- Blank Note This thesis deals with blank note (incomplete instrument) as a particular subset of promissory notes/bills of exchange. It is comprised of a brief introduction on history of securities followed by a summarization of development of prommisory note, including its legislative history in the Czech Republic. International conferences aiming to unify the subject matter are also considered. The main body of the text aims to define the incomplete instrument; the definitions itself subsequently subdivided to provide comprehensive description of form, minimal content of the instrument, demands placed on signature and on the intent of parties to create an inchoate note. A whole individual chapter investigates one of the crucial elements typical of incomplete instrument, which is authority to fill in empty spots as given by the signee to a holder. Thus, its goal is to illustrate its nature and the ways it can originate and terminate. It being the crucial issue of many litigations concerning a once incomplete promissory note, particular attention is given to termination of such authority while the largest part of this chapter looks at application of licence to fill in violation of the authority given. In this context, a brief description of possible penal repercussions follows. The thesis also...

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The law regarding the admissibility of unconstitutionally obtained evidence for impeaching the accused's testimony is still undeveloped. This work discusses three of the options available to South African courts and the difficulties inherent in each. The first is to follow the approach of the Supreme Court of the United States. The American approach regarding the exclusion of evidence from the case in chief is strict. Courts are not bestowed with a discretion to admit unconstitutionally obtained evidence: Unless one of the accepted exceptions exist, a court must exclude unconstitutionally obtained evidence in order to deter unconstitutional behaviour by the authorities. Deterrence of unconstitutional police behaviour is however no longer considered controlling when cross-examining the accused. Unconstitutionally obtained evidence - both real and testimonial communications - is therefore admissible for impeachment purposes despite being excluded from the case in chief. The rationale is to prevent the accused giving perjurious testimony in the face of the prosecution's inability to impeach the accused's veracity in the usual manner. The application of the American approach in South Africa has however already been rejected in S v Makhathini.1 The second possibility is for South African courts to follow the position of the Supreme Court of Canada in R v Calder.2 The admissibility of impeachment evidence in Canada - as with evidence in chief - is based on the effect of its admission of the repute of the administration of justice. However, evidence excluded from the case in chief will only in very rare circumstances be admitted in cross-examination of the accused. Finally, the option suggested by this thesis, is to continue the trend started by s 35(5) of the South African Constitution, which has already been applied with great success in cases where the admissibility of unconstitutionally obtained evidence in the case in chief is in issue. Section 35(5), like the Canadian s 24(2) it bears some resemblance to, gives courts a discretion to exclude unconstitutionally obtained evidence on the basis of unfairness to the accused or the effect admission will have on the administration of justice. It is submitted in this thesis that, because of the interlocutory nature of a ruling on admissibility, this approach adapts easily to the admission of limited purpose evidence such as impeachment evidence: If the admission of the unconstitutionally obtained evidence, regardless of whether it was previously excluded from the case in chief, renders the trial unfair or would otherwise be detrimental to the administration of justice it must be excluded. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die reg in verband met die toelaatbaarheid van ongrondwetlik verkree getuienis vir 'n geloofwaardigheidsaanval op die beskuldigde is nog in 'n vroee stadium van ontwikkeling. Hierdie tesis bespreek drie moontlikhede beskikbaar aan Suid-Afrikaanse howe en die probleme inherent aan elkeen. Die eerste is om die posisie van die Amerikaanse Hooggeregshof te volg. Die Amerikaanse posisie betreffende die toelaatbaarheid van getuienis tydens die staat se saak is streng. Howe het geen diskresie om ongrondwetlik verkree getuienis toe te laat nie: Behalwe in gevalle waar aanvaarde uitsonderings bestaan, moet 'n hof dus ongrondwetlik verkree getuienis uitsluit om ongrondwetlike optrede deur die owerhede te voorkom. Voorkoming van ongrondwetlike optrede aan die kant van die polisie is egter nie meer die beherende oorweging wanneer die beskuldigde in kruis-ondervraging geneem word nie. Ongrondwetlik verkree getuienins - beide reel en verklarend van aard - is gevolglik toelaatbaar vir doeleindes van 'n geloofwaardigheidsaanval, ten spyte daarvan dat dit moontlik ontoelaatbaar was tydens die staat se saak. Die rede is om te voorkom dat die beskuldigde meinedige getuienis lewer terwyl die staat verhoed word om the bekuldigde se geloofwaardigheid op die gewone manier te toets. Hierdie posisie is egter al verwerp in S v Makhathini. 3 Die tweede moontlikheid is om die posisie soos uitgele deur die Hooggeregshof van Kanada, in R v Calder 4 te volg. In Kanada word die toelaatbaarheid van getuienis rakende geloofwaardigheid - sowel as getuienis rakende skuld - bepaal deur die invloed wat die toelating daarvan op die reputasie van die regspleging het. Getuienis wat ontoelaatbaar is tydens die staat se saak sal egter slegs in baie beperkte omstandighed toegalaat word tydens kruisondervraging van die beskuldigde. Laastens, die opsie wat voorgestel word deur hierdie tesis, is om voort te gaan met die patroon wat ontwikkel is deur art. 35(5) van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika, wat alreeds met groot sukses toegepas is in sake waar die toelaatbaarheid van ongrondwetlik verkree getuienis in die staat se saak ter sprake was. Artikel 35(5), soos Kanada se art 24(2) waarmee dit tot 'n mate ooreenstem, gee howe 'n diskresie om ongrondwetlik verkree getuienis uit te sluit op grond van onregverdigheid teenoor die beskuldigde of indien die toelating daarvan 'n negatiewe invloed op die regspleging sal he. Omdat 'n beslissing oor die toelaatbaarheid van getuienis tussenstyds van aard is, pas dit goed aan by die verdere ondersoek na die toelaatbaarheid van getuienis wat slegs VIr 'n beperkte doel aangebied word: Indien die toelating van ongrondwetlik verkree getuienis, ongeag of dit voorheen uitgesluit was uit die staat se saak, die verhoor onregverdig maak of die regspleging negatiefbeinvloed, moet sulke getuienis uitgesluit word.

