Mental health problems are the leading causes of disability in Canada. Nearly 70% of mental health problems have their onset during childhood or adolescence. Thus, identifying modifiable determinants of mental health problems in children and adolescents can inform future interventions intended to prevent them in this age group. Until recently, research has examined relationships of movement behaviours, including sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity mainly with physical health indicators (e.g., adiposity, cardiovascular disease risk factors, etc.). The few studies that have examined the relationships between movement behaviours and mental health indicators have considered the former individually and in isolation of each other, ignoring the intrinsic and empirical interactions between these behaviours. Adjusting for all these behaviours in a traditional regression model that assumes independence between variables has been shown to produce flawed and inconsistent findings. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to examine how the combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep duration are associated with depression and other mental health outcomes in children and adolescents, through a series of five research studies (one systematic review, 3 cross-sectional studies, and one longitudinal study). Empirical studies used data from 3 large and diverse samples of children and adolescents from Canada and the United States. Conventional regression models and structural equation modelling, and novel analytical techniques, including compositional data analysis were used to analyze the data. The systematic review confirmed the paucity of existing research in this area and identified important research gaps to be filled. Collectively, the results from cross-sectional studies showed that meeting all three recommendations was associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms and other mental health outcomes. However, this association appeared to be mainly driven by meeting the sleep duration recommendation, and to a lesser extent the screen time + sleep duration recommendations. There was a dose-response gradient from meeting none of the recommendations up to meeting two recommendations. Results from the longitudinal study using compositional data analysis provided further evidence suggesting that increasing sleep duration relative to the remaining behaviours (i.e. screen time and physical activity) was associated with lower depressive symptoms among all age/sex subgroups. Results further indicated that predicted changes in depressive symptoms were strongest and most beneficial when removing screen time while adding sleep duration. Finally, results from both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses suggest that age and sex moderate the association between movement behaviour recommendations (individual or combined) and mental health indicators, depending on the type of movement behaviour and the type of mental health indicators. The findings from this body of work have shed new light on the association between movement behaviours and mental health indicators in children and adolescents by demonstrating that meeting all three movement behaviour recommendations is associated with better mental health, and that sleep duration and screen time were more strongly associated with mental health compared with physical activity in our studies.

Bakgrund: Användning av sociala medier är idag ett utbrett fenomen och har blivit en naturlig del i, framför allt, skolungdomars liv. Skolungdomar tillbringar mycket tid framför digitala medier för att vara online och en del av det sociala sammanhanget. Samtidigt pekar statistiken på en försämrad sömn hos skolungdomar. I skolan arbetar skolsköterskan hälsofrämjande och förebyggande för att eleverna ska ha hälsa och nå målen. Syftet var därför att undersöka vad skolungdomars sociala medievanor har för betydelse för sömnen. Metoden som användes för att besvara syftet var en integrativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed. Resultatet består av tretton vetenskapliga artiklar. Vid analysarbetet kunde några teman och subteman urskiljas som beskrev sociala mediers påverkansfaktorer på sömnen. Dessa var förlorad nattro, en oro för utanförskap samt en upplevelse av distraktion. Skolungdomars strategier för att främja den goda sömnen visade sig vara reglerad tillgänglighet och att se fördelarna av sociala medier. Slutsats: Ett tydligt samband kan ses mellan användning av sociala medier och sömn. Skolungdomars användning av sociala medier påverkar sömnen främst negativt både utifrån fysiska och psykiska aspekter. Skolsköterskan behöver arbeta aktivt med denna problematik både på individ- och gruppnivå samt involvera vårdnadshavare i problematiken för att kunna bidra till att skolungdomar ska känna välbefinnande och nå skolans mål. / Background: The use of social media is today a widespread phenomen and has become a natural part of, above all, the lives of the adolescents. Adolescents spend a lot of time in front of digital media to be online and part of the social context. At the same time, the statistics point to a deterioration in sleep among adolescents. In school, the school nurse works with health promotion and prevention so that the students have health and achieve the goals. The purpose was therefore to investigate what school-adolescent’s social media habits mean for sleep. The method used to answer the purpose was an integrative literature review with an inductive approach. The data collection was carried out in the databases Cinahl och Pubmed. The result consists of thirteen scientific articles. In the analysis work, some themes and sub-themes could be distinguished that describe the influencing factors on sleep in social media. These were lost faith in the night, a worry about exclusion and an experience of distraction. School-adolescent strategies for promoting good sleep turned out to be regulated accessibility and seeing the benefits of social media. Conclusion: A clear connection can be seen between the use of social media and sleep. Adolescents use of social media has a negative effect on sleep, both in terms of both physical and mental aspects. The school nurse needs to work actively with this problem at both individual and group level involve guardians in the problem to be able to contribute to adolescents feeling well and achieving the school’s goals.

