Modern computer networks allow server resources to be shared. While this multiplexing is the unsung hero of scalability and performance, the fact that clients are sharing resources and each client’s network traffic is transmitted in a larger pool of the total network traffic, poses distinct challenges for security. By adopting multiplexing so broadly, the networking and systems communities have implicitly favored performance over security. When servers multiplexing clients are compromised, the attack is able to spread by exploiting unsuspecting clients sharing the resource. Drive-by-downloads are an example of an attack where a Web server is compromised and begins distributing malware to connecting clients. As a result of using today’s many-to-one client-server network model, current approaches are inadequate at protecting the network and its resources. We propose a redesign of the modern network infrastructure. Our approach involves moving from the current many-to-one client-server model to a one-to-one client-server model. In redesigning the network, we provide a means of better accountability for traffic between clients and servers. With accountability, we enable the ability to quickly determine which client is responsible for an attack. This allows us to quickly repair the affected entities. To accomplish this accountability, we separate each client’s communication into separate flows. A flow is identified by various network features, such as IP addresses and ports. Further, instead of allowing multiple clients to be multiplexed at the same server, we use a technique that allows each client to communicate with a server that is logically separate from all other clients. Accordingly, a server compromise only effects a single client. We create a one-to-one client-server model using virtualization techniques and OpenFlow, a software-defined network (SDN) protocol. We complete our model in three phases. In the first, we deploy a physical SDN using physical machines and a commodity network switch that supports OpenFlow to gain an initial understanding of SDNs. The next phase involves implementation of Choreographer, a DNS access control mechanism, in a virtualized SDN environment for better scalability over our physical configuration. Finally, we leverage Choreographer to dynamically instantiate a server for each client and create network flows that allow a client to reach the requested server.

In 2013, China presented the idea of the infrastructure project One Belt One Road. The thesis aims to analyse the potential effects of the initiative, and how its attempt to improve transport infrastructure will impact EU-tourist flows to participating countries. A closer look to the effects on the tourism industry is justified because of the importance of the touristic sector for the global economy. For instance, the direct contribution of the touristic sector accounted for 2.3 trillion USD worldwide in 2016. A gravity model approach is used in the following paper to examine the significance of road, railway, air service as well as port infrastructure for tourists from the European Union. Afterwards, an OBOR simulation is carried out that forecasts a potential change for EU-tourist inflows. The results go in line with previous gravity model studies regarding the positive relationship of the GDP and the inverse influence of the distance on tourism flows. Furthermore, the findings suggest a significant impact of well-developed road, railway and air service networks. However, the quality of ports did not meet the expectations and is somewhat contra productive for the decision making of EU tourists. The simulation for the improvement of transport infrastructure implies that countries with an under-...

Marknadsföringsbegrepp har växt allt mer med tiden, lika väl som det har förgrenat sig ochutvecklats inom olika riktningar. Under utbildningens gång har vi läst en hel del ommarknadsföring och dess olika termer samt begrepp, men inte förrän det fjärde året, blev viverkligen fascinerade av själva ämnet One to One marketing.Undersökningens syfte är att studera hur tjänsteföretag tillämpar One to One marketing och påvilket sätt de inför perspektivet inom sina arbetsrutiner. De aspekter som vi har funnit mestintressanta att undersöka är hur tjänsteföretagen uppfattar One to One marketing och vilkalikheter samt skillnader det finns mellan teorin och empirin. Tjänsteföretagen som vi harintervjuat till vår uppsats är Reklambyrån Mecka, Nordea Private Banking och ICA Banken.Läsarna får en inblick i och kommer nära inpå tjänsteföretagens interna verksamhet.Konsumenter är den största anledningen till den goda lönsamhet som varje företag vill uppnå.Konsumenter är den drivande kraften bakom köpmarknaden och det gäller att lyckas få tag pådem som ger mest avkastning. Att vara kundorienterad och lyckas uppnå denna så kalladeskräddarsydda orienteringen, gentemot kunden, är ett av huvudmålen med One to One. Innanjust detta kan åstadkommas, finns det en hel del faktorer att ta hänsyn till, förbättra och införainom företagens system. Det hela går ut på att skapa en unik samt lärande relation mellanföretag och kund, just för att öka precisionen i marknadsföringen. Företaget låter kunden läraden, hur denne vill bli bemöt och vilka varor/tjänster den föredrar att konsumera och på vilketsätt. Fokus inom One to One marketing ligger på att erhålla kundandelar, framförmarknadsandelar.Undersökningen visar att One to One marketing används i praktiken men att företagen intebenämner det på samma sätt som litteraturen/här. Enligt våra respondenter definierasperspektivet på samma sätt, så som den fastställs inom teorin. När kundens behov blirtillfredställda, förblir kunden lojal företaget, något som leder till en långsiktig relation mellanföretaget och kunden. IT spelar en kritisk roll inom perspektivet och underlättar självaarbetsprocessen som även medför att företag kan skräddarsy individuella erbjudanden för sinakunder. / Uppsatsnivå: D

