A necessidade de identificar e registrar as variedades da língua portuguesa, na sua variante brasileira, tem levado pesquisadores a se dedicarem à coleta lexical em diferentes pontos do país, na tentativa de evidenciar, a partir da fala dos brasileiros/informantes, variedades existentes na língua portuguesa e apontar, a partir de então, os aspectos fonético-fonológicos, morfológicos, sintáticos, semânticos e lexicais que caracterizam esta variante brasileira. Prova disso, são os inúmeros Atlas Lingüísticos que surgiram a partir do Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos publicado por Nelson Rossi, em 1963, bem como, o trabalho que vem sendo desenvolvido para publicar o primeiro Atlas Lingüístico do Brasil com amostras dialetais das cinco regiões brasileiras. Nesta perspectiva nos engajamos e inserimos o presente trabalho que tem como corpus o falar dos moradores do Distrito da Guia, Mato Grosso. Para o empreendimento de tal tarefa, foi necessário o cumprimento de diferentes etapas que levaram ao objetivo maior deste trabalho: a análise das lexias verbalizadas pelos informantes idosos e a amostra de contra-prova obtida entre os informantes mais jovens na busca por elementos que identifiquem no corpus a manutenção, variação ou mudança semântico-lexical. / The need to identify and register the varieties of the Portuguese Language, particularly its Brazilian type, has made researchers to devote themselves to the lexical collection of these varieties in different regions of the country. The goal of the present paper is to highlight -from the oral speech of Brazilian/informants - the existing varieties of the Portuguese Language, as well as point out the phonological, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical aspects that characterize that Brazilian Portuguese variety. The innumerous Linguistic Atlases that have been put out after the \"Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos\" published by Nelson Rossi in 1963 attest to the need of such identification of the Brazilian Portuguese varieties. Moreover, the work that has been developed by Brazilian linguistics to publish the first Linguistic Atlas of Brazil with dialectical samples from the five Brazilian regions is a similar effort that attests to this need. The present work has its relevance in that it has gathered a corpus of the oral speech of the villagers of the \"Distrito da Guia\" in Mato Grosso, Brazil. To do so, many steps have been taken: the analysis of the lexias verbalized by the elderly informants compared with their counter-parts (the younger informants) leading to elements in the corpus that would show the maintenance, variation or the lexical-semantic change of the lexias studied.

A necessidade de identificar e registrar as variedades da língua portuguesa, na sua variante brasileira, tem levado pesquisadores a se dedicarem à coleta lexical em diferentes pontos do país, na tentativa de evidenciar, a partir da fala dos brasileiros/informantes, variedades existentes na língua portuguesa e apontar, a partir de então, os aspectos fonético-fonológicos, morfológicos, sintáticos, semânticos e lexicais que caracterizam esta variante brasileira. Prova disso, são os inúmeros Atlas Lingüísticos que surgiram a partir do Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos publicado por Nelson Rossi, em 1963, bem como, o trabalho que vem sendo desenvolvido para publicar o primeiro Atlas Lingüístico do Brasil com amostras dialetais das cinco regiões brasileiras. Nesta perspectiva nos engajamos e inserimos o presente trabalho que tem como corpus o falar dos moradores do Distrito da Guia, Mato Grosso. Para o empreendimento de tal tarefa, foi necessário o cumprimento de diferentes etapas que levaram ao objetivo maior deste trabalho: a análise das lexias verbalizadas pelos informantes idosos e a amostra de contra-prova obtida entre os informantes mais jovens na busca por elementos que identifiquem no corpus a manutenção, variação ou mudança semântico-lexical. / The need to identify and register the varieties of the Portuguese Language, particularly its Brazilian type, has made researchers to devote themselves to the lexical collection of these varieties in different regions of the country. The goal of the present paper is to highlight -from the oral speech of Brazilian/informants - the existing varieties of the Portuguese Language, as well as point out the phonological, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical aspects that characterize that Brazilian Portuguese variety. The innumerous Linguistic Atlases that have been put out after the \"Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos\" published by Nelson Rossi in 1963 attest to the need of such identification of the Brazilian Portuguese varieties. Moreover, the work that has been developed by Brazilian linguistics to publish the first Linguistic Atlas of Brazil with dialectical samples from the five Brazilian regions is a similar effort that attests to this need. The present work has its relevance in that it has gathered a corpus of the oral speech of the villagers of the \"Distrito da Guia\" in Mato Grosso, Brazil. To do so, many steps have been taken: the analysis of the lexias verbalized by the elderly informants compared with their counter-parts (the younger informants) leading to elements in the corpus that would show the maintenance, variation or the lexical-semantic change of the lexias studied.

