A qualitative description of the personal armour design system is elicited by comparing armour throughout the ages. Inputs that 'shape' designs are the materials technology, threat, wearer, task and environment. The emergent properties of protection, ergonomic effectiveness and financial cost form the basis of trade-offs to select final solutions. Work on the protection subsystem refines the key positive emergent property of personal armour. Existing quantifications of protection effectiveness are rejected in favour of a novel measure named the Usefulness Factor, UF. This is the first measure that accounts for the real benefit of armour. A five-stage model is proposed for the assessment of protection. Two feedback loops - due to making tasks as safe as possible and the ergonomic penalty of armour are evident. These must be considered in order to assess protection correctly. Casualty reduction analysis software (CASPER) is used to produce 'approach plots' and 'zones of usefulness' in order to make tasks safer and map the benefit of armour. This approach is demonstrated with the UK's Lightweight Combat EOD Suit against L2A2 and No. 36 Mills grenades, an HB876 area denial mine, a BL 755 sub-munition and a 105mm artillery shell. Assessment of secondary fragmentation from antipersonnel (AP) blast mines defines a threat input that is specific to Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Trials are carried out with explosive charges of 50g to 500g, buried under 5 or 10cm of stones and sand at a range of 1m. The threat is defined in terms of the probabilities of (a) being hit, (b) a hit perforating armour and (c) a hit incapacitating an unarmoured person. The chances of being hit close to the ground decrease to approximately 15% of the value when directly above the mine. Secondary fragmentation is not likely to perforate armour that protects against primary fragments. However, it is likely to incapacitate an unarmoured person. Protection is traded-off against proxies for ergonomic and financial cost effectiveness by using quantitative optimisation of personal armour. This introduces the concept of a 'protection optimisation envelope', which defines the bounds of possibility rather than a single solution. CASPER is adapted to produce weight and cost as well as incapacitation parameters. This provides a model that generates both benefits and constraints of armour. Hence, the foundations are laid for the world's first fully integrated personal armour design tools. The ergonomic effectiveness subsystem is the primary constraint of personal armour. Visor demisting for the UK's Mk 5 EOD Suit provides a simple example. Existing methods of assessment of the ergonomic penalty of armour are considered. A novel development of biomechanics computational models is proposed to predict both the mechanical and thermal burdens of armour.

A qualitative description of the personal armour design system is elicited by comparing armour throughout the ages. Inputs that 'shape' designs are the materials technology, threat, wearer, task and environment. The emergent properties of protection, ergonomic effectiveness and financial cost form the basis of trade-offs to select final solutions. Work on the protection subsystem refines the key positive emergent property of personal armour. Existing quantifications of protection effectiveness are rejected in favour of a novel measure named the Usefulness Factor, UF. This is the first measure that accounts for the real benefit of armour. A five-stage model is proposed for the assessment of protection. Two feedback loops - due to making tasks as safe as possible and the ergonomic penalty of armour are evident. These must be considered in order to assess protection correctly. Casualty reduction analysis software (CASPER) is used to produce 'approach plots' and 'zones of usefulness' in order to make tasks safer and map the benefit of armour. This approach is demonstrated with the UK's Lightweight Combat EOD Suit against L2A2 and No. 36 Mills grenades, an HB876 area denial mine, a BL 755 sub-munition and a 105mm artillery shell. Assessment of secondary fragmentation from antipersonnel (AP) blast mines defines a threat input that is specific to Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Trials are carried out with explosive charges of 50g to 500g, buried under 5 or 10cm of stones and sand at a range of 1m. The threat is defined in terms of the probabilities of (a) being hit, (b) a hit perforating armour and (c) a hit incapacitating an unarmoured person. The chances of being hit close to the ground decrease to approximately 15% of the value when directly above the mine. Secondary fragmentation is not likely to perforate armour that protects against primary fragments. However, it is likely to incapacitate an unarmoured person. Protection is traded-off against proxies for ergonomic and financial cost effectiveness by using quantitative optimisation of personal armour. This introduces the concept of a 'protection optimisation envelope', which defines the bounds of possibility rather than a single solution. CASPER is adapted to produce weight and cost as well as incapacitation parameters. This provides a model that generates both benefits and constraints of armour. Hence, the foundations are laid for the world's first fully integrated personal armour design tools. The ergonomic effectiveness subsystem is the primary constraint of personal armour. Visor demisting for the UK's Mk 5 EOD Suit provides a simple example. Existing methods of assessment of the ergonomic penalty of armour are considered. A novel development of biomechanics computational models is proposed to predict both the mechanical and thermal burdens of armour.

