Submitted by Bruno Rondani (brunorondani@gmail.com) on 2012-05-23T21:37:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 Tese Doutorado Rondani - RevBIBLIOTECA.docx: 3154226 bytes, checksum: 3e706cdfaaa262e324e815e4db09ba2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2012-05-23T22:29:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 Tese Doutorado Rondani - RevBIBLIOTECA.docx: 3154226 bytes, checksum: 3e706cdfaaa262e324e815e4db09ba2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-24T11:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 Tese Doutorado Rondani - RevBIBLIOTECA.docx: 3154226 bytes, checksum: 3e706cdfaaa262e324e815e4db09ba2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-26 / Since Chesbrough (2003) first coined the concept of open innovation it has attracted a growing attention both in academia and in practice. Despite the increasing efforts to explore open innovation, many questions remain unanswered. Academic research has spread its focus into different topics such as innovation management, business strategy, organizational behavior and public policies. Practitioners, on the other hand, have been exploring the concept of open innovation in diversified ways. Taking into account the variability of open innovation practices, this study seeks to provide microfoundations for open innovation by adopting the effectuation theory. Effectuation theory was originally developed in the field of entrepreneurship research and can be defined as a set of teachable and learnable decision-making principles that together form an overall logic that expert entrepreneurs are observed to employ in situations of uncertainty in order to create new ventures and new markets. (SARASVATHY, 2001; 2008). We have shown that the effectuation theory has the strength to provide strong contribution to build a consistent micro level conceptual basis for open innovation practices. By performing an extensive case study of an open innovation management organization dedicated to foster collaborations between Brazil and Sweden, we examine the decision-making processes of 13 expert R&D and innovation managers representing eight different entities involved in the startup of this new organization. As a result of our research we identified and described a decision-making methodology used by expert innovation managers involved in the creation of an open innovation management organization. The research insights that emerged from this case study enabled us to develop a decision-making framework based on effectuation and open innovation theories that could support managers to start-up new organizations dedicated to open innovation. / Desde que Chesbrough (2003) cunhou o termo inovação aberta, o conceito tem atraído uma atenção crescente tanto no meio acadêmico quanto no mundo empresarial. Apesar dos esforços crescentes em explorar práticas de inovação aberta, muitas perguntas permanecem sem resposta. A pesquisa acadêmica expandiu o foco abordando o tema de forma bastante ampla como gestão da inovação, estratégia empresarial, comportamento organizacional e políticas públicas. Ao mesmo tempo, gestores também têm explorado na prática o conceito de inovação aberta de formas muito diversificadas. Levando em conta a variabilidade das práticas de inovação aberta, este estudo visa fornecer microfundamentos para a inovação aberta, adotando a teoria de effectuation. A teoria de effectuation foi originalmente desenvolvida no campo da pesquisa sobre empreendedorismo. Pode ser definida como um conjunto de princípios de tomada de decisão que pode ser ensinado e aprendido, formando uma lógica global empregada por empreendedores com expertise frente a situações de incerteza durante a criação de novos empreendimentos e novos mercados (SARASVATHY, 2001; 2008). Nós demostramos que a teoria effectuation tem a consistência para fornecer uma contribuição sólida no nível micro das práticas de inovação aberta. Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo de caso extensivo sobre uma organização de gestão da inovação aberta destinada a promover a colaboração entre Brasil e Suécia. Examinamos os processos de tomada de decisão de 13 especialistas em R&D e gerentes de inovação que juntos representam oito diferentes entidades envolvidas em sua criação. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa, identificamos e descrevemos a metodologia de tomada de decisão utilizada pelos gestores de inovação envolvidos na criação de uma organização dedicada à gestão da inovação aberta. As percepções frutos da pesquisa realizada nos permitiu desenvolver um quadro de tomada de decisão com base nas teorias de effectuation e inovação aberta, capaz de apoiar gestores na criação de novas organizações dedicadas à gestão da inovação aberta.