Denna uppsats applicerar teorier om klippning på tre utvalda sekvenser med split-screen för att ta fram data om vilka av Walter Murchs kriterier för klippning oftast förekommer inom split-screen, samt vilka av Karen Pearlmans tre typer av rytm som är mest applicerbara i rytmisk klippning. Under analysen granskas även användningen av dessa kriterier och rytm för att kunna dra generella slutsatser om hur klippningen påverkar scenerna, men även hur den samverkar tillsammans med split-screen. Resultatet visar att rytm är genomgående det mest förekommande elementet inom klippningen och i samverkan med split-screenen fördjupar klipparen publiken i filmens värld. Genom kreativa stilval som inte hade varit möjliga utan flera samtidiga bilder gestaltas filmens kärna via klippningen tillsammans med split-screenen. Framtiden av split-screen är fylld av potential, både i forskning och funktion inom filmmediet. Denna uppsats menar att belysa detta underutnyttjade stilgrepp och vill inspirera filmklippare framöver.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23246号 / 農博第2453号 / 新制||農||1084(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5336(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 充美, 教授 白井 理, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This essay is a product of our examination work on candidate level in Interaction Design. The aim in this project was to design a digital wallet integrated into a cellular phone and make it as an electronic payment tool. In our project the goal has been to create a digital wallet not just for payment, but also develop it into a complete digital wallet, replacing visa, membership card, student cards, id card and receipt. Our ambition is to take care of current qualities of today's wallet and improve where it is possible so that can be replaceable with the digital wallet.

Nowadays, a lot of activities such as social communications, educational courses, banking processes, different types of entertainment, online registrations and many more are done through Internet websites. Millions of users use these websites to maintain their daily needs. The challenge in front is that these websites are getting more and more complex, and the need to have well-designed websites becomes more important and at the same time more difficult. Knowledge of usability and accessibility according to the user needs can help designing more convenient while competent websites. It is essential to know that users with different levels of ability may visit a website. They should be able to easily interact with the website based on their abilities, likes and dislikes. Users usually leave the website early if they find it difficult to handle. They may look after easier and more practical solutions to do what they need to do. So it is somehow important to design websites by considering all levels of abilities and disabilities. Therefore, there are standards that must be followed by designers. Basically, usability experts define standards for making a website operational for a vast range of users by reducing the sources of complexity which potentially lead to a problem. Standards set by experts for accessibility aspects mainly focus on making a website more approachable to a bigger portion of users including users with disabilities. This thesis investigates the role of HTML5 markup language in improving the accessibility of the websites. To achieve that, the main factors of accessibility in designing websites are considered and based on that the evaluation has been performed. To gain more applicable results, this thesis concentrates on screen readers as a kind of assistive technologies. The results illustrate that HTML5 markup language can improve the accessibility of a website design. Currently, there are still some difficulties to overcome, for example, browsers lack support for HTML5 and the screen readers are not as effective as they are needed to be. This probably means that we still need more research to find optimal ways of constructing websites with a perfect accessibility and usability for screen readers. / Numera finns en hel del aktiviteter såsom social kommunikation, utbildningar, bankprocesser, olika typer av underhållning, online registreringar och många fler som sker genom webbplatser på Internet. Miljontals användare använder dessa webbplatser för sina dagliga behov. Utmaningen är att dessa webbplatser blir mer och mer komplexa, och behovet av att ha väl utformade webbplatser blir både viktigare och samtidigt svårare. Kunskap om användbarhet och tillgänglighet enligt användarnas behov kan hjälpa till att designa webbplatser som samtidigt