La notion de contradiction en linguistique a souvent été rejetée en marge des recherches en langues. On considère généralement que la parole contradictoire ou les structures oppositives ne peuvent servir logiquement l’efficacité requise par la théorie traditionnelle de la communication. Pour cette raison, la linguistique traditionnelle tend à considérer ces structures comme artificielles, servant des fins stylistiques ou rhétoriques. Or, nous pouvons observer à l’oral nombre d’énoncés présentant des marques de la contradiction nous amenant à examiner non pas des structures préparées mais bien spontanées, servant des fins communicatives et ayant un effet pragmatique réel dans la communication. Nous montrons que la contradiction s’actualise bel et bien en discours et que l’aporie logique qu’elle manifeste à première vuemet en scène une singularité énonciative. Le locuteur, en effet, met en scène la contradiction moyennant des conditions d’énonciation particulières (polyphonie, négation, connecteurs). Des énoncés présentant des marqueurs de la contradiction sont autant d’indices qui permettent de prendre en compte cette notion et de l’analyser sous une lumière nouvelle. C’est à partir d’un corpus établi sur des enregistrements de français oral spontané que nous mettons au jour les formes morphologiques et syntaxiques qui traduisent la mise en scène de la contradiction à l’oral ainsi que les effets pragmatiques qu’elles engendrent, afin de parvenir à dresser un système possible du fonctionnement de cette structure / The notion of contradiction in linguistics has often been rejected to the margins of language research. We generally consider that contradictory speech or structures of opposition cannot logically serve the effectiveness required by the traditional theories of communication. For this reason, traditional linguistics tends to consider these structures as artificial, serving stylistic or rhetorical goals. Yet, we can observe, in oral speech, numerous utterances presenting marks of contradiction. This brings us to examine not the prepared structures but the spontaneous ones, serving communicative goals and having a real pragmatic effect within communication. This study will demonstrate that such utterances do exist in speech, and that the logical aporia they express at first sight reveals in fact a distinctive enunciative posture. We will showhow the utterer stages this posture through particular conditions of enunciation (polyphony, negation, markers). We will finally analyse the pragmatic effect of the structure of contradiction in and on discourse.The utterances presenting pragmatic connectors are of as many indications which allow us to take into account these notions and to analyse them under a new light. It is from a corpus established on the recordings of spontaneous oral conversations that we attempt to bring up the morphological forms and the syntax which conveys oral contradiction along with the pragmatic effects which it creates, in order to draw up a possible system of the functioning of these structures

Nous proposons dans ce travail de thèse une étude des constructions en parce que à l'oral, à l’interface entre linguistique de corpus et linguistique théorique. Le corpus analysé est composé de conversations enregistrées dans le cadre de quatre enquêtes du projet PFC (Phonologie du Français Contemporain). La première phase de l'annotation permet la caractérisation syntaxique desdites constructions (Debaisieux, 1994). Cette annotation (macro)syntaxique du corpus est ensuite utilisée pour l'analyse sémantico-pragmatique subséquente : du regroupement (ou de la fragmentation) des unités macrosyntaxiques identifiées s'ensuivront les unités discursives élémentaires de l'analyse en SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory). Nous décrivons les principaux types de relations de discours pouvant représenter l'apport de parce que en discours, en relevant notamment les possibilités et contraintes dues à la relation syntaxique alors établie. Nous proposons pour ce faire une nouvelle relation de type Explication permettant l'annotation des parce que en lien avec la modalité d'énoncé. Des éléments pour l'identification des termes mis en relation par parce que sont donnés, qui montrent l'intérêt d'une double analyse du corpus, en syntaxe et en discours. / This dissertation offers a study of parce que constructions in oral speech, at the interface between corpus and theoretical linguistics. The corpus under study comprises conversations recorded from four surveys from the PFC (Phonologie du Français Contemporain – Phonology of Contemporary French) project database. The first stage of the annotation process allows the syntactic characterization of said constructions. This (macro-)syntactic annotation of the corpus is then used for the subsequent semantic and pragmatic analysis: the elementary discursive units for our analysis within the SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory) framework stem from the grouping (or fragmentation) of the previously identified macrosyntactic units. We describe the main types of discourse relations which can represent the contribution of parce que in discourse, and notably highlight the possibilities and constraints inherent to the syntactic relation that is established. To this end, we put forward a new Explanation-type relation, which allows the annotation of parce que in relation to utterance modality. We provide elements in order to identify the terms connected by parce que which confirm the benefit of a twofold analysis of the corpus, from both a syntactic and a discursive point of view.

