The Tour De France (TDF) is the third largest sporting event in the world and the biggest cycling race in terms of popularity and prestige. The event generates global media exposure and attracts millions of short- and long-term visitors each year, thus, TDF is extremely appealing for communities in search of profits. Using Linear Directional Mean (LDM) and semi-structured interviews (community and organization sides), this paper analyzes how TDF has spatially evolved through time by comparing the 2021 racetrack to other time intervals. Additionally, reasons of the potential shift in terms of spatial distribution are investigated considering current issues due to the COVID-19 pandemic that has severely affected the tourism sector and therefore, the benefits that communities were expecting to perceive by hosting TDF. Findings showed that the 2021 route deviated from previous editions time of the TDF history including 10 new stage cities that never hosted the event before. The respondent from the organization indicated the pandemic only indirectly affected the TDF route and that the location of the Grand Départ as well as the main internal constraints imposed to the organizers are key elements in the spatial distribution of the event. Interviewed communities acknowledged that there was risk while hosting TDF this year due to potential restrictive measures. However, they recognized that benefits brought by the race largely overweight potential negative impacts from the epidemic. Indeed, TDF remains a way to bring economic benefits, social cohesion, happiness, pride and satisfaction to hosting cities at a time when the tourism industry is at a standstill. / Le Tour de France (TDF) est le troisième événement sportif au monde et la plus grande course cycliste en termes de popularité et de prestige. L’événement génère une exposition médiatique mondiale et attire chaque année des millions de visiteurs à court et à long terme. Le TDF est donc extrêmement attrayant pour les communautés à la recherche de profits. À l’aide de la Direction Moyenne Linéaire (MLD) et d’interviews semi-structurées (côté communauté et organisation), ce mémoire analyse l’évolution spatiale du TDF au fil du temps en comparant le parcours de 2021 à d’autres intervalles temporelles de la course. En outre, les raisons du changement potentiel en termes de distribution spatiale sont étudiées en tenant compte des problèmes actuels dus à la pandémie de COVID-19 ayant gravement affecté le secteur du tourisme et, par conséquent, les avantages que les communautés espéraient percevoir en accueillant le TDF. Les résultats ont montré que l’itinéraire de 2021 s’écarte des éditions précédentes de l’histoire du TDF en incluant 10 nouvelles villes étapes qui n’ont jamais accueilli l’événement auparavant. Le répondant de l’organisation a indiqué que la pandémie n’a affecté qu’indirectement le parcours du TDF et que l’emplacement du Grand Départ ainsi que les principales contraintes internes imposées aux organisateurs sont des éléments clés dans la répartition spatiale de l’événement. Les communautés interrogées ont reconnu qu’il y avait un risque à accueillir le TDF cette année en raison des mesures restrictives potentielles. Cependant, elles ont admis que les bénéfices apportés par la course surpassaient largement les impacts négatifs potentiels dus à l’épidémie. En effet, le TDF reste un moyen d’apporter des effets économiques positifs, de la cohésion sociale, du bonheur, de la fierté et de la satisfaction aux villes hôtes à un moment où l’industrie du tourisme est au point mort.