Protection of a supplier against conduct of the contracting agency in public tenders The aim of this thesis is to analyze the legal instruments by which suppliers can defend against unlawful practises of contracting entity. The reason of choosing this theme is my deep interest in this sphere. Ever year, more than eight thousand tenders are announced in the Czech Republic. There are more than fifteen thousand contracting authorities. The public sector expends more than 600 billion Czech crowns on public procurement every year. The acting of subjects involved in the procurement proces is often unlawful. It is therefore necessary to set the legal framework of competition for public contracts so that it will be ensured prevention the unlawful procedures of subjects affecting the procurement process and ensure the most efficient spending of public funds. This thesis consists of four chapters. The first concerns the most important principles associated with public procurement. There are also examples of practical reflection of these principles to various statutory provisions. The second chapter is devoted to the juridical institut of objections to acts of the contracting authorities. Chapter three is focused on the public procurement supervision held by the Office for the Protection of Competition. The...

In der Schweiz wird die Diskussion um eine Testosteron-Behandlung gerade beim älteren Mann sehr konservativ und mit vielen Vorbehalten geführt. In der schweizerischen Fachliteratur finden sich keine nationalen Guidelines zu diesem Thema. In Zeitungsartikeln in schweizerischen Fachzeitschriften wird die Testosteron-Behandlung befürwortet, aber mit vielen Einschränkungen und Vorbehalten versehen. Daraus lässt sich eine Gruppe von „offenen Fragen“ zusammenstellen, die in der Folge aufgrund der aktuellen internationalen Fachliteratur diskutiert werden. / The discussion about testosterone therapy is hold in Switzerland in a conservative way and with many objections. In the Swiss medical literature there are no national guidelines published about this object. In publications in Swiss medical papers the testosterone therapy is approved but with many restrictions and reservations. There are some "open questions" collected together and discussed comparing the actual international medical literature.