är både bekväma och kompetenta. Det är viktigt att användare med olika förmågor kan besöka en webbplats. De bör enkelt kunna interagera med webbplatsen med utgångspunkt från sina förmågor och preferenser. Användare lämnar vanligtvis webbplatsen tidigt om de har svårt att hantera den. De kan se sig om efter enklare och mer praktiska lösningar för att göra vad de behöver göra. Så det är någorlunda viktigt att utforma webbsidor genom att beakta alla nivåer av förmågor och handikapp. Därför finns det normer som måste följas av designers. Användbarhetsexperter definierar standarder för att göra en webbplats nyttig för ett stort antal användare genom att minska orsaker till komplexitet som potentiellt leder till problem. Normer som fastställts av experter på tillgänglighetsaspekter fokuserar huvudsakligen på att göra en webbplats mer tillgänglig för en större del av användarna, inklusive användare med funktionshinder. Denna rapport undersöker betydelsen av HTML5 med avseende på att förbättra tillgängligheten av webbplatser. För att uppnå detta, har de viktigaste faktorerna för tillgänglighet i utformning av webbsidor beaktats och grundat på det har en utvärdering genomförts. För att få mer applicerbara resultat, fokuserar denna rapport på skärmläsare som ett hjälpmedel. Resultaten visar att HTML5 kan förbättra tillgängligheten hos en webbdesign. För närvarande finns det fortfarande vissa svårigheter att övervinna, till exempel att webbläsare saknar stöd för HTML5 och att skärmläsare är inte lika effektiva som de behöver vara. Detta innebär förmodligen att vi fortfarande behöver mer forskning för att hitta optimala sätt att bygga webbplatser med perfekt tillgänglighet och användbarhet för skärmläsare.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Digital Signage systems such as public info kiosks can be designed to better fulfill its main use; to enlighten, encourage and influence the public with information. The challenges presented from earlier studies shows that the public interests and goals, together with proper and relevant content displayed in info kiosks have impact on the attention the public have towards public displays. Qualitative methods such as interviews, usability testing and observations were conducted to further examine how a public info kiosk can be designed to draw attention and grow interest amongst students at K3, Malmo University. Usability testing were used on the digital prototypes that were developed to ensure that the gestural user interface meet the requirements of a proper interaction from the users. Important insights were made concerning; the attention and interest to relevant content, the aspects of the gestural user interface along with the placement of the info kiosk in terms of context. These key factors need to be properly investigated and developed to ensure a better deployment of a public info kiosk. It is suggested that using the principles of interaction design by doing research and studies of public interest and needs, and optimizing it by taking the specific context of place and time in account when a designing content. The results from this thesis suggests that an installation of a public info kiosk will successfully earn the attention and interest from the public if the content is relevant and interesting to the specific public. It is also important that the systems perform well in terms of software and hardware to allow a fluid and intuitive interaction with the gestural user interface.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread persistent organic pollutants. The metabolism of PCBs by various organisms involves many steps that can lead to the formation of a wide range of metabolites. These metabolites frequently exhibit a toxicity and biodegradability different than the parent compounds. There is currently little information available about the biological effects of PCB hydroxylated metabolites that can be generated by various organisms and potentially released into the environment. The objective of the present research is to compare the toxicity of selected PCB congeners and their corresponding mono-hydroxylated metabolites. To achieve this objective, the following specific aims were performed: (1) to determine the effect of selected PCBs and PCB hydroxylated metabolites on the growth rate of a model PCB-degrading bacterium, Burkholderia xenovorans LB 400, (2) to determine the microbial toxicity of PCBs and PCB metabolites using the bioluminescent assay Microtox®, and (3) to determine the estrogenicity of PCBs and PCB metabolites using the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay (YES). The effects