Psychologists and other mental health professionals working in correctional institutions bear the considerable responsibility for identifying, diagnosing, and treating mentally disordered inmates. The importance of these responsibilities has been recognized in recent years because of the burgeoning population of inmates in general and the higher numbers of inmates with mental illness in particular. Research has demonstrated that the screens currently used in correctional settings to identify mentally disordered and suicidal inmates are either unvalidated or generally ineffective. This study investigates the validity of different mental health screens in a jail population. Inmates from the Grayson County Jail were administered three screens: the Referral Decision Scale (RDS), Personality Assessment Screener (PAS), and the Mental Disability/Suicide Intake Screen (MDSIS). Criterion measures were the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) for Axis I disorders and the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) for suicidal ideation. Results indicate that each screen most effectively assessed one clinical domain: the RDS for psychosis, the MDSIS for suicidality, and the PAS for depression. Gender differences were observed in screen items most effective for classifying inmates by suicide risk level.

Arenaviruses cause an estimated 300,000 – 500,000 infections annually. Currently there is no arenavirus-specific antiviral drug available to treat these infections. This study sought to use the non-pathogenic New World arenavirus Tacaribe virus (TCRV) as a model for the pathogenic Junin virus (JUNV) and Machupo virus (MACV) that cause haemorrhagic fevers in South America. TCRV was used to explore three different approaches in the search for an antiviral drug against arenavirus infection targeted specifically against the viral nucleoprotein (NP). Of the four expressed arenaviral proteins, NP is the most abundant and is thought to be of multifunctional nature involved in viral replication, suppression of the innate immune system and viral egress. The approaches to find targets for broad-spectrum anti-arenaviral drugs were high throughput screens (HTS) with purified NP using thermal shift assays, exploring the virus interactions with the innate immune system and identifying virus- host protein-protein interactions. HTS resulted in the identification of two small- molecule compounds, [5-(2-Furyl)thien-2-yl]methanol and cyclosporine A (CsA), showing broad-spectrum activity against arenaviruses. Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as IFIT3, were identified to reduce viral titres and potential 202 protein- interactions between NP and host cell proteins were identified, of which the interaction with apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) was described further. To characterise the importance of these interactions as potential drug targets further, a TCRV reverse genetics system was constructed.

Le Glypican-3 (GPC3) est surexprimé dans 72% des carcinomes hépatocellulaire (CHC). C’est un co-récepteur membranaire du récepteur WNT, qui appartient à la famille des protéoglycanes à sulfates d'héparane. L'objectif général de ma thèse vise à étudier les mécanismes de régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’expression du GPC3 dans le CHC. Pour cela, j’ai développé un test fonctionnel qui m’a permis de cribler une bibliothèque de 876 microARNs humains. Ceci a conduit à l’identification de 5 microARNs régulateurs de l’expression de l’ARNm codant pour le GPC3 via sa région 3’ non traduite (NT). Mon travail de thèse porte plus particulièrement sur le miR-1271 et le miR-1291 car ils sont dérégulés dans le CHC et sont respectivement inhibiteur et inducteur de l’expression du GPC3. Dans un premier projet, j’ai démontré que le miR-1271 cible directement la région 3’NT du GPC3 et diminue la stabilité de son ARNm. Ce microARN est sous-exprimé dans le CHC et son expression corrèle négativement avec celle de l'ARNm du GPC3 dans les CHC associés à une infection par le virus de l’hépatite B. Dans un deuxième projet, j’ai démontré que le miR-1291 régule positivement l’expression du GPC3 en inhibant un facteur intermédiaire. Une analyse in silico a permis d’identifier IRE1α comme candidat. IRE1α est une protéine transmembranaire du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) qui participe à « l’Unfolded Protein Response », une réponse adaptative activée lors de l’accumulation de