Este estudo objetiva o desenvolvimento de instrumentos de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) destinados a alunos com deficiência física, auditiva e visual. Tem-se como meta a elaboração de referencial teórico e prático para futuros trabalhos relacionados a APO em escolas que considerem a inclusão da opinião dos alunos com deficiência e visa à melhoria qualitativa das condições de uso e o consequente favorecimento da inclusão dos mesmos. A avaliação da acessibilidade, conforto ambiental, segurança patrimonial e contra incêndios, dentre outras formas de avaliação, em ambientes escolares, tem adotado, no meio acadêmico, a APO como uma das metodologias. A APO consiste na aplicação de um conjunto de métodos e técnicas no ambiente construído e nos seus usuários e objetiva aferir o desempenho físico e a satisfação dos usuários em relação ao ambiente (ORNSTEIN; BRUNA; ROMÉRO, 1995). Alinhados com os objetivos do grupo de pesquisa Qualidade e Desempenho no Ambiente Construído, da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAUUSP), se apresentam os resultados da elaboração e da aplicação dos instrumentos de coleta de dados: entrevista lúdica e questionário, adaptados aos alunos de pré-escola com deficiência física, auditiva e visual utilizando como base os resultados dos instrumentos aplicados na direção e nos docentes (entrevistas), bem como na observação dos alunos em três escolas especiais3 localizadas na cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em duas etapas, nos períodos entre agosto e dezembro de 2009 (pré-teste) e de 2010 (validação). A primeira etapa da pesquisa de campo teve como meta a verificação prática da metodologia proposta, incluindo a receptividade e a participação dos alunos envolvidos e a prospecção de erros visando à melhoria dos instrumentos para a nova aplicação realizada em 2010, que teve como meta a validação dos mesmos, bem como a comprovação das premissas levantadas. Adotou-se como estratégia de pesquisa o estudo de casos múltiplos incorporados (YIN, 2005), que se baseia em várias fontes de evidências e beneficia-se do desenvolvimento prévio de proposições teóricas para conduzir a coleta e a análise de dados, sendo que cada escola é o objeto de um estudo de caso individual. Este trabalho apresenta caráter qualitativo e multidisciplinar e fundamenta-se nos pressupostos teóricos da arquitetura e da APO, da educação; da pedagogia; da medicina; da sociologia e da psicologia ambiental, dentre outras áreas. Constatou-se que as limitações decorrentes de cada deficiência determinam as especificidades na adaptação e no processo de aplicação dos instrumentos para coleta de dados visando à medição da satisfação destes usuários em relação ao ambiente da pré-escola. 3 A escola especial ou escola de educação especial oferece atendimento especializado, separado da rede regular de ensino, somente para os alunos com deficiência, sempre que, em função das condições específicas dos alunos, não for possível a sua integração nas classes comuns de ensino regular. Cada escola especial é especializada em uma deficiência específica e a sua associação com outras deficiências, limitações, condições ou disfunções. 4 O termo usual é pessoa com deficiência. Os termos constantes nas palavras-chave foram extraídos do Vocabulário Controlado do Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBI (UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO, 2006). / This study aims at developing Post-Occupational Evaluation tools (POE) for students with physical, hearing, and visual disabilities. The objective consists of elaborating theoretical and practical references for future studies related to POE in schools that consider the opinion of students with disabilities and aim at qualitative conditions of use and inclusion. POE has been adopted as a method to assess accessibility, environmental comfort, asset security and fire safety, among other types of evaluation, in school environments. POE consists of applying a range of methods and techniques in the built environment in order to assess the users\" satisfaction in relation to it (ORNSTEIN; BRUNA; ROMÉRO; 1995). The results of data designing and application are aligned with the aims of the Quality and Performance in the Built Environment research group, of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAUUSP): playful interview and questionnaire adapted to pre-school children with physical, hearing and visual disabilities based on results of tools applied in the head and teachers (interviews) as well as on the observation of students in three special schools5 located in the city of São Paulo. The field research was conducted in two phases: between August and December of 2009 (pre-testing) and of 2010 (validation). The first phase of the field research focused on the practical evaluation of the chosen method, including reception and participation of students involved and prediction of mistakes to improve tools for the new application, which occurred in 2010, in order to validate them, as well as to confirm the stated premises. The study of multiple incorporated cases has been adopted (YIN, 2005), which is based on various sources of evidence and benefits from previous development of theoretical propositions to perform data collection and analysis, being each school the object of an individual case study. This research presents qualitative and multidisciplinary approach and is based on theoretical presuppositions of architecture and POE; education; pedagogy; medicine; sociology and environmental psychology, among other areas. It has been observed that the limitations associated to each disability determine specificities in the adaptation and application of data collection instruments to assess the satisfaction of subjects in relation to pre-school environment. 5 A special school or a school for special education offers specialized education outside the regular school system, exclusively for disabled students who, due to their specific needs, cannot be integrated in regular classes. Each special school is skilled in one type of disability and its association with other deficiencies, limitations, conditions, or disorders. 6 The usual term is person with disability. The words chosen as keywords are based on the Controlled Vocabulary of the Integrated System of Libraries - SIBI (UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO, 2006)