The purpose of this study is to provide the fields of art education and museum education with gallery teaching practice that uses students’ prior knowledge of art making as the means to guide interpretation of art in the museum. This study develops touring methods that maintain the identity of the student artists in the context of adult artists’ works in the museum. This investigation is an action-based research study of how a museum educator can develop touring practice to use art objects to enable students to think reflectively on their art making. The results of this study identify the characteristics of an art museum tour that is centered on students and art making. This study demonstrates a framework for teaching in the museum that incorporates constructivist learning theory, social and active learning, a concepts-based approach to art learning, and develops student cognition. / text

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos vienos iš šiuolaikinių vizualizacijos priemonių – virtualaus turo – aktualijos, įžvelgtos analizuojant pasaulinę virtualaus turo taikymo praktiką. Aprašomi apžvalginio tyrimo, atlikto siekiant išsiaiškinti virtualaus turo klasifikaciją, paplitimą, pranašumus bei trūkumus ir kitą aktualią informaciją, rezultatai. Nagrinėjamos virtualaus turo kūrimo technologijos. Aptariamos virtualaus turo pritaikymo galimybės nekilnojamojo turto sektoriaus subjektams. Pateikiami pasiūlymai tinkamiausio virtualaus turo tipo pritaikymui atskiriems nekilnojamojo turto atvejams priklausomai nuo nekilnojamojo turto tipo. Aprašomos virtualaus turo taikymo galimybės turizmo sektoriuje ir nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo vertybių skaitmeninimo bei populiarinimo srityje. Apibendrinant virtualaus turo panaudojimo galimybes, pateikiama SSGG analizė. Nagrinėjama virtualaus turo reikšmė visuomenei žmogaus gyvenimo kokybės kontekste. Išnagrinėjus teorines ir praktines virtualaus turo panaudojimo galimybes, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, virtualaus turo reikšmė nekilnojamojo turto sektoriuje, situacijos analizė: virtualaus turo apžvalga, virtualaus turo panaudojimo galimybės, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. / The final master’s thesis examines the issues related to one of contemporary means of visualisation, virtual tours, and determined in the analysis of the global practice related to the application of virtual tours. The thesis describes the results of the study, which aimed to discover classification, penetration, advantages and disadvantages, and other relevant information about virtual tours. The technologies used in development of virtual tours are analysed. The potential of virtual tours to be employed by subjects operating in the real estate sector is discussed. Suggestions are made how to select the best type of a virtual tour for specific cases of real estate depending on its types. The potential of virtual tours in the tourism sector and in the area of discretisation and promotion of real estate heritage is described. A SWOT analysis summarises the potential use of virtual tours. The significance of virtual tour to society in the context of the quality of human life is analysed. Analysis of theoretical and practical possibilities to employ virtual tours is made and the final thesis ends with the conclusions and suggestions. The thesis comprises of six parts: introduction; significance of virtual tours in the real estate sector; the analysis of the situation: review of virtual tours; the potential of virtual tours; the conclusions and suggestions; and the list of literature.

Design and evaluation of real-time descriptive mediation (RTDM) for live aquarium exhibits was proposed to support the participation of visitors with and without vision loss. RTDM was developed to address learning, entertainment, restorative, and social motivations. Data was collected during a lab study with adults to get feedback about the RTDM and compare it to traditional docent presentations and audio tours. Findings show that the RTDM made it possible for participants to address their exhibit motivations and led to specific personal and social aspects of participation. A majority of participants with and without vision loss reported that the RTDM was supportive of their motivations and perceived it to be more effective at supporting learning, social, and restoration motivations compared to audio tour and docent mediation. The main contributions of this work are in: 1) developing evidence-based information design criteria for mediation at live animal exhibits; 2) demonstrating that mediation designed to support exhibit motivations can facilitate participation in adults with and without vision loss; and 3) validating participation as a design goal.