of a range of PCBs (PCB-2, -3, -8, -9, -30, -35, -36, -39, -61, -68, and -79) and their mono-hydroxylated metabolites on the growth rate of the PCB degrader, Burkholderia xenovorans LB400, were recorded. The results showed that the parent PCBs (50 mg L-1) did not affect the growth rate of LB400 although their hydroxylated metabolites strongly inhibited microbial growth. Using Microtox® assay, Parent PCBs (50 mg L-1) did not exhibit observable toxicity, while their hydroxylated metabolites showed a high level of toxicity (EC50 ranges from 2 mg L-1 to 46 mg L-1). Results using the YES assay also showed that the estrogenicity of hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs (50 mg L-1) was higher than the parent PCBs. The results obtained from the present study show that mono-hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs are more toxic than the corresponding parent PCBs. Because hydroxylated PCB derivatives are produced by a range of organisms and potentially released into the environment, this work raises new concerns associated with the environmental fate of PCBs. / Civil Engineering

As virtual experiences are rapidly substituting a significant proportion of in-person interactions during the COVID pandemic, it is critical to monitor the effect of screen exposure time on developing children’s behavior and nervous system. Screen use boosts information accessibility and, therefore, may delay the development of the inhibitory control networks in children, who are vulnerable to immediate reward-orientated tendencies and not yet capable of controlling their impulsivity. Therefore, it was hypothesized that as children become more exposed to screens, the development of the inhibitory control network would be delayed and their reward sensitivity will be augmented. Using the ABCD Study Data Repository, 8,334 children’s behavioral and neural data (aged 9-11) were included. Robust mediation analysis and correlation analysis were used to investigate how Screen Time interacts with children’s reward-orientated tendency (e.g. Behavioral approach system, BAS) and the brain's inhibitory network. Intrinsic Frontoparietal Network-Striatum (FPN-Striatum) connectivity strength was used as neural indices of the inhibitory control quality in children. Results showed that Screen Time significantly mediated the relationship between BAS and both waves of the intrinsic inhibitory process. A higher BAS was linked to a longer Screen Time and weaker inhibitory network connectivity. This complete/full mediation model indicates that Screen Time negatively influenced the strength of FPN-Striatum connectivity. In conclusion, the study revealed specific behavioral and neural correlates of screen exposure using a large database, and suggested that increasing screen exposure time may impair the inhibitory capability and increase impulsivity in children. / M.S. / The current study explored the effect of daily screen exposure in pre-adolescent children to provide an important springboard for future work in protecting developing children against the negative impacts of screen use, which has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 8,000 children’s data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) project was included and found that an increased daily screen exposure time is linked to an inefficient inhibitory control system in the brain. As children’s inhibitory control systems are still developing, this negative effect further hinder the maturation of inhibitory-control systems two years later. Given that the virtual movement is irreversible, the results provide scientific evidence that a balance between screen time and non-screen activities is required for developing children.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] RESUMEN La Electrónica Orgánica ha experimentado un gran avance en las últimas décadas, desde que en los años 70 se descubrieran los polímeros conductores. Las características únicas de los semiconductores orgánicos, han permitido el desarrollo de dispositivos electrónicos flexibles y con múltiple funcionalidad, mediante técnicas de fabricación a temperatura ambiente y bajo coste. Uno de los campos en los que estos dispositivos orgánicos han despertado mayor interés es el de su aplicación como sensores. En particular, los sensores basados en los denominados Transistores Orgánicos de película delgada (OTFT's) han experimentado un gran desarrollo debido a sus múltiples ventajas, como simplicidad, elevada sensibilidad, y posibilidad de miniaturización. Existen dos tipos principales de OTFT's: Transistor Orgánico de Efecto de Campo (OFET) y Transistor