The purpose of our study is to examine whether social welfare secretaries experience obstacles in work to do their tasks in a way that they, from their own values, thinks is right. And if so, what are the reactions and what strategies do they use to manage this. The study is based on a qualitative method. The data consist of interviews, with five social welfare secretaries, which all work in southern Sweden. The social welfare secretaries both work at a children- and youth department and at a social allowance department. The interview guide was constructed in relation to the essays main purpose, which consists of three main themes (obstacles, reactions and strategies). Previous researches that are made are based on nurses and their employment that often focusing on ethical decisions that results in moral stress. We have found one study that is focused on moral stress among social welfare secretaries. The result of our study showed that the social welfare secretaries we interviewed experienced obstacles in work to do their tasks in a way that they, from their own values, thought were right. The obstacles that the social worker secretaries experienced were the Law, the lack of time and the economy. The result of our study also showed that the social welfare secretaries reacted in different ways when they experienced the obstacles. The social worker secretaries in our study reacted with anxiety, negative stress- symptom and anger/frustration. The social welfare secretaries in the study also told us about what strategies they used to handle situations when they experienced obstacles in work to do their tasks in a way that they, from their own values thought were right. Some of these strategies the social welfare secretaries used were communication, displacement to the Law, loyalty and experience (which we construed as a strategy in a longer time of view).

<p>The aim of this thesis is to identify some of the obstacles to trade, that occurs on the common market, and to analyse the errors that still occurs in the national authorities application of the principle of mutual recognition. Is the principle of mutual recognition sufficient for the creation of a common market, or is there a need for additional measures to cope with the obstacles to trade that still exists on the common market? The problems related to the incorrect procedures of the national authorities and the fact that undertakings prefer to bring their products in to line with the rules of every single member state must be solved, if the principle of mutual recognition is to become trustworthy. On some areas, harmonisation ought to be chosen above the principle of mutual recognition, but in other cases an increased administrative collaboration, mandatory training for the national authorities or information campaigns intended mainly for undertakings could be the answer. The possibility to help undertakings to sue member states for damages should also be investigated. If these problems are solved, the principle of mutual recognition, in addition to harmonisation, could become an excellent tool for the upholding of the free movement of goods in the common market.</p>

No description available.

This study is about parents with young children and how parenthood affects their personal physical exercise habits and what would be done to facilitate those habits. Research has shown that a large part of the Swedish adult population do not exercise enough. Besides it has been shown that parents exercise less than adults without children. According to research, parenthood changes the life situation and with this occurs factors that complicates the possibilty to exercise regularly. The aim of this study was therefore to analyse parents’ view of and approach to their own exercise. This with the expectations to create knowledge that could be useful for local sports clubs about how they can operate to attract more parents to exercise in their organisations. Questions about how exercise habits changes when becoming a parent, what obstacles that can emerge and what is requested from the parents to be able to exercise were examined. The data was collected through means of qualitative interviews of parents. The results showed that parenthood involves a change of the life situation and with it many obstacles occurs such as changed prioritys, childcare and lack of time. Additionally to this parents feel neglected as a group and requests solutions of their obstacles. Therefore, the sportsclubs’ need to adapt so they can provide parents with their requests.

The scarcity of female leaders rise curiosity to explore the reasons of the phenomenon. Many attempts have been done to explain the scarcity but somehow it seems that investigations explore the same factors and not what has been seen as a taboo; women’s feelings and thoughts towards each other as obstacles in making careers. Therefore is the aim of this study: to gain knowledge about women’s feelings and thoughts about other women in a corporate environment to be able to draw conclusions whether this matter can be a contribution to the debate concerning obstacles for women to climb in their career. This research is conducted through an inductive approach with eight qualitative interviews choosing both women leaders and non-leaders. Jealousy and envy between women were discovered, which do not seem to restrain or create obstacles for other women but only or mostly, to women having these feelings and thoughts. Jealousy and envy are just a symptom of the real problem which is poor selfconfidence in the corporate environment. We discovered a vicious circle which shows us the connection between jealousy, self-confidence, competition and success. The vicious circle could be an input to the debate to explain obstacles that women could meet in their path to leading positions. Women have to start believing in themselves with help of society where she is not directly or indirectly restrained for the fact of being a woman.

