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O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um projeto para auxílio no ensino de robôs manipuladores em nível superior utilizando uma plataforma PC com sistema de segurança e software de tempo real. O sistema permite aos alunos testar soluções já existentes e configurar suas próprias alternativas para simulação e controle de um robô manipulador real com até seis graus de liberdade. / This text describes the project development to aid the robot manipulator learning at undergraduate courses using a PC-based architecture with security system and real time software. The system allows the students to test previous solutions and configure their own alternatives for simulating and controlling a real robot manipulator with up to six degrees-of-freedom

This thesis examines the effectiveness of tourism as an agent of rural development, focusing on culture and nature-based destinations in the 'developing world'. The village of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island, Indonesia, served as a case study. Conservation agencies frequently support tourism development as a sustainable alternative to more extractive resource uses. Integrated conservation models, in particular, present 'eco'tourism as an effective instrument to enhance rural livelihoods while protecting the environment. Alongside international aid agencies, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) also promotes the sector for its poverty reduction potential in 'third world' countries. Rural communities hold concomitant expectations of tourism's socio-cultural development potential. Furthermore, 'eco'tourism functions as a growing niche market for the globally expanding tourism industry and local entrepreneurs. As such it fits well into the economic rationale that underpins neo-liberal market strategies. With such a diversity of interests at stake, the question "What kind of business is tourism?" has become more complex, critical and pertinent than ever before. Informed by development theories and the sociology of tourism, this analysis focuses on the multiple dichotomies that characterise 'third world' tourism. In the case of tourism development in Desa Senaru, several paradoxical outcomes have been identified. The most profound of these is the 'social justice paradox' that describes the way tourism costs and benefits are distributed within a heterogeneous community of native residents and migrant settlers. While most of the case study's tourism attractions are part of the cultural heritage of the wetu telu Sasak hamlets, these derive few economic benefits and struggle to access the new development opportunities 'eco'tourism offers. Filtered and directed by historical political relations, several key barriers to a meaningful participation of these native people in the 'business of tourism' have been identified. These include the prevailing conditions of education, culture, ethnicity, socio-economy, location, mobility, skills and knowledge. Expectations of 'eco'tourism as a 'soft' industry analysed vis-à-vis the global biosphere effects of air transport highlight the 'eco-paradox' of international tourism. The cleavage between the poverty-focused aid policies of the New Zealand Government and an integrated conservation project, whose benefits local elites have largely captured, illustrates the 'project paradox' of rural tourism development programmes. In the 'development paradox' of cultural tourism, symbolic constructs of 'otherness' (such as 'aesthetic poverty') contrast with various development agendas; in their search for the 'real' traditional village, for example, the tourists reject all signifiers of material progress and modernity. Their curious gaze at the spiritual practices and everyday life world of the wetu telu villagers manifests opposite a recent history of state-sanctioned religious discrimination. Taken together, these paradoxical local outcomes emphasize the significance of power relations and political dimensions within the globally expanding 'business of tourism'. Ethical considerations are an important aspect of this study as they contribute towards an 'ethic of development' that, so far, has found little theoretical resonance amongst scholars of tourism studies. To operationalise the ethical concerns raised, the thesis posits a model of a holistic approach to development. This recognises tourism as a complex open system.