The dominant liberal peacebuilding critiques tends to focus on ‘states’ and the failure of interventions in rebuilding them. Consequently, a standardised critique has emerged largely because the critics apply a broad brush across a diverse range of contexts, programmes, issues and activities as illustrated by the lack of scrutiny on mine action and emerging contexts such as Somaliland. The liberal peacebuilding critics critique the standardised ‘one size fits all approach’ employed by interveners, yet they take the same approach. I therefore argue for the need to broaden the critique to include other elements and contexts of peacebuilding. I demonstrate that as an intervention mine action has intrinsic peacebuilding potential. However, the way mine action is implemented both globally and in Somaliland reflects the same dominant characteristics of the liberal peacebuilding critique i.e.; it is externally led; uses technical and standardised formulaic approaches; disregards local context thus failing to secure local ownership. Attributes that the critics argue have led to the failure and/or limited success of peacebuilding interventions. I therefore contend with the critics and demonstrate how these attributes have contributed to the challenges of implementing mine action activities thereby limiting mine actions ‘peace-ability’ potential in Somaliland. However, beyond the implementation modalities there are other factors that further contribute to limiting this potential; these include the Sector Actors; the Somaliland context i.e. the historical and political context, and the perception of Somaliland people. Thus in conclusion I argue for a nuanced critique that acknowledges the challenging realities of implementing programmes in challenging post conflict environments.

The subject of this paper is the experiences and observations of Lt. Edwin Best of the 618th Ordnance Ammunition Company from 1943 until 1946. This includes time in the United States, England and France. The primary sources for this paper include letters home from Lt. Best and an oral history transcript. Secondary sources have been used to place Lt. Best into the overall context of the war. He made keen observations regarding the level of training before D-Day, comparisons of life in England and the US, from the "communications zone" in Normandy, as a temporary Judge Advocate General officer, and finishing the war in Southern France. Though he may not have been on the front line, or in an HQ, his comments are valuable to the historical record.

<p>I dagens konfliktområden är förekomsten av minor och oexploderad ammunition(OXA) ett vanligt förekommande problem för civilbefolkning samt de militära enheter som arbetar i området för att skapa stabilitet och säkerhet. Den här uppsatsen avhandlar möjligheten att lösa eventuella problem som har att göra med förekomsten av minor och OXA i ett missionsområde utan tillgång till stödresurser i form av min- och ammunitionsröjningsteam. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om det är möjligt att tillföra minröjningskompetens på gruppnivå utan att tappa ursprunglig kompetens och fokus från huvudtjänsten. Uppsatsen tar även upp vilken lägsta nivå av utbildning som krävs för att kunna röja mineringar och OXA, samt hur man når upp till det målet. Uppsatsens frågeställning har varit: Går det att inom ramen för Jägarbataljon 09 utbilda en soldat som besitter kompetensen att kunna identifiera och röja mineringar samt OXA? Om ja, vilken utrustning bör tillföras? Mina slutsatser är att det är praktiskt möjligt genom att tillföra en min- och amröjledare på bataljons nivå. Min- och amröjledaren kan i sin tur utbilda och ge soldaterna den reella kompetens som behövs på enbart fyra veckor, ca 130h stimmar. Utbildningen som krävs är grundkursen Minröjning Manuella Metoder(MMM). För att fullt ut kunna nyttja förmågan krävs det att gruppen tillförs viss ammunitionsröjningsutrustning, bland annat extra tänd- och sprängmedel. Effekten man vinner på tillförsel av minröjningskompetensen är kopplat mot förbandets förmåga till okonventionellt uppträdande samt möjligheterna att ta ytterligare steg innanför motståndarens beslutscykel.</p> / <p>In today’s conflict areas the remnants of war, mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) is a common problem for the civilian population. These remnants also pose a great threat for the military units who work in the area to create peace, stability and security for the people. The purpose of this essay is to discover if and how it is possible to solve eventual problems associated with remnants of war in conflict areas, without the support of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams. My research has explored if it is possible to implement mine clearance and ammunition disposal on a squad without loosing additional competence and focus from the squad’s main field of service. Additional research has been carried out to ascertain the lowest level of competence necessary to work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal, and what education is needed. My thesis aims to answer, if it is possible within the frame of the Army Ranger Battalion 09, to educate a soldier on a squad to have the ability and competence to do work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal? If yes, what additional equipment should be added to the squad, to be able to perform that task? My conclusion is that it is possible to achieve by adding a mine clearance and ammunition disposal leader to the Battalion staff who can educate, train and give the soldiers the proper education in four weeks (approximately 130h). The education required to achieve this goal is the course, Mine clearance Manuel Methods (MMM). To use this ability it is necessary to equip the group with some additional and specific disposal-equipment (i.e. extra explosives.) The main effort gained from implementing this ability on a ranger squad is the Ranger Battalion’s overall ability to operate and appear in unexpected areas, and to get inside the enemy’s OODA-LOOP.</p>