As principais objeções do Aenesidemus (1792) de Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761-1833) à filosofia kantiana segundo a Filosofia elementar de Reinhold sinalizam duas tendências. Por um lado, servindo-se de argumentos que recusam a proposição suprema proposta por K. L. Reinhold (1757-1823) apontam para o esgotamento de investigações relativas ao âmbito puramente teórico em filosofia, mais especificamente, o da busca por um primeiro princípio universal em filosofia. Por outro lado, dão ensejo à solução dialética no iminente idealismo alemão, através da leitura que J. G. Fichte (1762-1814) faz das objeções, partindo então para a construção da Doutrina da ciência. É com a dialética, elemento central neste novo período, que Fichte irá propor o que entende ser o primeiro princípio capaz de fundamentar a filosofia como saber do saber. Mais que uma proposição teórica, este princípio será o Eu absoluto. / In its main objections to the Kantian philosophy as presented by K. L. Reinhold\'s Elementary Philosophy, G. E. Schulze\'s (1761-1833) Aenesidemus (1792) brings two different tendencies to the fore. On the one hand, by relying on arguments which refuse the supreme proposition as proposed by Reinhold (1757-1823), they signal the exhaustion of investigations regarding the purely theoretical side of philosophy - more specifically the one concerning the search for a first universal principle. On the other hand, they prepare the context for the dialectic solution by rising German idealism, namely through J. G. Fichte\'s (1762-1814) reading of those objections as he moves on to the construction of his Doctrine of Science. It is with his dialectic, a key element of this new period, that Fichte will propose what he takes to be the first principle capable of grounding philosophy as the \"knowledge of knowledge\". More than a theoretical proposition, this principle will be the absolute I.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-10-13T14:50:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Welton Dias de Lima_.pdf: 1124831 bytes, checksum: 41ffb9304231eacf64174b11566c5ad8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-13T14:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Welton Dias de Lima_.pdf: 1124831 bytes, checksum: 41ffb9304231eacf64174b11566c5ad8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-12 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo teve o propósito de desenvolver uma revisão bibliográfica em um dos artigos mais importantes e polêmicos no campo da Ciência da Computação, “Computadores e Inteligência” (nome original: Computing Machinery and Intelligence). O texto foi escrito em 1950 por um dos maiores gênios da matemática, que mais tarde revolucionou o mundo, Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954). A partir de sua percepção crítica, esse excelente trabalho científico contribuiu significativamente para o desenvolvimento do computador digital e também deu início aos primeiros passos para os estudos sobre Inteligência Artificial. A pesquisa teve como objetivos investigar os motivos que levaram Turing a escrever o artigo, destacar as principais contribuições do artigo aos diversos campos do conhecimento, fazer um estudo pormenorizado sobre a pergunta áurea do artigo “Pode uma máquina pensar?” e compreender as principais objeções filosóficas a sua posição. Após análise, constata-se que o artigo escrito por Turing está em dividido em três partes: (i) o jogo da Imitação e o computador digital; (ii) objeções filosóficas à inteligência artificial e, por último, (iii) máquinas que aprendem. Destarte, justifica-se o desenvolvimento da pesquisa na sistematização e compreensão do tema escolhido a partir da Filosofia da Mente. A importância do tema se mostra no interesse significativo da área da filosofia pelos questionamentos realizados, oriundos da área da inteligência artificial. Essas indagações refletem os interesses antagônicos dos pesquisadores em IA. As respostas a essas questões dependem de como é definido "inteligência" ou "consciência" e exatamente que ‘máquinas’ estão sob discussão. Para melhor compreensão do assunto, serão analisados os argumentos de John Turing, John Searle, entre outros pensadores. / The present paper offers a bibliographic review of one of the most important and controversial articles in the field of Computer Science, "Computers and Intelligence" (original title: Computing Machinery and Intelligence). The text was written in 1950 by one of the greatest mathematical geniuses who later revolutionized the world, Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954). Turing’s excellent scientific work contributed significantly to the development of the digital computer and also gave rise to the first steps in the studies on Artificial Intelligence. The paper investigates the reasons that led Turing to write the article, highlights the main contributions of the article to various fields of knowledge, and provides a critical analysis of Turing’s answer to the question "Can a machine think?". My analysis reveals that Turing’s article can be divided into three parts: (i) the game of Imitation and the digital computer; (ii) philosophical objections and finally (iii) learning machines. Inquiries on these questions justified the development of the research in the uniformization and understanding of key issues in the Philosophy of the Mind. These inquiries reflect the opposing interests of AI researchers, as the answers to these questions depend on how "intelligence" or "consciousness" is defined and what exactly are the "machines" under discussion. For a better understanding of the subject, the arguments of Turing, John Searle, and other thinkers will be used.