There are several aspects which need to be considered while planning a building to achieve sustainable environment for people's well-being. One of the significant aspects is social sustainability which is largely about promoting everyone regardless of the circumstances. In a socially sustainable city, there should be access to meeting places to improve social life. The Park Paradiset and the Broparken in Vallastaden were designed to improve socializing between people. The parks in this work are examined based on social aspects; interaction and identity. In addition, a park should be designed based on different aspects to suit different people. This work considers aspects such as recreation/ leisure, cultural identity, accessibility and safety. Beyond these aspects, the stormwater management in the parks is also studied. These studies were conducted with systematic literature studies, site visits, survey and qualitative interviews. A site visit was in Vallastaden, where the authors explored the district and handed out survey to the resident. The interview for the Park Paradise was conducted with Ulrika Gunnman from White Arkitekter and the interview for the Broparken was conducted with Lina Moström from 02landskap. The result shows that the architects worked differently to achieve the social aspects. It can be concluded that Park Paradiset fulfills the aspects better than the Broparken based on survey results, site visits and the interviews. The results further show that the stormwater management for the parks consists of open systems. Open systems have even been current in the Park Paradiset. The open ditches in the park leads the water in the transverse dikes to a longitudinal dike. It can be concluded that the architects utilized stormwater management better in Broparken compared to the Park Paradiset, when the architects transformed the ordinary ditch into something attractive and gave the park a character.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Quantum Coherence (QC) has a fundamental role in Quantum Mechanics (QM). It has been studied since the emergence of QM. However, this quantum feature is easily destroyed when a physical system interacts with the environment. Also, recently the quantum coherence has been highlighted because of the possibility of using its as a resource in the Quantum Information Science (QIS). In this work we study the QC flow of a qubit (two-level system) interacting with the environment modeled by quantum channels of noise that are very common in QIS. These channels represent some physical systems and are widely used for error correction studies. We calculate the QC by the l1-norm, doing this for the different channels seeking to relate it to the entanglement, which is also another key topic in QM. We note that in the amplitude damping channel the total QC is equal to the sum of the local and non-local parts and that the non-local part is equivalent to entanglement. For the phase damping channel, entanglement does not cover all non-local QC. Here there is a gap between them that may depend on the time and on the initial state. Besides, for the bit, phase, and bit phase flip channels the possibility and the conditions for invariance of QC are considered. Also, we notice that for the depolarizing channel we can use the qubit as a catalyst for the creation of non-local QC and entanglement. We, as well, observed that even initial states incoherent can lead to transient quantum coherence between system and environment. We also showed that the emergence of entanglement does not necessarily imply the destruction of QC. Furthermore, we investigated whether QC is lost or changed into other types of correlations and besides which initial conditions allow making quantum coherence robust to decoherence. / A Coerência Quântica (CQ) tem aspecto fundamental na Mecânica Quântica (MQ), ela é estudada desde o surgimento da MQ todavia, a CQ é uma característica que é facilmente destruída quando um sistema físico interage com o meio ambiente. Além disso, recentemente a coerência quântica tem tido destaque devido a possibilidade de sua utilização como um recurso na Ciência da Informação Quântica (CIQ). Nesse trabalho estudamos o fluxo de CQ de um qubit (sistema de dois níveis) interagindo com o ambiente modelado por canais quânticos de ruído que são muito comuns em CIQ. Esses canais representam alguns sistemas físicos e são amplamente utilizados para o estudo de correção de erros, por exemplo. Calculamos a CQ baseados na norma-l1 para os diferentes canais buscando relacioná-la com o emaranhamento, que também é outro tópico fundamental em MQ. Notamos que para o canal amplitude damping a CQ total é igual a soma das partes local e não-local e que a parte não-local equivale ao emaranhamento. Para o canal phase damping o emaranhamento não abrange toda a CQ não-local, existindo uma lacuna entre eles que pode depender do tempo e do estado inicial. Além disso, para os canais bit, phase e bit phase flip são consideradas a possibilidade e condições para invariância da CQ. Ainda notamos que para o canal depolarizing podemos usar o qubit como um catalisador para a criação de CQ e de emaranhamento. Observamos ainda que mesmo estados iniciais incoerentes podem levar à criação de coerência quântica transitória entre sistema e ambiente. Vimos também que o surgimento do emaranhamento não implica necessariamente na diminuição da CQ do qubit. Investigamos ainda se a CQ é perdida ou transformada em outros tipos de correlações e também quais condições iniciais possibilitam tornar a coerência quântica mais robusta.