protéines mal conformées dans le RE. J’ai démontré qu’IRE1α clive l’ARNm codant pour le GPC3 grâce à son activité endoribonucléase. D’autre part, le miR-1291 cible directement l’ARNm codant pour IRE1α dans sa région 5’NT ce qui inhibe son expression et induit une surexpression du GPC3. Le miR-1291 est surexprimé dans le CHC et son expression corrèle positivement avec celle de l’ARNm du GPC3. En conclusion, mon travail de thèse m’a permis de mettre en évidence et de caractériser deux nouveaux microARNs (miR-1271 et miR-1291) contrôlant l’expression du GPC3 par des mécanismes directs ou indirects. La pertinence physiopathologique de ces régulations dans le CHC est en accord avec les niveaux d’expression respectifs de ces microARNs, qui pourraient contribuer à la surexpression du GPC3 dans ces tumeurs. / Glypican-3 (GPC3) is overexpressed in 72% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is a co-receptor for WNT receptor and belongs to the heparan sulfate proteoglycans family. The general objective of my PhD thesis was to study the mechanisms by which GPC3 is post-transcriptionnally regulated in HCC. To this end, I developed a functional test that allowed me to screen a library of 876 human microRNAs. This led me to identify 5 microRNAs that regulate the expression of GPC3 mRNA through its 3’Untranslated Region (UTR). The work presented in this thesis particulary focuses on miR-1271 and miR-1291 as both microRNAs present a deregulated expression in HCC and are respectively inhibitor and activator of GPC3 mRNA expression. In a first project, I demonstrated that miR-1271 directly binds to GPC3 mRNA 3’UTR and affects its stability. This microRNA is underexpressed in HCC and its expression negatively correlates with that of GPC3 mRNA in a subgroup of HCC corresponding to those associated with hepatitis B virus infection. In a second project, I demonstrated that miR-1291 postively regulates the expression of GPC3 mRNA by targeting an intermediate factor. An in silico analysis led to the identification of the Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) as a potential candidate. IRE1α is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident type I transmembrane protein and contributes to the signaling of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The UPR is an adaptive response activated upon accumulation of improperly folded proteins in the ER. I showed that IRE1α cleaves GPC3 mRNA through its endoribonuclease activity. Moreover I demonstrated that miR-1291 directly targets IRE1α mRNA through its 5’UTR, thereby decreasing its expression and contributing to GPC3 mRNA overexpression. MiR-1291 is overexpressed in HCC and its expression positively correlates with that of GPC3 mRNA. In summary, the work carried out during my PhD allowed the identification and the characterization of two new microRNAs (miR-1271 and miR-1291) that control the expression of GPC3 mRNA through direct or indirect mechanisms. The pathophysiological relevance of these regulatory mechanisms is in agreement with the respective expression levels of these microRNAs in HCC, which could therefore contribute to the overexpression of GPC3 in those tumors.

Pour comprendre les mécanismes de l'immunité innée, nous utilisons Caenorhabditis elegans comme un organism model host et coniospora Drechmeria comme un pathogène. D. coniospora adhère à la cuticule de C. elegans pour infecter son épiderme. Le ver répond par une régulation de gènes de défense multiples, y compris des gènes codant pour des peptides antimicrobiens (AMP) comme nlp-29. En utilisant des vers transgéniques portant des constructions rapporteurs fluorescents comme nlp-29p :: gfp, nous pouvons suivre l'expression des gènes in vivo AMP et de chercher des gènes nécessaires à l'induction de gènes AMP à travers les écrans génétiques. Le but de mon projet était de caractériser des mutants qui ont été identifiés dans un nouvel écran génétique saturée, où 57 nouveaux allèles Nipi qui manquent nlp-29 d'induction après l'infection ont été isolés. Adaptation d'une nouvelle cartographie combinée SNP et toute stratégie de séquençage du génome, nous avons pu isoler 15 allèles de gènes nouveaux Nipi déjà connus et 12 allèles de 6 «nouveaux» gènes. Notre travail a confirmé le rôle principal de la MAPK PKCδ/p38 dans la régulation de l'expression nlp-29 AMP après l'infection, ainsi que le facteur de transcription STA-2/STAT et le transporteur SNF-12/SLC6. Nous faire progresser nos connaissances en