Aquesta tesi està inspirada en els agents naturals per tal de planificar de manera dinàmica la navegació d'un robot diferencial de dues rodes. Les dades dels sistemes de percepció són integrades dins una graella d'ocupació de l'entorn local del robot. La planificació de les trajectòries es fa considerant la configuració desitjada del robot, així com els vértexs més significatius dels obstacles més propers. En el seguiment de les trajectòries s'utilitzen tècniques locals de control predictiu basades en el model, amb horitzons de predicció inferiors a un segon. La metodologia emprada és validada mitjançant nombrosos experiments. / In this thesis are used natural agents for dinamic navigation of a differential driven wheeled mobile robot. The perception data are integrated on a local occupancy grid framework where planar floor model is assumed. The path-planning is done by considering the local desired configuration, as well as the meaningful local obstacle vertexes. The trajectory-tracking is implemented by using LMPC (local model predictive control) techniques, with prediction horizons of less than one second. Many experiments are tested in order to report the validity of the prosed methodology.

The owned spectrum allocation policy, in use since the early days of modern radio communications, has been proven to effectively control interference among radio communication systems. However, the overwhelming proliferation of new operators, innovative services and wireless technologies during the last years has resulted, under this static regulatory regime, in the depletion of spectrum bands with commercially attractive radio propagation characteristics. An important number of spectrum measurements, however, have shown that spectrum is mostly underutilized, thus indicating that the virtual spectrum scarcity problem actually results from static and inflexible spectrum management policies rather than the physical scarcity of radio resources. This situation has motivated the emergence of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) methods based on the Cognitive Radio (CR) paradigm, which has gained popularity as a promising solution to conciliate the existing conflicts between spectrum demand growth and spectrum underutilization. The basic underlying idea of DSA/CR is to allow unlicensed (secondary) users to access in an opportunistic and non-interfering manner some licensed bands temporarily unoccupied by the licensed (primary) users. Due to the opportunistic nature of this principle, the behavior and performance of a DSA/CR network depends on the spectrum occupancy patterns of the primary system. A realistic and accurate modeling of such patterns becomes therefore essential and extremely useful in the domain of DSA/CR research. The potential applicability of spectrum usage models ranges from analytical studies to the design and dimensioning of secondary networks as well as the development of innovative simulation tools and more efficient DSA/CR techniques. Spectrum occupancy modeling in the context of DSA/CR constitutes a rather unexplored research area. This dissertation addresses the problem of modeling spectrum usage in the context of DSA/CR by contributing a comprehensive and holistic set of realistic models capable to accurately capture and reproduce the statistical properties of spectrum usage in real radio communication systems in the time, frequency and space dimensions. The first part of this dissertation addresses the development of a unified methodological framework for spectrum measurements in the context of DSA/CR and presents the results of an extensive spectrum measurement campaign performed over a wide variety of locations and scenarios in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain, to identify potential bands of interest for future DSA/CR deployments. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study of these characteristics performed under the scope of the Spanish spectrum regulation and one of the earliest studies in Europe. The second part deals with various specific aspects related to the processing of measurements to extract spectrum occupancy patterns, which is largely similar to the problem of spectrum sensing in DSA/CR. The performance of energy detection, the most widely employed spectrum sensing technique in DSA/CR, is first assessed empirically. The outcome of this study motivates the development of a more accurate theoretical-empirical performance model as well as an improved energy detection scheme capable to outperform the conventional method while preserving a similar level of complexity, computational cost and application. The findings of these studies are finally applied in the third part of the dissertation to the development of innovative spectrum usage models for the time (in discrete- and continuous-time versions), frequency and space domains. The proposed models can been combined and integrated into a unified modeling approach where the time, frequency and space dimensions of spectrum usage can simultaneously be reproduced, thus providing a complete and holistic characterization of spectrum usage in real systems for the analysis, design and simulation of the future DSA/CR networks.