This museum thesis project considers the challenges involved in developing engaging museum tours. The purpose of this project was to develop a fifty-minute, guided gallery tour that uses inquiry-based instruction to engage participants in dialogue and critical thinking about artworks. The tour was designed specifically for the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA) in Richmond, Virginia, using artworks selected from the museum’s twenty-first-century art collection that relate to the theme hybridity. This project contributes to the museum studies field by exemplifying how gallery tours can stimulate active learning, encourage visitors to find meaning in artworks, and form their own conclusions about objects in the museum. The project provides a model for integrating inquiry-generated dialogue within the gallery tour structure. Finally, it demonstrates that dialogue-based teaching can be used with teens and adults, audiences that some educators perceive as more reticent than younger learners to engage with this style of education.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O tema desta tese é a linguagem do Turismo, sob análise na sua condição de linguagem técnica, e o objeto de estudo é a terminologia de Agenciamento de Viagens e Turismo. O turismo, como atividade humana que envolve dimensões política, econômica, social, cultural e ambiental, pode ser dividido em distintos subsistemas, de acordo com a Sistema de Turismo (Sistur), desenvolvido por Beni (1997). Entre esses, está o Subsistema de Produção, subdividido, por sua vez, em Agências de Viagens, Transportes, Meios de Hospedagem e Outros Serviços. Entre tais divisões, escolheu-se a primeira subárea, caracterizando-a pela atividade conhecida como Agenciamento de Viagens e Turismo. Formaram-se três corpora: um de extração e dois de comparação, sendo o primeiro, composto por dicionários terminológicos, e o segundo, por dicionários de língua. Coletaram-se 2014 termos, os quais foram submetidos a uma posterior análise, baseada em critérios objetivos, como sinonímia e hiperonímia/hiponímia, de modo a reduzir os termos a 660, número que se mostrou adequado para a investigação que se pretendia conduzir. Esses 660 termos foram examinados à luz da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia, utilizando-se, para este fim, uma ficha baseada no modelo de Barbosa (2001). Em seguida, compilou-se um dicionário terminológico multilíngue, em português brasileiro, com os 660 termos selecionados e analisados, com seus respectivos equivalentes (equivalências totais ou parciais) nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e italiano. A última etapa da pesquisa consistiu na análise dos resultados. Logo após, verificou-se que os objetivos foram planemente alcançados, e quais hipóteses foram confirmadas. Esta investigação levou às seguintes constatações: transposições da língua comum; acentuada incidência de sinonímia e de hiperonímia/hiponímia; consistente infuência da língua inglesa - evidente em empréstimos e termos híbridos - pouca influência da língua espanhola, com casos isolados de adaptações linguísticas, e, ainda, ocorrências de siglas e acrônimos. Por fim, comprovou-se que a terminologia de Agenciamento de Viagens e Turismo não responde a eventuais tentativas de normalização. / The theme of this thesis is the language of Tourism, in its analysis as a technical language, and the object of study is the terminology of Tour Operating. Tourism, as a human activity that involves political, economic, social, cultural and environmental fields, can be divided into different subsystems, according to the Tourism System (Sistur) developed by Beni (1997). Among these, there is the Production Subsystem, subdivided, in its turn, into Travel Agencies, Transportation, Lodging and Other Services. Among these divisions, the first one which is identified as the Tour Operating subarea, is the one from which the terms that have been collected and analyzed came. Aiming this goal, three corpora were formed: an extraction one and two comparison ones (the first comprises terminology dictionaries and the second common language dictionaries). Altogether, 2014 terms have beeen collected, which were subjected to further analysis, based on objective criteria, such as synonymy and hypernym/hyponymy, in order to reduce the terms to 660, a number that would be adequate for the analysis that it was intended to lead. The 660 terms were submitted to a terminological analysis in the light of Communicative Theory of Terminology, using, for this purpose, a terminological chart based on the model developed by Barbosa (2001). Then the multilingual terminological dictionary was compiled, with 660 terms in Brazilian Portuguese, selected and analyzed, with their equivalent (total or partial equivalence) in English, Spanish and Italian. The last stage of the research consisted in analyzing the results, whether the hypotheses were confirmed or not, and whether objectives have been achieved. This analysis led to the following findings: transpositions from common language; marked incidence of synonymy and hypernym/hyponymy; consistent infuence of English - evident in loans and hybrids terms - little influence of the Spanish language, with isolated cases of linguistic adaptations, and few occurrences of acronyms. Finally, it was shown that Tour Operating terminology has not responded to any attempts of standardization.