As principais objeções do Aenesidemus (1792) de Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761-1833) à filosofia kantiana segundo a Filosofia elementar de Reinhold sinalizam duas tendências. Por um lado, servindo-se de argumentos que recusam a proposição suprema proposta por K. L. Reinhold (1757-1823) apontam para o esgotamento de investigações relativas ao âmbito puramente teórico em filosofia, mais especificamente, o da busca por um primeiro princípio universal em filosofia. Por outro lado, dão ensejo à solução dialética no iminente idealismo alemão, através da leitura que J. G. Fichte (1762-1814) faz das objeções, partindo então para a construção da Doutrina da ciência. É com a dialética, elemento central neste novo período, que Fichte irá propor o que entende ser o primeiro princípio capaz de fundamentar a filosofia como saber do saber. Mais que uma proposição teórica, este princípio será o Eu absoluto. / In its main objections to the Kantian philosophy as presented by K. L. Reinhold\'s Elementary Philosophy, G. E. Schulze\'s (1761-1833) Aenesidemus (1792) brings two different tendencies to the fore. On the one hand, by relying on arguments which refuse the supreme proposition as proposed by Reinhold (1757-1823), they signal the exhaustion of investigations regarding the purely theoretical side of philosophy - more specifically the one concerning the search for a first universal principle. On the other hand, they prepare the context for the dialectic solution by rising German idealism, namely through J. G. Fichte\'s (1762-1814) reading of those objections as he moves on to the construction of his Doctrine of Science. It is with his dialectic, a key element of this new period, that Fichte will propose what he takes to be the first principle capable of grounding philosophy as the \"knowledge of knowledge\". More than a theoretical proposition, this principle will be the absolute I.

This Master thesis is about the issue of execution of administrative decision, which are regulated in the Administrative Procedure Code. The thesis deals with the concept of Enforcement order and it defines the key points of enforcement order. This thesis seeks also to put this kind of enforcement in context with administrative proceeding and to describe every step before start of execution and also how to start process of execution. In chapter which contains process of execution itself, thesis examines procedural requirements of Execution's attachment, kinds of execution and order of steps done by an administrative authority. Thesis describes specific points of each kind of making an execution and it seeks to find characteristics of every kinds of administrative execution. Thesis seeks how to make execution without any violation of laws and maxims established by administrative law and without violation of laws and maxims from another branches of law too. Thesis is focused on executions on kind, which contains E.G. Eviction, removing of movable property (including rules about personal searching and flat's searching), enforcement fine etc. Executions in money are introduced only marginally in thesis and it describes issues in locations and competence of administrative authorities. Thesis contains...

Legal standing of neighbours in the procedures to grant planning permission The Diploma Thesis Zuzana Jílková Abstract The Diploma Thesis entitled "Legal standing of neighbours in the procedures to grant planning permission" presents an analysis of the concept of the "neighbour" in the individual procedures to grant a planning permission under the Building Act, namely the planning permission proceedings, the summary planning permission proceedings, the planning consent issuance, the conclusion of a public contract and the regulatory plan issuance. Procedural rights of the neighbour are analysed in detail. The neighbour, in its capacity as an interested person, may actively use these rights and thereby influence the course and outcome of the proceedings. The thesis focuses primarily on the planning permission proceedings and objections which neighbours may raise against the construction project under the conditions set out in the Building Act. The aim of the thesis is to create an image of the neighbour by means of an analysis of the various procedures and to outline the problematic aspects of the current legislation regarding in particular the defence before the administrative courts in the simplified procedures. The utilized sources were legislation, literature, case law and official opinions of the...