As novas demandas de públicos solicitam relacionamentos contíguos com gestores, dirigentes e representantes formais das organizações nas relações entre elas e as comunidades participantes de sua rede de relacionamentos. A pesquisa conduzida neste estudo projeta indicativos sobre modos e usos da oralidade na comunicação com empregados e delineia um elenco de posturas verificadas entre gestores que adotam a oralidade como estratégia relacional com suas equipes. Busca identificar e dimensionar o emprego de postulados da oralidade para compreender em que grau lhes pode ser conferido um caráter estratégico quando se trata de atingir resultados e agilizar processos de comunicação com público interno. O corpus empírico foi constituído no ambiente da comunicação interna de uma empresa pública, Embrapa Soja, na unidade localizada em Londrina-PR, uma das 47 unidades de pesquisa da estatal Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa. Uma pluralidade de métodos foi adotada como estratégia de pesquisa e orientou os procedimentos de coleta e análise de dados que também foram extraídos e tratados de modo fenomenológico, qualitativo e quantitativo. Quatro eixos temáticos foram estabelecidos com base na fundamentação desse método: comunicação interna, comunicação oral, uso do diálogo e comunicação face a face. A oralidade revelou-se marcante na prática de trabalho dos sujeitos entrevistados, está absorvida em todas as formas de comunicação interna e promove integração entre funcionários e administração. Pelos fortes indicativos de sua influência nos resultados do grupo e seu impacto positivo no relacionamento com o público externo, pode-se afirmar a presença desse componente na cultura organizacional e seu alto teor de contribuição como elemento de gestão estratégica. / New demands on publics require closer relationships with managers, directors and formal representatives of organizations to their connection between themselves and the communities participating in their networking. The research conducted in this study raised indications as to how oral speech is used in the communication with employees and reveals the conducts verified among administrators who adopt oral speech as relational strategy when dealing with their teams. It aims to identify and evaluate the utilization of oral speech postulates in order to understand the degree to which they can be strategically considered when it comes to achieving results and speeding communication processes with the internal public. Data were gathered in the internal communication environment of a public enterprise, the Embrapa Soja, in its unit located in Londrina-PR, one of the 47 research units of the state owned Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa. Miscellaneous procedures were used in the research orientation, with data collection and analysis being treated through phenomenological principles, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Four thematic axes were established within the selected method: internal communication, oral communication, use of dialogue, and face-to-face communication. Oral speech showed prominent in the work practices of the interviewees, it is absorbed in all internal communication actions and fosters integration among employees and administration. Through the strong evidence of its participation in group results and its positive impact on the relationship with external publics, the firm presence of this component in the organizational culture can be stated as well as the high contribution it can provide as element of strategic management.