During recent decades the educational community around the world has witnessed an increasing interest in programmes aiming at providing teachers as well as learners of all ages with direct access to personal computing devices and the vast amount of information such provision enables. These types of programmes are known as “one-to- one computing”, a term that indicates a very widespread distribution of computers in educational settings. Research into such patterns of provision has accordingly become a priority. Understandably, the realities of one-to-one programme implementation vary considerably across the nations, since cultural setting, educational system, customs of technology use and teachers’ experiences are all significant aspects that influence the process. However, there can be certain commonalities across all these aspects in countries whose educational systems have a largely shared history, as is the case in the former Soviet Union states. Azerbaijan’s experience in the field, as one of the countries with a post-soviet educational system going through curriculum reforms, was very attractive for a comprehensive study with the primary focus on identifying the factors influencing the infusion of one-to-one computing into learning and teaching. The research question developed for this study was: “What factors influence the integration of one-to-one computing into teaching and learning?” Qualitative research methods were used to gather data at three purposively selected schools, two in the capital city of Baku and one in a provincial town. The research data were collected by conducting classroom observations, interviews and focus group discussions with main stakeholders of the programme allowing for investigation of students’, teachers’ and parents’ experiences throughout the implementation process. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach the gathered data were analyzed in two major stages: the first one employed the ‘helicopter view’ approach to attain a preliminary picture, followed by the process of coding, memo-writing and analysis. The second stage of the analysis resulted in a thematic summary into teacher, student and classroom-dynamics-related categories. The findings revealed that the students were the most enthusiastic about the changes brought to the learning process with the introduction of the lightweight, small and inexpensive devices, commonly known as netbooks. The students improved their technological skills and knowledge and applied these skills in acquiring domain knowledge. By providing students with netbooks, the one-to-one programme introduced anytime, anywhere, and individualized learning opportunities. The study also revealed that the introduction of netbooks was leading to students developing collaborative learning skills. In addition, the study found that most of the teachers were developing new teaching methods to continue the programme implementation. They invested extra time and worked hard, notwithstanding the lack of guidelines both on the integration of technology with pedagogy and on meeting newly-set National Curriculum standards. Some teachers overcame the technological challenges that arose along the way eagerly, while others used them as an excuse to discontinue the programme implementation. The parents’ opinions varied considerably, some of them supported the innovation, while others considered the frequent usage of technology excessive, unnecessary and potentially damaging to their children’s health. The latter group of parents expected their children to be taught similarly to them, with a primary focus on the development of handwriting and speaking skills as well as the habits of reading printed books. The research has identified eight major factors influencing the integration of one-to-one computing into teaching and learning: embedding ICT in the curriculum, fostering of exploratory learning, student satisfaction, new learning practices, professional development, school leadership support, teacher beliefs and parental support. Most importantly, the findings have revealed the importance of addressing teacher professional development in terms of integrating technology with pedagogy and meeting curriculum standards through technology-infused teaching methods. These factors indicate the improvements needed for successful programme implementation. It is hoped that the results can be adopted by educational leaders to inform their decisions on one-to-one programmes, thereby contributing to successful integration.

The development of sight words is essential for individuals with significant disability. There is a plethora of research highlighting the acquisition of sight words for this population but to date, most focus on teacher led interventions (Browder, Algrim-Delzell, Spooner, Mims, & Baker, 2009). This study investigated the use of computer technology vs. one-on-one instruction targeting sight words acquisition for a student with a significant disability. Results showed the participant indicated improved performance using the computer based intervention versus the constant time delay instructor led intervention.