Cette thèse de doctorat a été menée dans le cadre d'un partenariat entre le Laboratoire Conception de Produits et Innovation des Arts et Métiers ParisTech et l'Ecole de Biologie Industrielle. Le projet de recherche porteur de nos travaux de thèse vise à accompagner la valorisation de nouvelles particules d'argile ayant fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet au sein du laboratoire EBInnov®. Ce nouvel ingrédient polyfonctionnel est destiné à satisfaire de multiples applications dans les secteurs bio-industriels, notamment dans l'industrie pharmaceutique, le secteur des cosmétiques, le phytosanitaire ou encore l'environnement. L'objectif de nos travaux de thèse est d'intégrer les spécifications techniques, sensorielles et réglementaires des entreprises de ces secteurs au sein d'un modèle de conception axé innovation. Pour ce faire, les hypothèses de recherche s'appuient sur l'émergence du paradigme de l'innovation ouverte dans ces secteurs. Nous soutenons que les nouveaux intermédiaires de l'innovation sont performants dans les bio-industries et permettent la prise en compte du potentiel d'innovation dès les phases amont du processus de conception. La validité de ces hypothèses a ensuite été vérifiée en milieu industriel par le biais d'expérimentations en lien direct avec les secteurs d'application de la technologie EBISilc®. Finalement, nous proposons un modèle de conception axé innovation prenant en compte l'évolution des modèles d'innovation dans les bio-industries. / This doctoral thesis was realized within the framework of a partnership between the Product Design and Innovation Laboratory of Arts et Métiers ParisTech and the Ecole de Biologie Industrielle. The research project behind our thesis aims to support the promotion of new clay particles having been patented by the EBInnov® laboratory. This new polyfunctional ingredient is designed to satisfy several applications in the bio-industries, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, the phytosanitary sector or the environment. The aim of the thesis is to integrate the technical, sensory and regulatory specifications of bio-industrial companies in an innovation-oriented design process. Thus, the research hypotheses rely on the emerging paradigm of open innovation in these sectors. We support that the new innovation intermediaries are efficient in the bio-industries and allow the integration of the innovation potential in the early stages of the design process. The validity of these assumptions was studied by means of industry-related experiments directly linked to the main application sectors of the EBISilc® technology. Finally, we propose an innovation-oriented design process taking into account the evolution of the innovation models in the bio-industries.

This is a qualitative exploratory study of Software Architecture in Cyber-Physical Ecosystems. Software Architecture plays a pivotal role to Software Ecosystems and, apart from Functional and non-Functional requirements, it is affected by factors of a different nature. The purpose of this paper is to identify these factors and describe their relationship with the ecosystem’s architecture. Several owners of Cyber-Physical systems are in the process of setting up new ecosystems by sharing functionalities of their proprietary platform with third-party developers. This makes Architecture that supports Open Innovation critical to this endeavor. We believe that the application of Software Ecosystem best practices  to the domain of Cyber-Physical Systems is an interesting subject. An exploratory literature study was conducted to create a conceptual model which describes the relationship of architecture with the factors presented above. This study resulted in a conceptual model which supports the decision making process of the platform owner during the various stages of the ecosystem’s lifecycle.