We found very few authors analyzing the topic of socialization and participation in sports activities of wheelchair basketball-players. Research has been performed about quantitive and qualitative data of wheelchair basketball-players, the specifications of the game, players’ possibilities of improving the skills of movement and the game itself depending on the degree of disability. The activity of wheelchair basketball has been investigated, which shows the possibilities of players and the whole team to aim for the better results, to improve the overall qualification of all players and the chances for socialization participating in wheelchair basketball activities. But the research on the disabled with lower and higher level of disability, the features of their socialization and participation in wheelchair basketball activities are not abundant. Socialization peculiarities are the possibilities to socialize according to certain life aspects: life in a family, employment, movement, physical ability and activeness. Majority of authors investigate the problems of wheelchair basketball though actual peculiarities of lower and higher level of disability of wheelchair basketball-players who have socialized in their environment are not evidently described. The aim of the paper is to determine and evaluate the singularities of socialization and participation in sports activities of wheelchair basketball-players. The following tasks are solved while attaining and implementing the aim... [to full text]

Šeštokaitė D. Suaugusiųjų ir profesinio mokymosi motyvai ir motyvacijos barjerai / SKI socialinės pedagogikos katedros magistro baigiamasis darbas.- Vilnius VPU, SKI, 2011. - 54 p. SKI Socialinės pedagogikos katedros magistro baigiamajame darbe aptariami suaugusiųjų ir profesinių rengimo centrų mokymosi motyvai ir motyvacijos barjerai. Darbe iškelta problema, kodėl mokinių mokymosi motyvacija įgyti profesiją lyginant su aukštojo mokslo lygmeniu yra žema. Mokymosi motyvai ir motyvacijos barjerai yra reikšminga problema mokymosi procesui, nes mokiniams atsiranda įvairios priežastys, kurios nulemia motyvacijos stoką mokymosi procesui. Sprendimų paieška gali padėti profesinį rengimą padaryti labiau patraukliu ir pašalinti motyvaciją slopinančius veiksnius. Anketinės apklausos rezultatų analizė atskleidžia, kokie motyvai skatina juos mokytis šiuose centruose. Tyrinėti ir palyginti motyvai, barjerai įvairaus amžiaus grupėse. Iškeltas tyrimo tikslas: ištirti suaugusiųjų ir profesinio mokymosi motyvus ir motyvacijos barjerus. Tyrime panaudoti matematiniai statistikos metodai: SPSS programa. Šiame darbe panaudoti metodai: lyginamasis ir aprašomasis, kokybinis - empirinis tyrimas interviu, anketinė apklausa. Apklausoje, atliktoje 2011 metų sausio mėnesį, dalyvavo suaugusiųjų ir profesinio rengimo centrų mokiniai. Į anketos klausimus atsakė 122 vyrai ir 78 moterys, taigi tyrime buvo operuojama šių anketų duomenimis. Atlikome kokybinį - empirinį tyrimą interviu, jo tikslas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Šeštokaitė D. The reasons of adult and vocational education and motivational barriers / Social Communication Institute, the Department of Social Education, Master’s degree final thesis. – Vilnius VPU, Social Communication Institute, 2011. – 54 pg. This final thesis covers the reasons of education in adult and vocational centres and motivational barriers. The main issue of the thesis is the reasons why the motivation of students acquiring vocation in comparison with the level of higher education is low. The reasons of education as well as motivational barriers are very significant issues for the process of learning as students find various reasons affecting the lack of motivation while learning. Searching for possible solutions may help to make vocational education more attractive and to eliminate the factors restraining the motivation. The results of the questionnaire reveal what causes students to learn in these centres. The causes as well as the barriers in different age groups were analysed and compared. The main purpose of the analysis was to study the reasons of adult and vocational education and the motivational barriers. The study involved mathematical statistic methods: SPSS program. The methods used in this thesis are the following: comparative, descriptive and qualitative – the empirical interviewing survey and a questionnaire. The survey was done in January 2011 and the students of adult and vocational education centres participated in it. 122 men and 78 women... [to full text]