I dagens konfliktområden är förekomsten av minor och oexploderad ammunition(OXA) ett vanligt förekommande problem för civilbefolkning samt de militära enheter som arbetar i området för att skapa stabilitet och säkerhet. Den här uppsatsen avhandlar möjligheten att lösa eventuella problem som har att göra med förekomsten av minor och OXA i ett missionsområde utan tillgång till stödresurser i form av min- och ammunitionsröjningsteam. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om det är möjligt att tillföra minröjningskompetens på gruppnivå utan att tappa ursprunglig kompetens och fokus från huvudtjänsten. Uppsatsen tar även upp vilken lägsta nivå av utbildning som krävs för att kunna röja mineringar och OXA, samt hur man når upp till det målet. Uppsatsens frågeställning har varit: Går det att inom ramen för Jägarbataljon 09 utbilda en soldat som besitter kompetensen att kunna identifiera och röja mineringar samt OXA? Om ja, vilken utrustning bör tillföras? Mina slutsatser är att det är praktiskt möjligt genom att tillföra en min- och amröjledare på bataljons nivå. Min- och amröjledaren kan i sin tur utbilda och ge soldaterna den reella kompetens som behövs på enbart fyra veckor, ca 130h stimmar. Utbildningen som krävs är grundkursen Minröjning Manuella Metoder(MMM). För att fullt ut kunna nyttja förmågan krävs det att gruppen tillförs viss ammunitionsröjningsutrustning, bland annat extra tänd- och sprängmedel. Effekten man vinner på tillförsel av minröjningskompetensen är kopplat mot förbandets förmåga till okonventionellt uppträdande samt möjligheterna att ta ytterligare steg innanför motståndarens beslutscykel. / In today’s conflict areas the remnants of war, mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) is a common problem for the civilian population. These remnants also pose a great threat for the military units who work in the area to create peace, stability and security for the people. The purpose of this essay is to discover if and how it is possible to solve eventual problems associated with remnants of war in conflict areas, without the support of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams. My research has explored if it is possible to implement mine clearance and ammunition disposal on a squad without loosing additional competence and focus from the squad’s main field of service. Additional research has been carried out to ascertain the lowest level of competence necessary to work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal, and what education is needed. My thesis aims to answer, if it is possible within the frame of the Army Ranger Battalion 09, to educate a soldier on a squad to have the ability and competence to do work within the field of mine clearance and ammunition disposal? If yes, what additional equipment should be added to the squad, to be able to perform that task? My conclusion is that it is possible to achieve by adding a mine clearance and ammunition disposal leader to the Battalion staff who can educate, train and give the soldiers the proper education in four weeks (approximately 130h). The education required to achieve this goal is the course, Mine clearance Manuel Methods (MMM). To use this ability it is necessary to equip the group with some additional and specific disposal-equipment (i.e. extra explosives.) The main effort gained from implementing this ability on a ranger squad is the Ranger Battalion’s overall ability to operate and appear in unexpected areas, and to get inside the enemy’s OODA-LOOP.