Healing and clinical work requires a complex choreography of architectural acoustic design in healthcare settings. In most healthcare settings, medical staff members conduct vital tasks that may have life-and-death implications. Patients visit the hospitals to heal. Their expectations include fast recovery, restful sleep, and privacy (i.e., speech privacy). However, sound environment qualities of the care settings often fall far from supporting the mission of hospitals. There is strong and growing evidence showing that effective soundscapes in healthcare settings potentially impact errors, healing and stress for patients, families and staff but it is still not clear what measures of the sound environment best predict key healthcare outcomes and what design strategies best impact those measures. By using a multi-method approach (i.e., objective and subjective noise level measurements, in-situ impulse response measurements, heuristic design analysis, theoretical studies, acoustic simulations and statistical analysis), this study aims to develop evidence based design strategies by statistically defining the relationships between three types of variables: (1) architectural floor-plate design metrics, (2) acoustic metrics, and (3) occupant response. The research is conducted in three phases. The first phase of the study compared the objective and subjective qualities of the hospital sound environments with different architectural designs, assessed the effectiveness of a newer acoustic metrics in capturing caregiver perceptions, and evaluated the impact of particular noise sources on caregiver outcomes. The second phase of the study tested the validity of an acoustic simulation tool in estimating the acoustic qualities of the healthcare soundscapes. The third phase of the study systematically explored the relationship between floor-plate design and acoustics of complex inter-connected nursing unit corridors. Even though the relationship between design and acoustics of proportional spaces (a.k.a. rooms with more traditional dimensions) has been well documented, the number of studies linking design and acoustics of complex non-proportional spaces such as inter-connected corridors still remains limited. The findings of the first phase show that critical care sound environments with different designs can vary drastically and impact caregivers` perceived wellbeing and task performance (e.g., patient auditory monitoring). Despite their extensive use, traditional noise metrics sometimes may not be effective in capturing unique characteristics of healthcare sound environments. This study validated the effectiveness of a new more detailed noise metric, "occurrence rate", in capturing the differences between acoustic characteristics of healthcare sound environments. Moreover, particular noise sources such as impulsive noises are likely to dominate the ICU sound environments and interfere with perceived caregiver health and performance. The findings of the second phase suggest the potential effectiveness of acoustic simulation tools (with hybrid prediction programs) in estimating the acoustic qualities of complex inter-connected hospital corridors. The findings of the third phase suggest the potential significant impact of design features of particular hallways (e.g., number of turns, corridor length, and number of branches) and overall floor-shape characteristics of inter-connected corridors (i.e., relative grid distance, and visual fragmentation) on reverberation time. Overall, in the units with shorter, more compact, fragmented corridors with multiple number of branching hallways, reverberation times are likely to be less. Moreover receivers located at the corridors with less number of turns from the sound source also potentially experience lower reverberation times. According to previous research, the human auditory system`s ability to monitor auditory cues is likely to be higher in the less reverberant sound environments.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

This project attempts to break down categorization and systems of thought based on opposing qualities. Instead, disparate elements are considered to work together to increase their individual properties by creating a new property - a condition comprised of the individual elments yet also surpassing them. The word "hybrid" is appropriated to describe the nature of this investigation - the renovation of a turn-of-the-century warehouse building into a multi-use building. The project attempts to describe how a building that contains a range of disparate programmatic elements can go beyond each element's exclusivity to produce a condition in which the resultant is greater than the sum of the individual parts. The project looks at breaking down specific delimitors of adjacent programmatic elements and promotes cross-fertilization between them with the intended result of blurring the seams that separate one from the other. The intent is to investigate, through a series of minimal moves dictated by the conditions of the site and program, whether a condition of richer and more varied experience can be achieved and, as a result, provide a start for defining a condition of architectural hybridity. Due to the size of the building that is investigated, this project focuses on two areas of the building, the insertion of a courtyard and the insertion of a fissure, or crack. The point of these investigations is to provide a tactical solution for the specificities of this particular site while at the same time implying a larger, global strategy that not only infers the remainder of this building but includes similar building types in other locations.