There is lack of attention for the speech of political disscussions‘ and cultural programs in the state television. The speech of these programs has a big influence on the users of the language. The oral speech has some pecularities and it takes the medium position between the spoken and written languages, so it has strict requirements. The public speech has to be used correctly from the lexical and grammatical point of view. The present study deals with the pecularities and comparative analysis of the spoken speech used by people in culture and politicians. The biggest attention is paid to those characteristics that are not studied well, e. g. means of linguistic suggestion, means of expression of categorical and problematical plausibility in the public language, etc. The cases that are not recommended for usage are analysed as well. The material of studies comprises two programs that were demonstrated through the Lithuanian state television channel: “Kultūros namai. 4 x 12” and “Spaudos klubas”. Approximately 15 hours of spoken speech were analysed in the present study. All types of language mistakes were found but their frequency was not equal. There are fewer mistakes concerning lexicon, word composition and relation of sentences in politicians speech. Anyway, politicians make 13 percent more grammatical mistakes than people in culture. Incorrectly used loanwords make up the biggest percent of mistakes used by all studied persons. International words make up a small... [to full text]

As novas demandas de públicos solicitam relacionamentos contíguos com gestores, dirigentes e representantes formais das organizações nas relações entre elas e as comunidades participantes de sua rede de relacionamentos. A pesquisa conduzida neste estudo projeta indicativos sobre modos e usos da oralidade na comunicação com empregados e delineia um elenco de posturas verificadas entre gestores que adotam a oralidade como estratégia relacional com suas equipes. Busca identificar e dimensionar o emprego de postulados da oralidade para compreender em que grau lhes pode ser conferido um caráter estratégico quando se trata de atingir resultados e agilizar processos de comunicação com público interno. O corpus empírico foi constituído no ambiente da comunicação interna de uma empresa pública, Embrapa Soja, na unidade localizada em Londrina-PR, uma das 47 unidades de pesquisa da estatal Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa. Uma pluralidade de métodos foi adotada como estratégia de pesquisa e orientou os procedimentos de coleta e análise de dados que também foram extraídos e tratados de modo fenomenológico, qualitativo e quantitativo. Quatro eixos temáticos foram estabelecidos com base na fundamentação desse método: comunicação interna, comunicação oral, uso do diálogo e comunicação face a face. A oralidade revelou-se marcante na prática de trabalho dos sujeitos entrevistados, está absorvida em todas as formas de comunicação interna e promove integração entre funcionários e administração. Pelos fortes indicativos de sua influência nos resultados do grupo e seu impacto positivo no relacionamento com o público externo, pode-se afirmar a presença desse componente na cultura organizacional e seu alto teor de contribuição como elemento de gestão estratégica. / New demands on publics require closer relationships with managers, directors and formal representatives of organizations to their connection between themselves and the communities participating in their networking. The research conducted in this study raised indications as to how oral speech is used in the communication with employees and reveals the conducts verified among administrators who adopt oral speech as relational strategy when dealing with their teams. It aims to identify and evaluate the utilization of oral speech postulates in order to understand the degree to which they can be strategically considered when it comes to achieving results and speeding communication processes with the internal public. Data were gathered in the internal communication environment of a public enterprise, the Embrapa Soja, in its unit located in Londrina-PR, one of the 47 research units of the state owned Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa. Miscellaneous procedures were used in the research orientation, with data collection and analysis being treated through phenomenological principles, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Four thematic axes were established within the selected method: internal communication, oral communication, use of dialogue, and face-to-face communication. Oral speech showed prominent in the work practices of the interviewees, it is absorbed in all internal communication actions and fosters integration among employees and administration. Through the strong evidence of its participation in group results and its positive impact on the relationship with external publics, the firm presence of this component in the organizational culture can be stated as well as the high contribution it can provide as element of strategic management.

Les premiers lecteurs de la « Trilogie de Pan » (1929-1930) puis l’historiographie stylistique tout entière ont systématiquement rapproché l’écriture de Jean Giono de celle de Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, et singulièrement de celle de son roman de 1926, La Grande Peur dans la montagne. Or, quelque soit l’observable linguistique choisi (la référence à la langue orale, la pratique de la répétition, les formes de l’analogie), de nettes différences apparaissent entre les deux pratiques rédactionnelles. C’est que la perception d’une parenté stylistique entre deux écrivains est contrainte par bien autre chose que des faits linguistiques. Dans le cas présent, on a, d’une part, projeté sur des formes langagières dissemblables une évidente communauté d’imaginaire. On a, d’autre part, préjugé de la similarité des formes langagières à partir de la proximité du projet esthétique : les deux oeuvres mettent en effet en tension la revendication d’une fidélité à une langue parlée régionalement inscrite, et une pratique de la langue qui emprunte aux codes « poétiques » conventionnels. / The first readers of the “Trilogie de Pan” (1929-1930) and the whole stylistic historiography havesystematically compared Jean Giono’s style with that of Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, and notably withthe style of his 1926 novel, La Grande Peur dans la montagne. Whatever linguistic criterion one maychoose (the reference to oral speech, the uses of repetition, the forms of analogy), it neverthelessappears that there is not so much in common between these two prose styles. The reason of thatfrequent comparison is simple: one often judges stylistic features from a non linguistic point of view.In the present case, readers have had the impression that both writing styles were similar because theauthors shared a common imaginary backround, but also because they had the same literary project:they both wanted to remain faithful to popular and local manners of speaking and at the same timedecided to resort to the same poetical stylistic conventions.