identifiant NIPI-4 comme un régulateur positif de l'expression des gènes nlp peptide antimicrobien après l'infection. NIPI-4 est un membre de la famille des kinases nématode spécifique et est prévu pour être un pseudokinase. Nous avons montré qu'il agit dans l'épiderme partie aval de la MAPK p38. / To understand the mechanisms of innate immunity, we use Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host and Drechmeria coniospora as a fungal pathogen. D. coniospora adheres to the cuticle of C. elegans to infect its epidermis. The worm responds by an up-regulation of multiple defence genes, including genes encoding anti-microbial peptides (AMP) like nlp-29. Using transgenic worms carrying fluorescent reporter constructs like nlp-29p::gfp, we can follow AMP gene expression in vivo and look for genes required for the induction of AMP genes through genetic screens. The aim of my project was to characterize mutants that have been identified in a new saturated genetic screen, where 57 new Nipi alleles that lack nlp-29 induction after infection were isolated. Adapting a new combined SNP mapping and whole genome sequencing strategy we were able to isolate 15 new alleles of previously known Nipi genes and 12 alleles of 6 “new” genes. Our work confirmed the primary role of the PKCδ/p38 MAPK in the regulation of nlp-29 AMP expression after infection, as well as the STA-2/STAT transcription factor and the SNF-12/SLC6 transporter. We further advance our knowledge by identifying NIPI-4 as a positive regulator of nlp antimicrobial peptide genes expression after infection. NIPI-4 is a member of a nematode-specific kinase family and is predicted to be a pseudokinase. We showed that it acts in the epidermis partially downstream of the p38 MAPK. It also controls the constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptide genes of the cnc family that are targets of TGFß regulation. Together these suggested that NIPI-4 acts with STA-2 and SNF-12 to regulate AMP gene expression in the epidermis.

M.Tech. / This study is based on the premise that awareness of active citizenship among South African citizens should be encouraged and can be developed through specific educational and skills interventions embedded in Visual Art learning programmes. South Africa‟s developing democracy requires active citizens with the capacity to disseminate values of equality, dignity, liberty and social justice, amongst other constitutional rights. Our country‟s history in the struggle for liberation encompasses a legacy of resistance, and screen-printed protest posters played an important role in communicating dissent towards the apartheid state (Seidmann 2009, Peffer 2009). My research examines the role of screen-printing as a particular graphic medium which is an organising tool to create awareness and communication. The project uses co-operative enquiry as a participatory action research method to facilitate the application of hand-made fine art screen-printed artworks and posters that support skills development, an understanding of self-identity and a sharing of skills that contribute to active citizenship. I present three visual art screen-printing projects that I facilitated from 2010 to 2011 at Artist Proof Studio (APS), an art centre in Johannesburg, whose mission is to inculcate aspects of active citizenship among the participating learners. I contend that the combination of all three screen-print projects presented to the group of students, leads to skills-development, awareness of personal identity and participation in community engagement projects which may enhance their ability to participate as active citizens and which in turn supports the mission statement of the education unit at APS. Such an intervention serves as a learning model that can further contribute to social, educational and economic redress among the participants at APS.

Thesis advisor: Charles S. Hoffman / Glucose detection in yeast occurs via a cAMP signaling pathway that is similar to that of other signaling pathways in humans. The presence of glucose in the environment ultimately represses, as a result of cAMP signaling, the transcription of the gene fbp1. Adenylate cyclase is known to convert ATP to cAMP, and is thus a central protein in the propagation of the signal. Mutant forms of the adenylate cyclase gene (git2) have been found by the inability for the organism to repress fbp1 transcription in the presence of glucose. In this study, two questions were under investigation. The first was focused on the ability of the mutations to affect the dimerization of the catalytic domain. The second investigated multiple protein-protein interactions in the leucine rich-repeat (LRR) domain of adenylate cyclase. Both domains contain mutations that confer an activation defect, and they are thus are thought to have a relationship. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2005. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