No description available.

學校是實施教育最重要的場所與環境，學校建築佔用最大宗的教育經費與投資，故實施學校建築用後評估，至為重要。 本研究的目的包含：探討桃園縣立光明國民中學的現況；探究學校建築興建完成後的滿意程度；研析學校建築新建完成後的教學效用性；探討學校建築新建完成後，學校建築使用的情形；最後提出用後評估的建議，以作為日後改進之參考依據。 本研究使用的研究方法包括文件分析、調查及觀察等三種方法。以文件分析明暸光明國中學校建築之現況。觀察校內的相關設施，問卷調查學生999人，教職員142人，以描述統計及推論性統計：Pearson相關、獨立樣本t考驗（t test）、單因子變異數分析（oneway ANOVA）及重複量數等方法，比較學生在不同性別、年級及樓層間對學校建築滿意度、對學校建築的教學效用性及對學校建築的使用率差異；比較教職員在不同性別、職務、年齡、年資及任教科目間對學校建築滿意度、對學校建築的教學效用性及對學校建築的使用率的差異。 所得研究結論如下：師生的滿意度為中高程度，學生最滿意的是運動場及庭園，教職員最滿意的是附屬設施。師生認為教學效用性達中高效用，學生認為校舍最具效用性，教職員認為附屬設施最具效用性。師生的使用率為較少使用，學生在運動場及庭園的使用率較高，教職員在附屬設施的使用率最高。不同年級、樓層的學生和不同職務、年齡的教職員，在滿意度和效用性有顯著差異，比較特別的是使用率上，男學生高於女學生。師生使用後的優點為校舍整體色彩典雅、明亮寬敞及學校各項設施完善，建議附屬設施要定期維護及學生使用的空間不足。 本研究依據研究結論，提出建議如下：滿意度高、效用性好及經常使用的設施要加強管理與維護，增進設施使用的品質。增加彈性課程電腦的上課節數或一般教室放置電腦設備。定期檢修電視機及線路，維持無聲廣播系統的正常運作。藉由課程發展委員會，結合綠活圖利用生態池研發一套校本課程。透過師生共同參與重新思考專科教室的位置。利用各種不同的活動提升戶外炊事場及視聽教室的使用率。合作社可放置在光明樓的地下室，空間大且位置適宜，動線又可規劃成一進一出。設置一個女生籃球優先使用架。以及對後續研究的建議。 / School is most Important place where education taking performance. School buildings take most of the education budget and investment. Therefore , the Post-occupancy Evaluation of school building is important The main purpose of this study is to explore the status which including user satisfactory 、the improvement of teaching and the space usage condition after school building of Guang Ming Junior high school in Taoyuan County was complete. The goal is to propose suggestions for the future use and improvement. This research is conducted through document analysis, student questionnaire and campus observation. We realize the status of Guang Ming Junior high school by document analysis、structure observation and questionnaires to 999 students and 142 teachers and staff. The data is analyzed by Pearson correlation、t-test、One-way ANOVA and One-way ANOVA of repeated measures to explore the facts about user satisfaction、the improvement of teaching and the space usage condition within students in different gender、grade and in using of different level of the building. We have also explore the facts about user satisfaction、the improvement of teaching and the space usage condition within teachers and staff in different gender、position、age、seniority and teaching different subjects. Generalized conclusions：the satisfaction of students ,teachers and staff shows medium-high degree. the students feel satisfied with sports ground and the yard most! Teachers and staff feel satisfied with auxiliary facility most. Teachers and students show medium-high degree of teaching improvements. Students think that classrooms are the most useful structure. Teachers and staff think that auxiliary facility are the most useful structure. Teachers and students show low level of using rate on the structures of school building. Among these structures that students using the most are sports ground and yard, but the structure that teachers and staff using the most is auxiliary facility. Students in different building level and grade and teachers and staff that is in different position and age show significant difference from user satisfaction and utility. In using rate, male students are higher than female students. Most of the students and teachers think the excellences of their school building are elegance, brightness, and the complete of every kind of structure. We strongly advice the auxiliary facility need to be repaired in time and to prevent the shortage of using space. Ultimately, this research, based on the findings and conclusions of the study, proposes following suggestions： 1.School should enhance the management and maintenance of certain facilities that are used often within highly satisfaction of using experience and highly utility. 2.Increase the computer class or set up computer equipments in general classroom. 3.The maintenance of computer and line should be done in time to maintain the silent broadcasting system act smoothly. 