Bakgrund: I takt med ökad digitalisering uppkommer nya marknadsmöjligheter för finansiella aktörer. Svenska storbanker förväntas förlora stora delar av sin vinst till nystartade digitala bolag på den finansiella marknaden. En viktig aspekt i den digitala utvecklingen är innovation. De digitala bolagen ligger i framkant när det kommer till innovation och använder extern information på sociala medier som inspiration till nya innovativa lösningar. Att utnyttja extern information i syfte att utveckla produkter och tjänster beskrivs som öppen innovation. Det torde således vara fördelaktigt för storbanker och tänka utifrån kunders digitala perspektiv genom att använda information på sociala medier som inspiration till nya innovativa lösningar, i enlighet med en öppen innovationsstrategi. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur svenska storbanker kan använda sociala medier för att stimulera öppna innovationsprocesser. Metod: Studien har utformats i enlighet med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Empiriska data har samlats in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med representanter från svenska storbanker samt med, enligt studien definierade, innovationsexperter. Resultat: Svenska storbanker använder sociala medier i kundservice- och marknadsföringssyfte genom reaktiv och proaktiv kommunikation. Studien bekräftar att sociala medier även kan användas i innovations- stimulerande syfte. Sociala medier kan användas som informationskälla i, enligt studien definierade, öppna innovationsprocesser genom att kunders idéer, beteenden och behov utläses med hjälp av metoder för extern informationssökning. Vidare kan sociala medier stärka kundrelationer, vilket ökar kunders incitament till deltagande i innovationsstimulerande aktiviteter. Aktiviteterna kan äga rum på sociala medier eller andra kanaler. Avslutningsvis visar studien att lagstiftade regleringar inte torde utgöra en utmaning som hindrar storbankers användning av sociala medier. Det är snarare storbankers ovana på sociala medier som hämmar den aktivitet som sker. / Background: In line with increased digitalization, new market opportunities are emerging for financial players. Swedish banks are expected to lose a large part of their profits to new digital companies in the financial market. An important aspect of digital development is innovation. Digital companies are in the front edge when it comes to innovation and uses external information on social media as inspiration for new innovative solutions. Utilizing external information for the purpose of developing products and services is described as open innovation. Thus, it would be beneficial for banks to think based on customers' digital perspectives using information on social media as inspiration for new innovative solutions, in accordance with an open innovation strategy. Purpose: The aim of the study is to investigate how Swedish banks can use social media to stimulate open innovation processes. Method: The study is designed in accordance with a qualitative research strategy. Empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with respondents consist of representatives from Swedish banks and, by the study defined, innovation experts. Result: Swedish banks use social media in customer service and marketing purposes through reactive and proactive communication. The study confirms that social media also can be used for innovation-stimulating purposes. Social media can be used as a source of information in, by the study defined, open innovation processes by identifying customer ideas, behaviors and needs using methods for external information retrieval. In addition, social media can strengthen customer relations, which increases customer incentives to participate in innovation-stimulating activities. The activities can take place on social media or other channels. Finally, law-based regulations should not be a challenge that prevents banks from communicating on digital platforms. We would rather say that it is the banks inhabit on social media that is the biggest challenge.

The world is changing. With more complex products and services available, shortened life cycles, and shifts in customers behavior due to the increased availability of information, companies needs to explore new capabilities and organizational practices to effectively preserve a competitive advantage through new innovations. A competitive advantage is said to be difficult to create and sustain in today’s markets. Many startups and corporates, are therefore, changing their innovation processes from a traditional linear process to more of an open process. Many scholars have studied this phenomenon from a corporate perspective, leaving a gap in existing literature on how startups are contributing with their innovative and entrepreneurial mindset to the context of open innovation. It is visible that startups are possessing an extensive amount of exploration capabilities, while lacking capabilities related to exploitation. Finding a balance between exploration and exploitation capabilities is an issue for startups due to its limitations of resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to distinguish how an innovation hub enables startups with balancing exploration and exploitation capabilities. For this study, the innovation hub of our choosing is Ignite. Based on the literature review and the identified research gaps, the following research question has been formulated to investigate the phenomenon of balancing organizational capabilities from a startup perspective: RQ: How can an innovation hub help startups find a balance between exploration and exploitation capabilities? To properly answer the research question, the chosen research approach was selected as a qualitative research method. The empirical findings were gathered from 11 semi-structured interviews, where nine interviews have been with managers from startups active in Ignite and two interviews with team members from Ignite. In addition to the empirical findings, we developed a proposed framework that explains the whole process of startups being active in Ignite from pre-intervention, addressing challenges related to startups and the reasons why they should engage in being active in an innovation hub, to post-intervention, addressing the possible outcomes received by being active in Ignite. To conclude, this thesis contributes with an understanding on how startups may use a third party, such as Ignite, to get help with the balancing act of exploration and exploitation capabilities. The findings show that the third party is helping the startups with balancing their organizational capabilities in an indirect way. This is done through Ignite’s accurate matchmaking process and their deep understanding about which capabilities the big corporations are looking for, which Ignite gathers from a needs analysis together with the big corporation. From this thesis, startups as well as big corporations, will understand the importance of involving a third party for the purpose of creating and sustaining a competitive advantage by balancing their exploration and exploitation capabilities.