La détection de gaz, qui utilise aujourd'hui principalement des capteurs optiques, des capteurs électrochimiques à base de plomb et des capteurs catalytiques est un marché très porteur (estimé à 3 milliards d'euros) et doté d'une forte croissance (10% par an). La nécessité de développer de nouveaux systèmes d'instrumentation dédiés à la surveillance de la qualité de l'air intérieur et à la détection de substances dangereuses implique l'étude et le développement de nouveaux capteurs élaborés à partir de produits compatibles avec les enjeux environnementaux (RoHs, REACH), et économiques (matériaux à faible coût, techniques de réalisation fiables, durée de vie élevée). Le projet ANR OSPÉGAZ (Oxydes sans plomb pour la détection de gaz) vise à développer des systèmes d'instrumentations intégrés innovants dédiés à la caractérisation des différentes expositions environnementales en lien notamment avec les actions recommandées dans le cadre du PNSE2 pour les impacts sanitaires avérés. Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce manuscrit fait partie du projet OSPÉGAZ. L'objectif du travail a été, d'une part, de mettre au point un nouveau procédé d'élaboration d'encre au sein du laboratoire UDSMM pour l'élaboration et la caractérisation de films épais poreux, et d'autre part, de réaliser des capteurs de gaz à base de ces films. Nous avons choisi d'utiliser le matériau BaTiO₃, bien connu de la littérature, comme matériau de départ afin de mettre au point le procédé d'élaboration de couches épaisses. Par la suite, nous avons choisi le BaSrTiFeO₃ comme matériau sensible au gaz, et nous avons étudié deux compositions correspondant à deux taux de fer : Ba₀.₈₅Sr₀.₁₅Ti₀.₉Fe₀.₁O₃ (BSTF 10%) et Ba₀.₈₅Sr₀.₁₅Ti₀.₉₈Fe₀.₀₂O₃ (BSTF 2%). Ces matériaux ont été caractérisés dans une large gamme de fréquence (100 Hz à 1 MHz) et de température (25°C à 500°C). Les propriétés diélectriques en fonction de la fréquence et de la température ont été étudiées sur deux structures différentes d'électrodes : capacité parallèle (MIM) et capacité interdigitée (CID). Enfin, des démonstrateurs de capteurs de gas basés sur le principe des capteurs semi-conducteurs, ont été réalisés à partir de films épais poreux (BT, BST, BSFT 10% et 2%). Ces démonstrateurs ont été testés dans les locaux de la société SIMTRONICS sous différents gaz comme le monoxyde de carbone CO (200ppm), le sulfure d'hydrogène H₂S (50ppm) et le dioxyde de soufre SO₂ (20ppm) à 400°C et 450°C. Sous H₂S (50ppm), ils ont montré une plus grande sensibilité relative du BSTF (10%) (55.4%) par rapport au BSTF (2%) (48%) à 450°C. La bonne sensibilité relative et la réponse dynamique très intéressante montrent que le matériau BSTF dispose d'un potentiel très intéressant pour la détection de gaz. L'optimisation de la géométrie des capteurs, du taux de fer et de la température de fonctionnement devrait nous permettre d'améliorer les performances de nos démonstrateurs. / Today gas detection, which now mainly uses optical sensors, electrochemical sensors based on lead, and catalytic sensors, is a very promising market (estimated at 3 billion euros) with a strong growth (10% per year). The need for new instrumentation systems dedicated to the monitoring of the air quality and to the detection of hazardous substances, requires the study and development of new sensors compatible with the European environmental standards : Restriction of the use of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) ; Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACh). The OSPÉGAZ project aims to develop innovative integrated instrumentations systems for the characterization of different environmental exposures linked to the actions recommended by the PNSE2 for proven health impacts. Our research project aims to develop innovating and cost-effective gas sensors containing lead-free oxides and dedicated to the detection of flammable gases and protection against toxic risks. The works of the thesis presented in this manuscript is a part of this project. The objectives were, firstly, to develop a new process for ink preparation in UDSMM laboratory, for the elaboration, electrical and physicochemical characterizations, of thick porous film, and secondly to make gas sensors based on these films. We chose to use the BaTiO3 (well-known material in literature) material as a first material in order to develop the process of thick film elaboration. After that, we chose the BaSrTiFeO₃ as gas-sensitive material, and we studied two compositions of Ba₁₋ ₓ Sr ₓ Ti₁₋yFeyO₃ with two different concentrations or iron : Ba₀.