4.Developing a school based curriculum by combining the green map and ecological pond. 5.Rethinking the position of specialized classrooms by teachers and students. 6.Increasing the using rate of outdoors kitchen work fields and Audio-Visual classroom by any different kind of activities. 7.The Collaborative Convenient Store can be set up at the basement of GUANG MING building, it got plenty of space and suitable for designing of efficient route as one way in and one way out. 8.Set up a basketball court that the female students are the primary user.

Hensikt: Hensikten med studien var å undersøke om enerom reduserer forekomsten av Clostridium difficile hos innlagte pasienter i sykehus. Metode: En deskriptiv epidemiologisk undersøkelse som benyttes for å kartlegge insidensen av C.difficile infeksjon hos innlagte pasienter på fire norske sykehus i perioden 2001-2010 knyttet til antall enerom. Det ble i tillegg gjennomført en retrospektiv undersøkelse der vi så på risikoen for C. difficile infeksjon i en avdeling før flytting i gammelt sykehus med få enerom, til nytt sykehus med bare enerom for nesten alle pasienter. Resultat: I denne studien fant vi ingen sammenheng mellom insidens av C. difficile og økt tilgang på enerom. Det var stor forskjell i insidens av C. difficile mellom fire store norske sykehus. Det ser ut til at risikoen for C. difficile infeksjon var høyere i gammelt sykehusbygg enn nytt sykehus i en avdeling med en høy forekomst av C. difficile infeksjon, men dette var ikke statistisk signifikant. Denne undersøkelsen kan ikke vise lavere risiko for C. difficile infeksjon for pasienter som ligger på enerom. Konklusjon: Andel enerom har økt ved flere sykehus i løpet av studieperioden, men denne studien har ikke klart å vise om enerom har en smitteforebyggende effekt i sykehus ved C. difficile infeksjon. Enerom kan sannsynlig tilrettelegge for bedre smitteforbyggende atferd hos helsepersonell. Det må til flere forebyggende tiltak, som blant annet enerom, for å forbygge spredning av C. difficile infeksjon. / Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether single-occupancy rooms reduce the incidence of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) among hospitalized patients. Methods: The study used a descriptive epidemiologic approach to investigate the incidence of C. difficile infection in patients in four hospitals during 2001–2010, in relation to the number of single rooms. In addition, we conducted a retrospective study to investigate the risk for C. difficile infection in a hospital ward, in relation to the transfer of a hospital department from old hospital premises that contained only a few single rooms to a new hospital building containing single-occupancy rooms for almost all patients. Results: This study determined no correlation between the incidence of C. difficile infection and increased access to single-occupancy rooms. However, the incidence of C. difficile infection was considerably different in the four hospitals. The old hospital buildings showed higher but insignificant risk of C. difficile infection compared to the new hospital building. We were unable to demonstrate a lower risk of C. difficile infection among patients in single-occupancy rooms. Conclusions: Although the proportion of single-occupancy rooms increased in several of the hospitals during the study period, we were unable to show that the single-occupancy rooms prevent C. difficile infection in hospitalized patients. Single-occupancy rooms likely facilitate improved infection prevention behaviours in health professionals. Preventing the spread of C. difficile infection requires a collection of several preventive measures, including single-occupancy rooms. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-21-8</p>