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o ecoturismo. Buscou-se averiguar a existência de uma preocupação com a educação ambiental (e quais os princípios que a regem) nas atividades e pacotes ecoturísticos comercializados pelo mercado. Para atingir tal objetivo, procurou-se conhecer o termo ecoturismo a partir das perspectivas da cultura de consumo e da sociedade do espetáculo e sob tal enfoque discutir suas relações com temas como turismo e consumo, natureza e educação ambiental; buscou-se também identificar as bases filosóficas do trabalho ecoturístico (particularmente em sua relação com a questão da educação ambiental) desenvolvido pelas operadoras de tais atividades; e por fim, realizar crítica conceitual acerca das relações entre os assuntos abordados pela dissertação. Foram entrevistadas 03 operadoras do mercado ecoturístico e 03 pesquisadores de áreas relacionadas aos temas propostos. O texto da dissertação foi produzido a partir das informações obtidas por levantamento bibliográfico em diálogo com as opiniões obtidas nas entrevistas no trabalho de campo. Concluiu-se que o ecoturismo como atividade de mercado é pouco utilizado para a disseminação da consciência ambientalista por conta das operadoras terem uma visão da educação ambiental que a aproxima da educação formal e que tal característica não deve ser integrada às atividades turísticas momentos de diversão e lazer; constatou-se também que o ecoturismo é uma atividade que produz subjetividade consumista nos participantes do processo e reafirma o tempo espetacular do capital. / The present work aims to study the ecotourism. It has investigated the existence of a preoccupation with the environmental education (and its leading principles) in the activities and ecotourism packages traded on the market; to achieve such aim it has searched to understand the term ecotourism from the culture of consumption and society of the spectacle perspective, and under such view, to discuss its relation with themes such as tourism and consumption, nature and environmental education; It has searched to identify the philosophical basis of the ecotourism work (particularly in its relation with the environmental education matter) developed by the operators of such activities; and finally, to do a conceptual critic on the issues considered on this essay. 03 operators of the ecotourism market and 03 researchers of areas related to the theme here proposed were interviewed. This essay was written based on the information collected through bibliographic research and opinions gathered in the interviews on the field work. It was concluded that the ecotourism as a market activity isnt much used to spread the environmental awareness due to the fact that the operators have a view of environmental education close to a formal education and such characteristic shouldnt be integrated to the tourism activities fun moments and leisure; it was also noticed that the ecotourism is an activity that evokes consumption patterns among its participants and reassures the capital´s spectacular time.

Le tourisme est un secteur économique en plein développement et tend à intégrer, dans ses stratégies, la durabilité des sites. Le développement durable, visant l’amélioration de la qualité de vie de tous sans provoquer de résultats écologiques et socioculturels indésirables, pénètre peu à peu les sites touristiques. Or, les visites touristiques font intervenir un acteur clé, le guide touristique. Personne assurant le contact entre l’offre et la demande, il occupe une fonction essentielle pour assurer l’avancée du tourisme dans une direction durable. Face à l’absence de recherche en ce domaine, nous avons choisi d’axer la nôtre sur cette problématique, à travers une étude de cas en Chine. Trois objectifs de recherche ont alors été identifiés : comprendre le développement durable et les relations que celui-ci noue avec le tourisme ; explorer les rôles et les responsabilités des guides touristiques et leurs implications dans la promotion de la durabilité ; examiner les raisons pour lesquelles les guides touristiques exercent concrètement leurs fonctions en vue de soutenir le développement du tourisme durable. Suite à la revue de littérature et à l’application de la triangulation des méthodes dans cette thèse - les entretiens, l’observation participante et l’enquête par questionnaire -, nous recommandons d’orienter les pratiques de l’industrie touristique vers un développement sain et durable, en les hiérarchisant : 1) Perfectionner la certification, améliorer la formation, accroître le contrôle des guides touristiques ; 2) Promouvoir les fonctions de la Guilde des guides touristiques ; 3) Améliorer les conditions de travail des guides et renforcer l’éducation au développement durable auprès de tous les acteurs de cette industrie. / Tourism is a booming economic sector that tends to incorporate the sustainable sites into its strategies. Sustainable development, which in the strategy to improve the quality of life for all without causing adverse environmental and socio-cultural outcome, gradually come into sight. However, the tour guide plays a key role in the tourism industry. As a person who assures the contact between supply and demand, it has an essential function for the advancement of tourism in a sustainable direction. Given the absence of research in this area, we chose to focus ours on this issue based on a case study in China. Three research objectives were then identified: Understanding Sustainable Development and the relationships with tourism; exploring the roles and responsibilities of tour guides and their involvement in promoting sustainability; examining why the tour guides actually exercise their functions in order to support the development of sustainable tourism. After the literature review and application of triangulation methods in this thesis - interviews, participant observation and questionnaire survey -, we recommend to orient the practices in the tourism industry towards a healthy and sustainable development in a hierarchical structure: (1) Ameliorate the certification, optimize the training program, strengthen the control of tourist guides; (2) Promote the functions of the Guild of tour guides; (3) Improve the working conditions of guides and reinforce the education for sustainable development in this industry.