Electroquímico Orgánico (OECT). Los OECT's constan de tres electrodos (surtidor, drenador y puerta), un semiconductor orgánico (OSC), y un electrolito en contacto con el semiconductor. El funcionamiento de los sensores basados en OECT's se basa en la modulación de la corriente del canal por dopaje o de-dopaje electroquímico desde el electrolito, cuando se aplican tensiones de puerta. Los OECT's resultan especialmente adecuados como sensores químicos debido a su capacidad de operar en medios acuosos. En este trabajo, se han desarrollado OECT's basados en el OSC PEDOT:PSS mediante tecnología Screen-printing. Los transistores se han diseñado variando su geometría, parámetro del que depende la sensibilidad del sensor. Mediante la caracterización eléctrica de los OECT's, se ha podido determinar la geometría óptima en función del analito a detectar. Finalmente, se ha comprobado experimentalmente la validez de estos OECT's como sensores de cationes de diferentes tamaños y de ácido ascórbico, obteniéndose resultados muy satisfactorios. Los OFET's, se han preparado depositando el OSC sobre el dieléctrico y para obtener el canal cuya corriente se modula con la tensión aplicada al electrodo de puerta. En la mayoría de los sensores basados en OFET's, el semiconductor está expuesto al analito. Su funcionamiento se basa en la modificación de la corriente del canal por dopaje o captura de cargas en presencia del analito. En este trabajo, se han desarrollado OFET's basados en TIPS-Pentacene mediante las tecnologías Drop-casting y Spin-coating. Tras establecer la mejor técnica de deposición del semiconductor orgánico se han caracterizado eléctricamente los OFET's. La caracterización eléctrica de estos transistores orgánicos es fundamental para optimizar su uso como sensores químicos. No obstante, las propiedades únicas de los OSC's dificultan la caracterización eléctrica de estos dispositivos con los equipos comerciales actuales, diseñados todos ellos para la caracterización de transistores de Silicio. Para suplir esta necesidad, se ha diseñado un equipo para la caracterización de transistores orgánicos, utilizando componentes comerciales de bajo coste y un software desarrollado específicamente para la determinación de los parámetros característicos de OECT's y OFET's fijados en la norma estándar IEEE 1620-2008. / [CA] RESUM La Electrònica Orgànica ha experimentat un gran avanç en les últimes dècades, des que en els anys 70 es descobrissin els polímers conductors. Les característiques úniques dels semiconductors orgànics, han permès el desenvolupament de dispositius electrònics flexibles i amb múltiple funcionalitat, mitjançant tècniques de fabricació a temperatura ambient i baix cost. Un dels camps en què aquests dispositius orgànics han despertat més interès és el de la seva aplicació com a sensors. En particular, els sensors basats en els denominats Transistors Orgànics de pel·lícula prima (OTFT s) han experimentat un gran desenvolupament a causa dels seus múltiples avantatges, com simplicitat, elevada sensibilitat, i possibilitat de miniaturització. Hi ha dos tipus principals de OTFT s: Transistor Orgànics d'Efecte de Camp (OFET) i Transistor Electroquímic Orgànic (OECT). Els OECT's consten de tres elèctrodes (sortidor, drenador i porta), un semiconductor orgànic (OSC), i un electròlit en contacte amb el semiconductor. El funcionament dels sensors basats en OECT's es basa en la modulació del corrent del canal per dopatge o de-dopatge electroquímic des del electròlit, quan s'apliquen tensions de porta. Els OECT's resulten especialment adequats com a sensors químics per la seva capacitat d'operar en mitjans aquosos. En aquest treball, s'han desenvolupat OECT's basats en el OSC PEDOT: PSS mitjançant tecnologia Screen-printing. Els transistors s'han dissenyat variant la seua geometria, paràmetre del qual depèn la sensibilitat del sensor. Mitjançant la caracterització elèctrica dels OECT's, s'ha pogut determinar la geometria òptima en funció de l'analit a detectar. Finalment, s'ha comprovat experimentalment la validesa d'aquests OECT's com a sensors de cations de diferents mides i d'àcid ascòrbic, obtenint-se resultats molt satisfactoris. Els OFET's, s'han preparat dipositant el OSC sobre el dielèctric per obtenir el canal i la corrent es modula amb la tensió aplicada a l'elèctrode de porta. En la majoria dels sensors basats en OFET's, el semiconductor està exposat al analit. El seu funcionament es basa en la modificació del corrent del canal per dopatge o captura de càrregues en presència de l'analit. En aquest treball, s'han desenvolupat OFET's basats en TIPS-Pentacene mitjançant les