This thesis investigates the use and development of dislocations in oral productions by Swedish users of French as a second language (L2). Dislocations are highly frequent in French oral speech and play an essential role in building utterances. L2 users of French must therefore acquire the grammatical means necessary to build this structure as well as the pragmatic principles underlying its use. The study is empirical, and based on a corpus of oral productions from a wide range of non-native speakers (NNS), from beginners studying at university to L2 users who have spent many years in France. The analysis also includes oral productions from a control group of native speakers (NS). The aim is to identify a path of development by which the different forms and functions of dislocations are acquired. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of tasks on the use of dislocations, by analysing two tasks which place very different demands on the informants in terms of cognitive effort, namely interviews and retellings. The analysis focuses on two main kinds of dislocations: on the one hand, [moi je VP] (and its syntactical variants); on the other hand, dislocations referring to third entities (such as [NP il VP] and [NP c'est X]). The results show that both kinds go through a process of development in French L2. However, French learners seem to master the lexical dislocations referring to third entities as well as their pragmatic rules of use from the first stages of acquisition, yet with deviances in some cases. On the other hand, the frequency of use of [moi je VP] and its syntactical variants correlates highly with the level of development of the NNS. Moreover, there is a significantly greater frequency of dislocations in the NNS retelling tasks than in their interviews. In the NS group, the frequency of use remains comparable in both tasks. This difference between NS and NNS is probably due to the additional cognitive load that retellings demand compared with interviews—e.g., recalling the succession of events, solving the lexical problems posed by the story that is to be retold. It is proposed that this additional load may trigger, as a compensation strategy, an increase in the frequency of use of dislocations in the NNS speech.

This thesis investigates the use and development of dislocations in oral productions by Swedish users of French as a second language (L2). Dislocations are highly frequent in French oral speech and play an essential role in building utterances. L2 users of French must therefore acquire the grammatical means necessary to build this structure as well as the pragmatic principles underlying its use. The study is empirical, and based on a corpus of oral productions from a wide range of non-native speakers (NNS), from beginners studying at university to L2 users who have spent many years in France. The analysis also includes oral productions from a control group of native speakers (NS). The aim is to identify a path of development by which the different forms and functions of dislocations are acquired. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of tasks on the use of dislocations, by analysing two tasks which place very different demands on the informants in terms of cognitive effort, namely interviews and retellings. The analysis focuses on two main kinds of dislocations: on the one hand, [moi je VP] (and its syntactical variants); on the other hand, dislocations referring to third entities (such as [NP il VP] and [NP c’est X]). The results show that both kinds go through a process of development in French L2. However, French learners seem to master the lexical dislocations referring to third entities as well as their pragmatic rules of use from the first stages of acquisition, yet with deviances in some cases. On the other hand, the frequency of use of [moi je VP] and its syntactical variants correlates highly with the level of development of the NNS. Moreover, there is a significantly greater frequency of dislocations in the NNS retelling tasks than in their interviews. In the NS group, the frequency of use remains comparable in both tasks. This difference between NS and NNS is probably due to the additional cognitive load that retellings demand compared with interviews—e.g., recalling the succession of events, solving the lexical problems posed by the story that is to be retold. It is proposed that this additional load may trigger, as a compensation strategy, an increase in the frequency of use of dislocations in the NNS speech.