O tema desta tese é a linguagem do Turismo, sob análise na sua condição de linguagem técnica, e o objeto de estudo é a terminologia de Agenciamento de Viagens e Turismo. O turismo, como atividade humana que envolve dimensões política, econômica, social, cultural e ambiental, pode ser dividido em distintos subsistemas, de acordo com a Sistema de Turismo (Sistur), desenvolvido por Beni (1997). Entre esses, está o Subsistema de Produção, subdividido, por sua vez, em Agências de Viagens, Transportes, Meios de Hospedagem e Outros Serviços. Entre tais divisões, escolheu-se a primeira subárea, caracterizando-a pela atividade conhecida como Agenciamento de Viagens e Turismo. Formaram-se três corpora: um de extração e dois de comparação, sendo o primeiro, composto por dicionários terminológicos, e o segundo, por dicionários de língua. Coletaram-se 2014 termos, os quais foram submetidos a uma posterior análise, baseada em critérios objetivos, como sinonímia e hiperonímia/hiponímia, de modo a reduzir os termos a 660, número que se mostrou adequado para a investigação que se pretendia conduzir. Esses 660 termos foram examinados à luz da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia, utilizando-se, para este fim, uma ficha baseada no modelo de Barbosa (2001). Em seguida, compilou-se um dicionário terminológico multilíngue, em português brasileiro, com os 660 termos selecionados e analisados, com seus respectivos equivalentes (equivalências totais ou parciais) nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e italiano. A última etapa da pesquisa consistiu na análise dos resultados. Logo após, verificou-se que os objetivos foram planemente alcançados, e quais hipóteses foram confirmadas. Esta investigação levou às seguintes constatações: transposições da língua comum; acentuada incidência de sinonímia e de hiperonímia/hiponímia; consistente infuência da língua inglesa - evidente em empréstimos e termos híbridos - pouca influência da língua espanhola, com casos isolados de adaptações linguísticas, e, ainda, ocorrências de siglas e acrônimos. Por fim, comprovou-se que a terminologia de Agenciamento de Viagens e Turismo não responde a eventuais tentativas de normalização. / The theme of this thesis is the language of Tourism, in its analysis as a technical language, and the object of study is the terminology of Tour Operating. Tourism, as a human activity that involves political, economic, social, cultural and environmental fields, can be divided into different subsystems, according to the Tourism System (Sistur) developed by Beni (1997). Among these, there is the Production Subsystem, subdivided, in its turn, into Travel Agencies, Transportation, Lodging and Other Services. Among these divisions, the first one which is identified as the Tour Operating subarea, is the one from which the terms that have been collected and analyzed came. Aiming this goal, three corpora were formed: an extraction one and two comparison ones (the first comprises terminology dictionaries and the second common language dictionaries). Altogether, 2014 terms have beeen collected, which were subjected to further analysis, based on objective criteria, such as synonymy and hypernym/hyponymy, in order to reduce the terms to 660, a number that would be adequate for the analysis that it was intended to lead. The 660 terms were submitted to a terminological analysis in the light of Communicative Theory of Terminology, using, for this purpose, a terminological chart based on the model developed by Barbosa (2001). Then the multilingual terminological dictionary was compiled, with 660 terms in Brazilian Portuguese, selected and analyzed, with their equivalent (total or partial equivalence) in English, Spanish and Italian. The last stage of the research consisted in analyzing the results, whether the hypotheses were confirmed or not, and whether objectives have been achieved. This analysis led to the following findings: transpositions from common language; marked incidence of synonymy and hypernym/hyponymy; consistent infuence of English - evident in loans and hybrids terms - little influence of the Spanish language, with isolated cases of linguistic adaptations, and few occurrences of acronyms. Finally, it was shown that Tour Operating terminology has not responded to any attempts of standardization.