₈₅Sr₀.₁₅Ti₀.₉Fe₀.₁O₃ (BSTF 10%) and Ba₀.₈₅Sr₀.₁₅Ti₀.₉₈Fe₀.₀₂O₃ (BSTF 2%). Electrical characterizations were made in a wide range of frequency (100 HZ to 1 MHz) and temperature (25° C to 500° C). The dielectric properties as a function of temperature and frequency were studied using two different structures of capacitance : metal-insulator-metal (MIM) and interdigital electrodes (CID). Finally we have developed semi-conductor gas sensors based on BT, BST and BSTF (10% ; 2%) thick films. All our sensors were tested under different gases such as carbon monoxide CO (200ppm), hydrogen sulphide H₂S (50ppm) and sulfur dioxide SO₂ (20ppm), at various temperature, in the laboratory of SIMTRONICS SAS. We have measured the greatest relative sensitivity under H₂S (50ppm) gas ; 55.4% and 48% respectively for BSTF (10%) and BSTF (2%), at 450°C. Good relative sensitivity and very interesting dynamic responsesof BSTF show that the material has a great potential for the detection of gas. The optimization of the sensor geometry, iron rate and operating temperature should allow us to improve the performance of our demonstrators.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att psykometriskt undersöka den svenska versionen av Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS) för att skapa tillgång till ett självsvarsinstrument för barn och ungdomar som screenar för både traumahistorik och traumasymtom utifrån aktuellt diagnossystem DSM-5. För detta syfte undersöktes reliabilitet och evidens för validitet med hjälp av två sample; en normgrupp med 591 svenska skolelever i åldrarna 10 till 17 år samt en test-retestgrupp med 90 svenska skolelever i åldrarna 13 till 17 år. En pilotstudie med 38 svenska skolelever i åldrarna 15 till 19 år användes för metodvägledning inför studiens genomförande.   Reliabiliteten undersöktes med estimering av intern konsistens med Cronbachs α i normgrupp samt temporal stabilitet med ICC och Cohens k i test-retestgrupp. För att erhålla evidens för kriterievaliditet användes robust enkel regressionsanalys för att undersöka huruvida antalet traumahändelser kunde predicera symtomutfall.  För att erhålla evidens för konvergent och diskriminant validitet beräknades Pearsons r mellan CATS symtomskala och de sex subskalorna i Trauma Symtom Checklist for Children (TSCC). Cramérs V användes för evidensprövning av konvergent validitet mellan CATS skala för traumahistorik och LYLES.  Evidens för validitet undersöktes även med analys av formulärets interna struktur med konfirmatorisk faktoranalys (CFA) utifrån DSM-5s fyrfaktormodell för PTSD. CFA utfördes med estimeringsmetoden bootstrap Maximum-likelihood till följd av bristfällig uni- och multivariat normalitet. Oberoende t-test användes för att undersöka eventuella gruppskillnader avseende traumahistorik och traumasymtom uppmätt med CATS.   CATS symtomskala uppvisade god intern konsistens på samtliga fyra subskalor (Cronbachs α = .73-.89) och moderat temporal stabilitet (ICC = .57-.68). Temporal stabilitet för CATS totalskala för traumahistorik var god (ICC = .84) och sett till varje item var överensstämmelsen mellan test- och retestmätningar varierande från liten till nästintill perfekt (k = .34-.87). Robust enkel regressionsanalys påvisade att antalet traumahändelser predicerar symtomutfall där 32% av variansen i symtomuttryck kunde härledas till antalet traumahändelser. Måttliga till starka korrelationer återfanns mellan CATS symtomskala och TSCC symtomskalor med starkast korrelation med subskalan posttraumatisk stress (r = .82) och svagast korrelation med subskalan för sexuella bekymmer (r = .44). CATS skala för traumahistorik korrelerade måttligt med LYLES (V = .45).  DSM-5s fyrfaktormodell för PTSD indikerade god passform, reliabilitet och konvergent validitet. Modellen uppvisade bristande intern diskriminant validitet vilket kunde förklaras med prövning av en second-ordermodell med PTSD som högre ordnad faktor.

