Thesis advisor: Thomas C. Chiles / Rapid diagnosis of infectious disease at the site of the patient is critical for preventing the escalation of an outbreak into an epidemic. This is particularly true for cholera, a disease known to spread swiftly within resource-limited populations. A device suited to point-of- care (POC) diagnosis of cholera must not only demonstrate laboratory levels of sensitivity and specificity, but it must do so in a highly portable, low-cost manner, with a simplistic readout. Here, we report novel proof-of-concept lab-on-a-chip (LOC) electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of cholera toxin subunit B (CTX), based on two nanostructured architectures: the gold dendritic array, and the extended core coax (ECC). The dendritic array has an ~18x greater surface area than a planar gold counterpart, per electrochemical measurements, allowing for a higher level of diagnostic sensitivity. An electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for CTX performed via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on the dendritic sensor demonstrated a limit-of detection of 1 ng/mL, per a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.6, which was more sensitive than a simple planar gold electrode (100 ng/mL). This sensitivity also matches a currently available diagnostic standard, the optical ELISA, but on a miniaturized platform with simple electrical readout. The ECC was optimized and explored, undergoing several changes in design to facilitate sensitive LOC electrochemical detection. The ECC matched the off-chip sensitivity towards CTX demonstrated by a previous non-extended core coaxial iteration, which was comparable to a standard optical ELISA. In contrast to the previous coaxial architecture, the ECC is amenable to functionalization of the gold core, allowing for LOC detection. ECCs were functionalized using a thiolated protein G, and CTX was detected via an electrochemical ELISA. While this work is ongoing, the ECC shows promise as a platform for LOC electrochemical ELISA. The ability to potentially meet POC demands makes biofunctionalized gold dendrites and ECCs promising architectures for further development as LOC sensors for the detection of infectious disease biomarkers. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Pedagogers uppfattning om betydelsen avtrygghet för barn på OB-förskola / Pedagogue perception of the meaning of care for children in after-hours childcare

Blomkvist, Kristian & Johansson, Patrik (2009). OB-förskolan – en avvikare? En studieav diskurserna inom en ovanlig arena. Lärarutbildningen: Malmö högskola. En OB-förskolahar öppet årets alla dagar, och erbjuder förutom dagtidsverksamhet ocksåbarnomsorg under vad som brukar betecknas som obekväma tider; kvällar och helger.Undersökningen tar avstamp i att OB-förskolan utgör en avvikare från normen av vadbarn bör göra på kvällar och helger. Syftet är att redogöra för om, och i så fall hur, tvåolika OB-förskolor påverkas av denna norm, och huruvida de försöker etablera en egennormalitet. Syftet är också att kasta ljus över OB-verksamhet som företeelse, då ämnettidigare är behandlat i väldigt begränsad omfattning. Michel Foucaults tankar omdiskursernas påverkan har använts som teoretiskt ramverk. Undersökningen utgörs avintervjuer med två pedagoger på vardera förskola, vilket har följts upp med endiskursanalys av dessa utsagor. Resultatet visar att de två OB-verksamheternaeftersträvar att etablera en egen normalitet, dock på två olika sätt. Den ena baserar sinkvälls- och helgverksamhet på dagtidsverksamheten och följer de rutiner som råder där.Den andra strävar istället mot att efterlikna hemlika förhållanden. En slutsats blirdärmed att den sistnämnda kan anses påverkas av en norm som förespråkar en mysighemmamiljö och ledighetskänsla. Den förstnämnda tar emellertid avstånd från dennanorm och verkar istället vara influerad av en norm som eftersträvar professionalism ochseriositet i förskoleverksamheten.