tecnologies "Drop-càsting" i "Spin-coating". Després d'establir la millor tècnica de deposició del semiconductor orgànic s'han caracteritzat elèctricament els OFET's La caracterització elèctrica d'aquests transistors orgànics és fonamental per optimitzar el seu ús com a sensors químics. No obstant això, les propietats úniques dels OSC's dificulten la caracterització elèctrica d'aquests dispositius amb els equips comercials actuals, dissenyats tots ells per a la caracterització de transistors de silici. Per suplir aquesta necessitat, s'ha dissenyat un equip per a la caracterització de transistors orgànics, utilitzant components comercials de baix cost i un programari desenvolupat específicament per a la determinació dels paràmetres característics de OECT's i OFET's fixats en la norma estàndard IEEE 1620-2008. / [EN] ABSTRACT Organic Electronics has been extensively developed along these past decades, since the discovery of conducting polymers in the 1970s. The unique features that these organic semiconductors can offer have allowed the development of many electronic devices with mechanical flexibility and multiple functionalities, using low-temperature and low-cost fabrication technologies. These organic devices have attracted considerable interest for their use in many fields, especially for sensing applications. In particular, Organic Thin-Film Transistors (OTFTs) have paved the way towards the fabrication of efficient sensors due to their many advantages, such as simplicity, high sensitivity, and facile miniaturization. OTFTs can be classified into two types of transistors: Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFET) and Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECT). The essential components of an OECT are an organic semiconductor film, three electrodes (source, drain and gate), and an electrolyte bridging the semiconductor and the gate electrode. The operation of an OECT-based sensor lies on the modulation of the channel current by electrochemical doping or de-doping from the electrolyte, when gate voltages are applied. OECTs have attracted considerable interest for their application as chemical sensors due to their ability to operate in aqueous environments. In this work, PEDOT: PSS-based OECTs have been prepared by Screen-printing. The effect of the geometry on the sensor sensitivity has been investigated by comparing OECTs with different channel and gate areas ratio. The electrical characteristics of the OECTs have been used to determine the geometry that optimizes their performance for sensing different analytes. Finally, the use of these OECTs for the detection of cations and ascorbic acid has been experimentally assessed, with satisfactory and promising results. The OFET's have been prepared by depositing the organic semiconductor on the dielectric and thus obtain the chanel whose current is modulated by the voltage applied to the gate electrode. In most of the OFET-based sensors, the semiconductor is exposed to the analyte. Their operation is based on the modification of the channel current by charge doping or trapping due to the analyte. In this work, OFETs based on TIPS-pentacene have been prepared by Drop-casting and Spin-coating. The best technique for deposition of this organic semiconductor has been initially identified. Then, the electrical characteristics of these OFETs have been determined. The electrical characterization of these organic transistors is essential for their optimization as chemical sensors. However, the unique properties of organic semiconductors render difficult the electrical characterization of these transistors with current commercial devices, since these have been all designed for characterizing Si-based transistors. A device which allows for systematic characterization of organic transistors has been designed therefore, using low-cost commercial components and a software that has been specifically developed for the determination of the reporting parameters for OFETs and OECTs, as specified in the IEEE 1620-2008 standard. / El trabajo desarrollado en los artículos ha sido posible gracias a los distintos proyectos de investigación de financiación pública dentro del marco de proyectos del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Gobierno de España/Fondos FEDER (grant number MAT2015-64139-C4-3-R (MINECO/FEDER)) y Fondos de la Generalitat Valenciana (grant number AICO/2015/103). / Pérez Fuster, C. (2019). Diseño y caracterización de sensores para la medida de parámetros químicos y biológicos mediante Organic Thin-film transistors [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/118793 / Compendio