O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um projeto para auxílio no ensino de robôs manipuladores em nível superior utilizando uma plataforma PC com sistema de segurança e software de tempo real. O sistema permite aos alunos testar soluções já existentes e configurar suas próprias alternativas para simulação e controle de um robô manipulador real com até seis graus de liberdade. / This text describes the project development to aid the robot manipulator learning at undergraduate courses using a PC-based architecture with security system and real time software. The system allows the students to test previous solutions and configure their own alternatives for simulating and controlling a real robot manipulator with up to six degrees-of-freedom

Purpose: As service organizations move toward the open system strategic customer orientation, they need to ensure consistency among competitive methods, performance measures and strategies utilized. This paper aims to examine the relationships among these important facets of today’s service organizations. The study at hand examines the relationship among competitive methods, implicit strategy and performance measures used by Portuguese service organizations. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses a survey-based methodology. Factor analysis, cluster analysis and regression analysis procedures are used to analyze the collected data from Portuguese service organizations. Findings: Based on the results of this study, it appears that some of the studied service organizations are steadily moving toward the open system mode of strategy, competitive methods and performance measurement. However, the majority of the service organizations examined appeared to be in a state of strategic confusion, as they appear to lack the consistency among competitive methods, performance measures and desired strategic orientations. Research limitations/implications: The sample used in this study is specific in nature, as it includes only Portuguese service organizations. Therefore, the results of this study should be interpreted with caution. Future research in other cultural service settings is recommended. Such research should emphasize the exploration of theoretical frameworks, which tend to practically integrate competitive methods, performance measures and strategic orientation. Practical implications: This study has direct practical implications for service managers, as they attempt to integrate their organizational systems. As such, the research in this study paves the way toward the practical integration and consistency among competitive methods, performance measures and strategic orientations needed to enhance the customer orientation. In this context, such integration and consistency are essential to enhance the strategic competitiveness of today’s service organizations operating in a dynamic marketplace. Originality/value: This research combines bodies of knowledge dealing with competitive methods, performance measures and their impact on strategic orientations. The conceptual framework offered in this research attempts to facilitate the understanding for consistent practice pertaining to the competitiveness of the open system service organization in a dynamic environment. Such consistency is essential to the competitiveness of the organization in a dynamic environment.

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過去，有關管理會計之研究一般都局限在會計技術本身之改進，以期能建立一套「放 諸四海而皆準」之最佳設計。然而，事務都證明即使是最完備的管理會計系統，也不 一定能適用於所有企業。因為，管理會計是組織過程中不可或缺的一部分，它同時會 受到組織結構與外部環境的影響，因此，在設計時應採開放系統（Open System ）之 觀念，將其運作所處之組織背景、特性納入考慮，此所以權變理論逐漸受到會計界重 視之原因。本文亦採取權變之觀點，以文獻探討與問卷調查二法同時進行研究，目的 在分析環境與管理會計資訊系統二者間之關係。全文共分五章： 第一章為緒論，就研究背景、問題目的、研究範圍與限制扼要說明。 第二章文獻探討：將過去相關研究作一概略介紹。 第三章研究設計與分析方法：以過去研究作為理論基礎，據以提出本研究之架構，並 將各變數之意義加以界定，最後再說明本研究所使用欠統計分析方法。 第四章實證結果：將問卷回收後之資料經過統計方法分析所得之結果。 第五章結論與建議。

不論企業規模之大小，會計資訊在管理過程中均扮演著一個相當重要的角色，而管理 功能中，又以規劃、控制為維持組織生命延續之要素，故本文擬由組織理論的觀點探 討組織控制之模式及其設計。同時並對管理會計在這方面的應用亦做較深入之研究。 本研究係採文獻探討方式進行，首先說明管理會計與組織理論的發展，並分析管理會 計所含之基本假設；其次，由組織行為層面探討管理會計與組織控制之關係；最後， 再由開放系統（open system ）的觀點介紹組織控制之設計、控制之模式及其在管理 會計上的含意，以期對管理會計與組織控制的結合有更深入的了解與認識。 本文共分五章，約六、七萬字。