A acessibilidade, como um conceito geral, se refere à capacidade de produtos, meios, serviços e dispositivos em alcançar o uso por pessoas com deficiência. A acessibilidade naWeb diz respeito à capacidade destas pessoas em utilizá-la, acessar os conteúdos e poder participar ativamente dela, interagindo e gerando novos conteúdos. A Web de hoje em dia oferece ricas experiências aos usuários, porém muitas barreiras são enfrentadas por usuários com deficiências visuais, devido à falta de atenção dada pelos desenvolvedores às questões de acessibilidade das páginas. A construção de uma página que atenda adequadamente aos requisitos de acessibilidade é uma tarefa técnica complicada. Diversos padrões e recomendações foram criadas para tal, mas o domínio desses padrões e a compreensão de como eles ajudarão na experiência de usuários com deficiências não é simples. Ferramentas existentes validam detalhes técnicos da implementação das páginas, geralmente seguindo uma lista de itens ou recomendações a serem verificadas, mas essas ferramentas não expõem ao desenvolvedor o efeito final na experiência que um usuário cego terá ao visitá-la, ou evidenciam a importância relativa de cada problema encontrado. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a viabilidade e o potencial de um simulador de leitor de tela, cujo público alvo são os próprios desenvolvedores, de forma a auxiliar a análise de acessibilidade de uma página para usuários com deficiência visual. Dois protótipos foram desenvolvidos e avaliados, buscando verificar as lacunas existentes em outras abordagens que ele possa alcançar. / Accessibility, as a general concept, refers to the capacity of products, services and environments to be used by people with disabilities. Web accessibility, therefore, constitutes the ability of the web to be any person, including people with disabilities. The web nowadays offers rich experiences to its users, but there are many barriers that a person with visual disabilities faces while browsing the web. Building a web page that is well adapted to accessibility requirements is a complicated technical task. Several standards and guidelines have been created to achieve this, but mastering these standards and understanding how they will help these users experiences isnt simple. There are existing tools to validate technical details of a web pages implementation, usually referring back to the standards or a list of items to be verified, but these tools dont tell the web developer the effects that each problem will have in the final experience, or the relative importance of each existing problem. In this research, we studied the viability and potential of a screen reader simulator, targeting web developers as its main user group, in order to support the accessibility analysis of a webpage for blind users. Two prototype versions were developed and evaluated, in order to verify the gaps from other types of tools that this approach can reach.

Representations of the Muslim female are value-laden synonymous with the act of veiling. Veiling has fuelled political, social and academic debates and this study contributes to the ongoing conversation alongside identity formation by examining the image of the Muslim female on-screen with due attention given to animation. The image of the Muslim female is drawn in all manner of directions from that of the belly-dancing beauty to the 'bundle in black', the latter often associated with terrorism, particularly post-9/11 and the consequent 'War on Terror'. There is another direction that proffers an idealised image of the good daughter and dutiful wife against that of the fallen woman. Such constructs I argue tend to rid the Muslim female of her agency. This thesis examines how and why various representations of the Muslim female have emerged and changed, whilst some aspects have remained stagnant over time, thus positioning on-screen representations within their historical context. This project goes beyond traditional academic methods of critical analysis in reading film. The hybridised role of the researcher-animator enables the study to offer a critique from that of the spectator, but with the added vantage point of the practitioner with a set focus on the making of meaning. The interdisciplinary approach incorporates film theory, specifically concerned with representations of race and gender. The work of Muslim women scholar-activists informs and inspires the practice in reclaiming the status of the Muslim woman. Their approach lies within three trajectories being gender-sensitive interpretations of the Qur'an, a recovery of Muslim women's history and a critique on representation. Their approaches fall in line with the aim of this project to reclaim the historical Muslim figure on screen, whereas animation provides an attractive yet versatile mode of production to carry out such a task. Key questions guiding this study are: why are current and existing portrayals of the historical Muslim female problematic? Why do these portrayals need to be addressed? Why does an alternative approach to the portrayal of the historical Muslim female need to be devised and put into practice? Finding the answers to these questions lie in the undertaking of the practice. The practice consists of the first two episodes of a five-part series titled 'Sultan Razia', and as the title suggests the animation is based upon a legendary historical Muslim female figure, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi between 634-638 Hejira/1236-1240CE. This project is an example of how theory works in practice and vice-versa to determine an audio-visual practice that re-inserts the Muslim female into a history that breaks away from established cliches.