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Le traitement de l’obésité est devenu un problème majeur de santé publique aussi bien dans les pays industrialisés que dans les pays en voie de développement. La leptine est une hormone clé dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique et glucidique en agissant au niveau du noyau arqué de l’hypothalamus (ARC). La résistance à la leptine au niveau de ce noyau hypothalamique contribue au développement de l’obésité. Par conséquent, prévenir son installation et lever cette résistance constitue un enjeu thérapeutique majeur. Notre laboratoire à récemment mis en évidence que la protéine Endospanine 1 est un régulateur négatif des fonctions du récepteur de la leptine (OB-R). En effet, cette protéine, exprimée à partir du même gène qu’OB-R, est capable d’interagir avec ce récepteur et de le retenir dans le compartiment intracellulaire. L’extinction d’Endospanine 1 spécifiquement au niveau de l’ARC prévient l’installation d’une obésité induite par un régime gras. Ces données démontrent donc, in vivo, l’importance de cette protéine dans la régulation des fonctions d’OB-R. Suite a ces résultats prometteurs, l’objectif premier de ma thèse a été d’approfondir nos connaissances sur le rôle joué, in vitro et in vivo, par Endospanine 1, ainsi que par son homologue Endospanine 2, dans la régulation des fonctions d’OB-R. Le second objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’identifier de nouveaux composés capables de sensibiliser la réponse à la leptine chez les individus obèses. Ce travail a permis de montré que des souris rendues obèses par un régime gras présentaient une surexpression d’Endospanine 1 dans l’ARC suggérant ainsi une potentielle implication de cette protéine dans le développement de la résistance à la leptine. D’autre part, nous avons démontré que l’extinction d’Endospanine 1, dans l’ARC, permet de prévenir l’installation d’une obésité et de la corriger chez des souris obèses et conduit à une altération de la sécrétion d’insuline par le pancréas. Cet effet double sur le poids corporel et sur la glycémie pourrait être expliqué par l’effet différentiel de l’extinction d’Endospanine 1 sur l’activation des voies STAT3 et PI3K/AKT. En effet, en absence d’Endospanine 1 la voie STAT3 est suractivée tandis que la voie PI3K est inhibée. De façon surprenante, l’extinction d’Endospanine 2, second membre de la famille des Endospanines, inhibe de façon drastique l’activation de la voie STAT3 suggérant que ces protéines pourraient jouer des rôles différents dans la régulation des fonctions d’OB-R. Ce travail a également permis de décrire, pour la première fois, les conséquences d’une déficience en Endospanine 1 chez l’Homme. Nos données suggèrent qu’Endospanine 1 ne régule pas les fonctions d’autres protéines, définissant ainsi Endospanine 1 comme une cible thérapeutique hautement spécifique dans la correction de la signalisation leptine.La dernière partie de cette étude a consisté en l’identification de nouveaux composés capables d’activer OB-R ou d’augmenter son expression de surface. Deux tests de criblages ont permis d’identifier de telles molécules. Après validation et caractérisation, de tels composés pourraient être utilisés comme outils thérapeutique afin de restaurer la sensibilité à la leptine perdue chez les individus obèses. / Obesity is one of the greatest current public health challenges, not only in industrialized countries but also in developing countries. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) is a major integration centre for energy and glucose homeostasis that responds to peripheral hormones such as leptin. Resistance to leptin in the ARC is an important component of obesity development and its prevention or reversal represents a major therapeutic goal. Our laboratory recently described endospanin 1 as a negative regulator of the leptin receptor (OB-R) that by interacting with OB-R retains the receptor inside the cell. Interestingly, both proteins are expressed from the same promoter. Silencing of endospanin 1 in the ARC prevented the development of diet-induced obesity demonstrating the importance of this protein on OB-R in vivo function.Based on these encouraging findings the first aim of this thesis was to extend our understanding of the in vitro and in vivo role of endospanin 1 and its homologue, endospanin 2, on OB-R function. The second aim consisted in the identification of chemical compounds able to sensitize the leptin response in obese patients. We show here that endospanin 1 is up-regulated in the ARC of obese mice suggesting a potential contribution of this protein to the development of leptin resistance. Its silencing in the ARC of naïve and obese mice reverses obesity development and impairs pancreatic insulin secretion. This dual effect correlates with the differential effect of endospanin 1 on OB-R signaling, inhibition of the STAT3 pathway and activation of the AKT pathway. Intriguingly, endospanin 2, the second member of the endospanin family, promotes efficient STAT3 activation suggesting differential roles of both endospanins on OB-R function.We characterized an obese patient carrying a homozygous deletion in the chromosomal 1p31.3 region coding for endospanin 1. This is the first report defining the consequences of endospanin 1-deficiency in humans. Our data suggest that endospanin 1 has no major OB-R-independent functions thus defining endospanin 1 as an attractive and highly specific therapeutic target for the improvement of impaired leptin signaling.In the last part of the thesis two screening assays were developed to identify compounds that either activate OB-R or promote its cell surface expression. Primary screens were successfully performed for both assays and positive hits identified. Validated hits might be useful to resensitize the impaired leptin response in obese patients.