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Bakgrund: Mångkulturella samhällen blir alltmer vanliga i och med den ökande invandringen.De olika kulturerna medför andra värderingar, seder och levnadssätt än de som är vanliga hos majoritetsbefolkningen. Invandringen skapar även ett nytt sjukdomspanorama med krav på sjukvården som inte funnits tidigare. Enligt den svenska hälso- och sjukvårdslagen skall all vård ges på lika villkor för alla individer. Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori går ut på att en professionell, kulturellt anpassad omvårdnad kan garanteras om den genomsyras av ett individcentrerat förhållningssätt och med kulturell medvetenhet hos sjukvårdspersonal. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva kulturell medvetenhet hos vårdpersonal och hur detta påverkar vården. Metod: Studien gjordes som en litteratursammanställning av tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet kunde delas in i två teman med tre respektive två tillhörande kategorier. Det första temat; Den kulturellt särskilde patienten förde med sig kategorierna; Kulturellt specifika beteenden, anhörigas medverkan och kommunikation. Det andra temat; Kulturspecifikt bemötande i vården skildrades genom kategorierna; Kulturell medvetenhet och hantering av kulturella möten. Slutsats: De hinder och komplikationer som präglade den transkulturella vården var ofta kopplade till vårdpersonalens upplevda okunskap. De uttryckte ett stort behov av riktlinjer, stöd från arbetsledare och framför allt kunskap inom området. Detta skulle även göra det möjligt att bedriva en god transkulturell omvårdnad i linje med Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori. / Background: Multicultural communities have become more common because of the increasing immigration. The diverse cultures bring different values, cultural practices and ways of living than the ones that are common for the majority population. The immigration also leads to a new disease panorama with demands on health care that have not before existed. According to the Swedish Health care law, all care shall be given on the same conditions for all individuals. Leininger´s cultural care theory claims that a professional, culturally appropriate care can be guaranteed if it is based on an individual centered approach and given with a cultural knowledge. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the cultural knowledge with healthcare staff and how it influences the health care. Method: The study was made as a literature review of ten scientific articles with a qualitative approach. Result: The result was divided in two themes with three respectively two belonging categories. The first theme; The culturally particular patient, was divided in the categories; Culturally specific behaviors, the presence of relatives and communication. The second theme; Culturally specific treatment in health care was divided in the categories; Cultural knowledge and management of cultural meetings. Conclusion: The obstacles and complications that occurred in the transcultural health care wereoften related to the lack of knowledge that the health care staff experienced. They agreed that aneed for guidelines, support from supervisors and particularly knowledge within the areaexisted. This would also make it possible to accomplish a good transcultural care in the spirit ofLeininger´s care theory.

Worldwide, entrepreneurship is seen as one of the most important solutions to unemployment, poverty and low economic growth. The creation of new ventures and the growth of existing businesses are vital contributing factors to any economy. Women outnumber male entrepreneurs, which have led to a renewed focus on gender entrepreneurship and the development of appropriate interventions for gender–specific groups across the globe. In South Africa, women make up just less than 50% of the entrepreneurial population. There is therefore, considerable scope to improve the number of women entrepreneurs in the economy and the level at which they operate. Literature review in this study highlighted that female business ownership is concentrated primarily in the service industries where businesses are relatively smaller in terms of employment and revenue, as opposed to the technology, construction and manufacturing sectors. Women entrepreneurs want to expand their businesses as much as male entrepreneurs but women have a hard time in obtaining external financing and credibility as business owners. The objective of the study was to explore white and black women entrepreneurs in the Carletonville and Soweto areas and to provide practical recommendations to ensure successful women entrepreneurship in the country. This study had a total of 58 black and white women entrepreneurs that were motivated by factors like the need for independence, confidence in the product/service offered, self– fulfillment and the need for a challenge into owning a business. A typical woman entrepreneur in this study is between the ages 40 to 59 years, is married with an average of one to two children. The woman entrepreneur is fairly educated with an education level of matric and a diploma. But her business is micro or very small with an annual turnover of R50 000 to R500 000. Participating women entrepreneurs are faced with obstacles such as inequality of access to credit, awareness and access to business support, risk averse, lack of focused women entrepreneurship policies from regional municipalities and government, lack of education and training in their business start–up phase. They are faced with obstacles such as awareness / access to business support, gaining acceptance and respect of people, liquidity and other financial problems and lack of timely business information in running their businesses. Women entrepreneurs in this study declared that they need support on factors such as business advice, information, counselling, mentoring, marketing support and women entrepreneurship specific based policies to enhance women entrepreneurship in the areas of Soweto and Carletonville. The study also conducted t–tests to compare white and black women entrepreneurs in the Carletonville and Soweto areas. The t–tests focused on motivational factors to self– employment, obstacles to business start–up and obstacles faced in current business operations. The t–test in this study revealed that black women entrepreneurs rated the following motivating factors: desire to wealth, the need for independence, need for flexible work schedule, need for a challenge, self–fulfillment, to develop my hobby, insufficient family income and ensure high job security more positively than the white women entrepreneurs. In addition, the t–tests also revealed that black women entrepreneurs are affected more than the white entrepreneurs by fear of failure and their perceived inequality of access to credit in their business start–up. Furthermore, black women entrepreneurs, in running their businesses are severely affected by family pressures in relation to gender roles and a lack of awareness of or access to business support more than the white women entrepreneurs. This study offered recommendations such as exposing women in entrepreneurship at a tender age, increasing access to finance and the establishment and enhancement of women entrepreneurs’ organisations like SAWEN, BWASA, and SAWIMA amongst others. The women entrepreneurs’ organisations should embark on campaigns and intensify their marketing strategies amongst others. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.