External knowledge sourcing is not only an integral practice within knowledge management, its successful facilitation through leadership has a pressing importance for companies in order to stay innovative and thus competitive in an economic environment, shaped by the dominant and continuous influence of globalization and the increasingly fast pace of technological innovation. Hereby, only limited research has been conducted in the relation between knowledge-oriented leadership, knowledge management, and innovation.This thesis is contextualized in the scientific discourse which concerns itself with the role of individual attitudes towards external knowledge sourcing, as well as the facilitating role of leadership towards changing individual attitudes. This thesis is, furthermore, also contextualized within the concepts of open innovation and absorptive capacity, which, respectively, are consequences of the spatial effects of globalization and the temporal effects of the fast pace of technological innovation.Research Question: Facing the challenges of globalization and the fast-changing pace of technology, what patterns between employee’s attitudes towards external knowledge acquisition and employee’s perceived leadership behaviors can be observed within tech companies in Sweden?In order to answer the proposed research question, we conducted a qualitative research including nine semi-structured interviews with employees with a technical background in tech companies in Sweden, ranging from small to large companies and with local to multinational operations.Our main findings represent a generally positive attitude towards external knowledge sourcing within our research scope, which relates with high levels of transformational leadership. Still, we were not able to explore the existence of knowledge-oriented leadership.This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge management, innovation, and leadership research, as it provides a first look into previously identified research gaps, namely the impact of knowledge-oriented leadership and knowledge management on open innovation (Naqshbandi & Jasimuddin, 2018) and the missing connection of the three separate bodies: leadership, knowledge management, and innovation (Donate & de Pablo, 2015)

Title - Designing Future Sustainable Cities through a Living Labs Approach – A Case study of “Väsby Labs” Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the contributions of the Living Labs research and innovation methodology to the planning process of designing future sustainable cities as well as its main shortcomings. Additionally, this study intends to provide possible solutions to improve the model in the future. The Living Labs model focuses on creating platforms for communication, innovation and long term development by inviting different stakeholders to an open planning process before public places are defined, houses built and schools developed. Interaction between developers, inhabitants, social services, and political and financial systems is the key element of this model. Research questions - What are the main contributions of the Living Labs Model to the process of designing future sustainable cities and which are its main limitations? How can these limitations be addressed to improve the process in the future? Methodology - Qualitative research consisting of a literature review and an empirical case study based on semi-structured interviews with key individuals as well as secondary data gathered from the web and from participating in workshops and exhibitions in the project’s site. Research limitations/implications – Due to time limitations this study is a mere analysis of a project being developed on a Swedish municipality and does not contemplate its final results, only the ones reached on the date of the current study. The language is also a limitation, due to some of the literature related to the case study, and the conferences and workshops being in Swedish. Originality/Value - This study is the first attempt to analyze the contribution of a methodology such as the Living Labs to the planning process of designing future sustainable cities.

Abstract Title: The relationship between Open innovation and Swedish forest companies - Why do Swedish forest companies choose to either implement or to not implement Open innovation? Course: 2FE897, Master`s thesis in Entrepreneurship, Department of Business Studies. Key Words: Open innovation, closed innovation, innovation process, collaborative innovation, Swedish forest companies.  Purpose: Aims to identify the reasons why or why not Swedish forest companies implement open innovation, but also to find out if there is an ideal open innovation form among Swedish forest companies. Methodology: Abductive approach and qualitative method. Semi structured interviews areconducted with managers from five Swedish forest companies and one startup. Theoretical perspectives: We collected and created a theoretical framework based on open and closed innovation models. We will also bring up different forms of open innovation. Empirical foundation: The empirical data in this thesis are based on our semi structured interviews. Conclusions: Companies prefer a mix of open and closed innovation. Why companies use Open innovation: cost effective, more efficient, boost brand reputation and remain competitive with external knowledge. Why companies continue to use closed innovation: Easier to measure results, keep control, manage and estimate budgets. Collaborative innovation is concluded to be the ideal open innovation form.