A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to identify and analyze issues in the implementation of one-to-one computing initiatives and provide solutions for improvement. An understanding of the implementation process was developed through the analysis of data collected through 27 interviews with teacher experts in the field who have worked with the implementation of one-to-one programs. Teachers were purposely selected from the following groups: those who were completing their first year of teaching, those who had between two and ten years of teaching experience, and those who had eleven plus years of total teaching experience. This study distinctly addresses one-to-one initiatives from both placing importance on the utilization of negative knowledge and in simultaneously treating teacher perceptions as a valid reality. Issues associated with the implementation of one-to-one initiatives develop at a faster speed than traditional school structures are accustomed to respond to. Successful one-to-one management requires a responsive, interconnected, and efficient organizational structure. This research has significance for the improvement of one-to-one initiative implementation efforts. The findings contained in this research have the potential to benefit teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders associated with the implementation of one-to-one initiatives.

This study reviews due process hearing decisions from the years 2014 and 2015. This is primarily a legal analysis, specifically looking at legal and regulatory patterns regarding the provision of one-on-one special education aides for students with disabilities in general education settings. Our findings from the due process hearing decisions reveal that one-on-one aides for students with a wide variety of disabilities are being provided with greater frequency than we anticipated and that, specifically, behavioral aides are being provided for students with autism. Decisions of disabilities such as hearing impairment have higher provision rates, while other disabilities like autism and emotional disturbance do not see the same rate of provision. There are clear patterns of differences between the states in the number of cases that reach due process hearings and in the number of one-on-one aides provided.

This study examines and describes the nature of questioning moves used by two exemplary fourth-grade teachers during reading instruction. Questioning moves are defined in this study as the ways in which teachers use scaffolding questions to engage students in talk about text. Another point of interest in this study was to determine how teachers perceive the influence of instructional materials on the language they use to engage students in talk about text. This study was situated within a constructivist paradigm of inquiry and drew from the case study tradition for its design. Naturalistic methods of data collection were employed including transcripts of teacher and student talk, field notes, videotapes, and interviews with the teachers. Data analysis was conducted in two stages. First data were analyzed separately within each case to locate emerging patterns to build each teacher's profile. Then data were juxtaposed for the purpose of comparison to illuminate similarities and differences in patterns that cut across cases. In general, results show that while questioning moves used by exemplary fourth-grade teachers are different, they are simple and subtle. The questioning moves used provided scaffolding for the purpose of increasing the students' responsibility for constructing meaning from text and signaled teachers' high expectations in their students' ability to read and interact with text. Teachers' use of questioning moves was determined by the instructional focus and hinged on the nature, intensity, and support of their professional development opportunities and experiences. Additional findings, indirectly related to teachers' use of questioning moves, and the influences on their use, were themed around the nature of attention that teachers gave to their classroom environment and instructional design. Implications of the results of this study for reading teachers and educators are themed around issues of professional development and time.

Abstract This single, embedded case study focused on educators’ experiences of educational change as they adopted, implemented, and sustained a one-to-one computing innovation over 20 years. The purpose of the study was to explore the innovativeness, the capacity of a school community to take on change for continuous educational improvement over time. Through interviews and focus groups with administrators, teachers, students, and graduates, observations of current classroom practices, and archival data, the study provides an understanding of how individuals experienced change and how a school sustained change over an exceptionally long period of time. Data analysis revealed multiple rationales for the implementation of one-to-one computing, including the development of a constructivist environment, the empowerment of women, preparation of students for college and the 21st century work force, and the need to keep the school’s educational program on the “cutting-edge.” The study of this individual school community suggests the importance of a strong educational philosophy, flexibility of implementation, an environment that encourages risk-taking, and collegiality. The study also demonstrates that change occurred on a continuum and continued to progress as hardware, software, and the Internet evolved, and as faculty became more knowledgeable of the application of the program to teaching and learning.

Parents are important to the success of the one-to-one computing programs that are becoming more commonplace in secondary classrooms. Parents' opinions can influence the success of these programs or doom them to failure; however, little is known regarding parents' attitudes about these programs. To understand parental attitudes toward a one-to-one laptop program, this qualitative exploratory case study used Rogers's diffusions of innovations theory on how new ideas and technologies spread. Participants included 11 parents of students attending 2 urban secondary schools with similar demographics in the southwestern United States. Data were collected through focus group sessions, follow-up interviews, and relevant documents. Data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis and coding. Findings revealed that parents loved the one-to-one laptop program, saw technology to be a right of all students, thought that the district-managed laptops were used more for academic rather than educational purposes due to content filters and other restrictions, and believed that a central school-wide technology support system available to all stakeholders, including parents, was critical to the success of the one-to-one laptop program and approval by parents. This study may create positive social change by providing new insights and beneficial tips to educational organizations looking to use one-to-one laptop programs most effectively.