödsel som kan användas som växtnäring eller anses vara ett avfall. Hästgödsel utgör både en växtnäringsresurs och en energi resurs. Dessutom styr uppsatta energimål mot att förnybar energi ska ersätta fossila bränslen. Intresset för att öka resursutnyttjandet av hästgödsel ökar på grund av olika incitament för förnybara drivmedel, lagstiftning om gödselhantering och miljöpåverkan från dagens hantering av hästgödsel. I den här avhandlingen beskrivs hästgödselhantering i ett livscykel­perspektiv genom att (1) identifiera olika faktorer vid hästhållningen som påverkar möjligheten att utvinna biogas ur hästgödsel och återföra näringen till jordbruksmark, (2) analysera faktorer i biogasprocessen som påverkar den specifika metanmängden och innehållet av växtnäring i gödseln och (3) jämföra olika gödselhanteringsmetoders miljöpåverkan. Metoderna i avhan­dlingen har varit litteraturstudier, systematisk kombination av teori och em­piri samt simulering. Resultaten visar att utfodringen, om och hur hästarna hålls inomhus och utomhus och hur hästgödsel lagras påverkar mängden hästgödsel och dess egenskaper, och därmed också hur den fungerar som ett biogassubstrat. Trans­porterna har betydelse för hur mycket gödsel som kan samlas in och spridas, medan gödselspridningen påverkar näringsförluster och närings återföring. Resultaten från simuleringarna indikerar högst metanutbyte och bäst energi­balans från papper som strömaterial, medan halm och torv gav högre växt­näringsinnehåll i biogödseln. De högsta resultaten på specifik metanmängd nåddes med låg andel strö, vilket också var positivt för växtnäringsinnehållet vid scenarierna med spån och papper. Samtidigt indikerar resultaten att en hög andel strömaterial ger den bästa energibalansen. Miljöpåverkansbedöm­ningen indikerar att potentialen för klimatpåverkan minskar om hästgödsel behandlas i en biogasprocess jämfört med förbränning eller kompostering.

Les écologistes reconnaissent depuis longtemps que les organismes sont soutenus par le flux, l’emmagasinage et le renouvellement d’énergie et de matériel de l’écosystème, puisqu’ils sont nécessaires au métabolisme biologique et à la construction de biomasse. L’importance des organismes dans la régularisation des processus écosystémiques est maintenant de plus en plus considérée. Situé au centre des chaînes trophiques aquatiques, le zooplancton influence les flux d’énergie et de matériel dans les écosystèmes. Plusieurs de leurs caractéristiques sont connues comme étant de bons indicateurs de leur effet sur l’environnement, notamment leur taille, contenu corporel et taux métabolique. La plupart de ces caractéristiques peuvent être appelées « traits fonctionnels ». Alors que l’emploi des traits devient de plus en plus populaire en écologie des communautés aquatiques, peu ont su utiliser cette approche afin de concrètement lier la structure des communautés zooplanctoniques aux processus écosystémiques. Dans cette étude, nous avons colligé les données provenant d’une grande variété de littérature afin de construire une base de données sur les traits du zooplancton crustacé contribuant directement ou indirectement aux flux de C, N et P dans les écosystèmes. Notre méta-analyse a permis d’assembler plus de 9000 observations sur 287 espèces et d’identifier par le fait même ce qu’il manque à nos connaissances. Nous avons examiné une série de corrélations croisées entre 16 traits, dont 35 étaient significatives, et avons exploré les relations entre les unités taxonomiques de même qu’entre les espèces marines et d’eaux douces. Notre synthèse a entre autres révélé des patrons significativement différents entre le zooplancton marin et dulcicole quant à leur taux de respiration et leur allométrie (masse vs. longueur corporelle). Nous proposons de plus une nouvelle classification de traits liant les fonctions des organismes à celles de l’écosystème. Notre but est d’offrir une base de données sur les traits du zooplancton, des outils afin de mieux lier les organismes aux processus écosystémiques et de stimuler la recherche de patrons généraux et de compromis entre les traits. / Ecologists have long recognized that organisms are sustained by the flux, storage and turnover of ecosystem energy, which fuels biological metabolism, and material, used to construct biomass. Over the past three decades, the importance of individual organisms in regulating ecosystem processes, such as consumer-driven nutrient cycling, has been increasingly recognized. Occupying a central position in aquatic food webs, zooplankton are known to influence other trophic levels and exert a strong influence on energy fluxes or material processing in ecosystems. Several species’ characteristics have been pointed out as being good indicators, or predictors, of the effect of zooplankton on their environment, including individual body size, corporal stoichiometry and specific physiological rates. Most of these characteristics can also be termed “functional traits”. While the use of traits has recently gained popularity amongst aquatic community ecologists, few have applied this approach to concretely link zooplankton community structure to ecosystem processes. In the present study, we compiled data from a wide variety of literature to construct a database of crustacean zooplankton species and their traits contributing directly or indirectly to C, N or P ecosystem fluxes. Our literature search yielded over 9000 empirical observations on 287 different species and thereby allowed identification of knowledge gaps in the literature. We explored trait relationships amongst taxonomic units and between marine and freshwater habitats. Of all cross-correlations tested among 16 zooplankton traits, 35 were significant, with most traits being related to body mass. Our synthesis revealed significantly different patterns between freshwater and marine zooplankton respiration and allometry (body mass vs. length). We propose a novel trait classification scheme according to both organismal and ecosystem functions. Our goal is to provide a database for zooplankton functional traits, tools to link organisms to ecosystem processes, and to promote a search for general patterns and trade-offs amongst traits.