For the past decades, more and more organisations have started to recognise that they can apply open innovation (OI), the process in which an organisation shares knowledge, experiences and ideas with external parties. When applying OI, organisations can face problems in letting ideas flow throughout their complex networks and thus unconsciously restrict their innovation process. They can be unaware that certain key behavioural roles can enable ideas to flow better and thus unrestrain the innovation process. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the challenges and success factors that organisations should be aware of when applying open innovation as well as to investigate and analyse the existing key networks and key behavioural roles of organisations that apply open innovation. The findings were obtained through qualitative and semi-structured interviews with: five expert organisations in OI (the prestudy) and eight companies that apply OI (the case study). The study was delimited to collaborations of large and established companies. The findings show that having management commitment and creating an open culture are both challenges and success factors when applying OI. Other success factors are finding the right partner, having trust and transparency and aiming for the win-win concept. Organisations have an internal-, external- and absorbent network, out of which the external is the most emphasised and the internal one is easily overlooked. It is in the absorbent network where different people meet to absorb and develop potential ideas. The key behavioural roles needed in the absorbent network are the broker, team creator, supporter, energiser and challenger. / De senaste decennierna har fler organisationer börjat upptäcka att de kan applicera öppen innovation, processen där en organisation delar med sig av kunskap, erfarenheter och idéer med externa parter. När organisationer applicerar öppen innovation kan de stöta på problem med att låta idéer flöda genom deras komplexa nätverk och därmed omedvetet begränsa deras innovationsprocess. De kan vara ovetande om att vissa nyckelroller kan göra att idéer flödar bättre och därigenom smörjer innovationsprocessen. Syftet med att detta examensarbete var att undersöka vilka utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer organisationer bör känna till när de applicerar öppen innovation samt att undersöka och analysera de nyckelnätverk och nyckelroller som existerar i organisationer som applicerar öppen innovation. Resultatett erhölls genom kvalitativa och semistrukturerade intervjuer med: fem expertorganisationer inom öppen innovation (förstudien) och åtta företag som applicerar öppen innovation (fallstudien). Studien avgränsades till stora och etablerade företags samarbeten. Resultaten visar ledningsengagemang och en öppen kultur är både utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer när öppen innovation appliceras. Ytterligare framgångsfaktorer är att hitta rätt partner, ha förtroende och transparens samt jobba mot "win-win". Organisationer har ett internt, externt och absorberande nätverk, där det externa nätverket får mest fokus och det interna lätt förbises. Det är i det absorberande nätverket där olika individer möts för att absorbera och utveckla potentiella idéer. Nyckelrollerna som behövs i det absorberande nätverket är bryggan, teamskaparen, supportern, ambassadören och utmanaren.

Open innovation has been rising in popularity as an alternative to traditional model for organizations to enhance innovation in their products or services. In the past, the innovation processes was time-consuming and costly. It has now become significantly efficient and effective, supported by the advancement of today’s IT such as Internet, Cloud Computing and Big Data. Open innovation has changed the aspect of the innovation source; from closed internal R&D to fully utilization of consumers’ collaboration. Decision to shift towards open innovation strategy has been lying on several areas including motivation, financial direction, and preference of the innovation strategies and business models that fitting the organizational core strategy. This research studied the relation of these areas and its effect; it determined the way IT-organization creates and captures value that were done by opening its product platform. This thesis was conducted to analyze the open innovation approach in an open digital navigation platform, featuring two platforms as case study: Google Maps and OpenStreetMap. The investigation emphasized the utilizing of the open innovation strategy to build its platform where crowdsourcing and open source software as objects highlighted in the research. The data was collected from secondary sources. Research findings suggested that crowdsourcing and open source software strategy are the main strategies of open innovation implemented in IT digital mapping platform to create and capture value. While these strategies have been practiced in both platforms, circumstances (motivation, financial direction, and business strategy) that hovering around the internal aspect of organizations affected the application of those strategies. The implementation results are differ according to preferred business model. The result of this research suggested that a non-profit based organization tends to utilize open innovation to improve the value of their product through consumer collaboration, while a profit based organization adopts open innovation to generate additional pool of revenue through customers’ feedback and input data. The open innovation leads to creation of a new business model as the foundation of innovation.