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / This thesis addresses the sources and transport of nuclear weapons related contamination in the Ob River region, Siberia. In addition to being one of the largest rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean, the bulk of the former Soviet Union's nuclear fuel reprocessing and weapons testing facilities (i.e. Mayak, Tomsk-7, and Semipalitinsk) are located within the Ob drainage basin. The atom ratios 240Pu/239Pu, 237Np/239Pu, and 137Cs/240Pu, measured by magnetic-sector ICP-MS, are used to distinguish between contamination derived from global fallout and contamination derived from local sources. Deposition chronologies estimated for sediment cores are used to construct a record of weapons related contamination at the sites sampled. Contaminant records indicate that in addition to debris from atmospheric weapons tests, materials derived from local sources have also played a role in nuclear weapons related contamination of the Ob region. Isotopic data presented in this study clearly demonstrate that non-fallout contamination has been transported the full length of the Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers (i.e. the tributaries draining Mayak, Semipalitinsk, and Tomsk-7, respectively). In several instances, unique isotopic compositions are observed in sediments collected from tributaries draining each of the suspected non-fallout sources. In such cases, these materials and their deposition ages have been used to link contamination in the Ob delta to Mayak, Tomsk-7, or Semipalitinsk. Linear transport rate estimates (km yr-1) indicate that contaminated sediments transit between source tributaries and the Ob delta on time-scales of [less than or equal to] l year. / (cont.) These estimates suggest that a catastrophic release of contamination due to dam failure at one of the many reservoirs located at both Mayak and Tomsk-7 that contain high levels of radioactive waste would result in measurable levels of contamination in the delta within as little as 1 year. Isotopic concentrations in sequentially extracted sediments containing weapons related contamination reveal that the majority of plutonium and neptunium (80 to 90 percent) behaves in a similar fashion regardless of the source and is removed by treating the sediments with citrate-dithionite. This indicates that plutonium and neptunium are not truly refractory and likely associate with redox sensitive sedimentary components. Isotopic ratios measured in extracted fractions suggest that only a minor fraction of contamination is associated with acid leachable or acid digestible sedimentary phases. / by Timothy Cope Kenna. / Ph.D.

The central nervous system (CNS) melanocortin signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism. However, the regulatory effects of CNS melanocortin signaling on hepatic lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease have not been well established. Although the activity of the CNS melanocortin system is regulated by metabolic signals, the mechanism for this regulation is not fully understood. Variants of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with obesity and FTO is expressed in the hypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Therefore, it is hypothesized that hypothalamic FTO plays a role in the regulation of metabolism by mediating the effect of metabolic signals on hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons, and that impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment with SHU9119, a melanocortin antagonist, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in lean mice. Conversely, i.c.v. treatment with MTII, a melanocortin agonist, reduced the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in association with reduction in body weight in ob/ob mice, a mouse model of fatty liver disease. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Fto is co-expressed in both POMC and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Fto mRNA and protein expression was reduced by fasting and increased by glucose treatment in nutritionally important hypothalamic nuclei. Fasting-induced reduction in hypothalamic Fto expression was observed in both lean wild-type and obese ob/ob mice, while the stimulatory effect of glucose on hypothalamic Fto expression was absent in ob/ob mice. These findings support the hypothesis that central melanocortin signaling regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in part by regulating de novo lipogenesis. Impairments in the central melanocortin signaling lead to the development of hepatic steatosis, while enhanced melanocortin signaling may be beneficial in reversing abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism in fatty liver disease (Poritsanos et al., 2008). These findings also support the hypothesis that Fto is expressed in the hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons and is regulated by metabolic signals involving changes in CNS glucose availability and/or glucose action. Impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease.

The central nervous system (CNS) melanocortin signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism. However, the regulatory effects of CNS melanocortin signaling on hepatic lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease have not been well established. Although the activity of the CNS melanocortin system is regulated by metabolic signals, the mechanism for this regulation is not fully understood. Variants of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with obesity and FTO is expressed in the hypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Therefore, it is hypothesized that hypothalamic FTO plays a role in the regulation of metabolism by mediating the effect of metabolic signals on hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons, and that impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment with SHU9119, a melanocortin antagonist, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in lean mice. Conversely, i.c.v. treatment with MTII, a melanocortin agonist, reduced the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in association with reduction in body weight in ob/ob mice, a mouse model of fatty liver disease. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Fto is co-expressed in both POMC and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Fto mRNA and protein expression was reduced by fasting and increased by glucose treatment in nutritionally important hypothalamic nuclei. Fasting-induced reduction in hypothalamic Fto expression was observed in both lean wild-type and obese ob/ob mice, while the stimulatory effect of glucose on hypothalamic Fto expression was absent in ob/ob mice. These findings support the hypothesis that central melanocortin signaling regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in part by regulating de novo lipogenesis. Impairments in the central melanocortin signaling lead to the development of hepatic steatosis, while enhanced melanocortin signaling may be beneficial in reversing abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism in fatty liver disease (Poritsanos et al., 2008). These findings also support the hypothesis that Fto is expressed in the hypothalamic melanocortinergic neurons and is regulated by metabolic signals involving changes in CNS glucose availability and/or glucose action. Impairments in this regulation may cause metabolic impairments including obesity and fatty liver disease.