Vid röjning av RSV-ammunition saknas idag adekvat beslutstöd för att dimensionera skadebegränsande åtgärder mot jetstrålens verkan. I uppsatsen vidareutvecklas en beräkningsmodell som författaren tidigare föreslagit. Syftet är att skapa ett verktyg som kan införas i ammunitionsröjningsverksamheten. Fullskaliga skjutförsök har genomförts för att klarlägga inverkan av förhållanden som är typiska vid ammunitionsröjning; en skyddskonstruktion byggd av sandsäckar och med ett långt detonationsavstånd till röjningsobjektet. Försöksresultatet visar att den grundläggande hydrodynamiska penetrationsteorin inte är användbar för dessa förhållanden. Vidare ger sandsäckskonstruktionen signifikant bättre skydd mot jetstrålen än en homogen grusbädd. Genom störningsanalys har känsligheten hos de enskilda parametrarna i beräkningsmodellen för verksamhetstypiska fel utretts. Härefter har Monte Carlo-simulering använts för att analysera den sammanlagda inverkan som dessa fel kan ge. Resultatet har legat till grund för att bestämma modellens säkerhetsmarginal. Militär nytta innebär att modellen skall kunna tillämpas fältmässigt, med korta tidsförhållanden och utan tillgång till avancerade beräkningshjälpmedel. Detta har lett fram till att ett enkelt diagram inkluderats i det kompletta dimensioneringsverktyget. Verktyget föreslås införas i regelverk och utbildningssystem för att avhjälpa den brist som råder idag. / During the clearance of shaped charge ammunition, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel lack adequate means for the design of protective measures against the jet. In this thesis a calculation model, previously suggested by the author, is developed further. The aim is to create a tool that can be applied to EOD operations. Full-scale experiments have been conducted to clarify the effects of conditions that are typical for EOD operations: protective measures built from sandbags with a long standoff distance to the ordnance. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic penetration theory is not suitable for these conditions. Furthermore, a sandbag construction provides significantly better protection against the jet than a homogeneous gravel construction. By disturbance analysis, the sensitivity of the individual parameters in the model is studied for typical errors. Subsequently, Monte Carlo simulation has been used to analyse the effect these errors can cause. The simulation results have then been the used to determine the model´s margin of safety. Military utility implies that it should be possible to use the model under field conditions, with limited time frames and without access to advanced calculating means. This has resulted in a simple diagram included in the comprehensive design tool. It is proposed that the tool is implemented in regulations and curricula in order to remedy today’s lack of decision support.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The purpose of this thesis is to determine the effect that the inclusion of satellite altimeter data has on weapon preset accuracy. GDEM data and MODAS data utilizing four satellite altimeters were used by the Weapon Acoustic Preset Program to determine the suggested presets for a Mk 48 torpedo. The acoustic coverage area generated by the program will be used as the metric to compare the two sets of outputs. The assumption is that the MODAS initialized presets will be more accurate, and, therefore, the difference between the two sets of presets can be attributed to inaccuracy on the part of the GDEM presets. Output presets were created for two different scenarios, an Anti-Surface Warfare (ASUW) scenario and an Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) scenario, and three different depth bands, shallow, mid, and deep. After analyzing the output, it became clear that the GDEM data predicted a weapon effectiveness that was far higher than the effectiveness predicted by the MODAS data. Also, while GDEM predicted a wide range of coverage percentages MODAS predicted a narrow range of coverage percentages. / Ensign, United States Navy

<p>Den här uppsatsen är skriven inom ramen för ämnet <em>Krigsvetenskap</em> under författarens studier på <em>Yrkesofficersprogrammet</em> 2006-2009 till arméteknisk officer. I <em>Ammunitions- och minröjning i modern konflikt</em> ges läsaren genom deskriptiv metod en exposé över ammunitions- och minröjningens grunder, historia och nutid. Uppsatsens generella syften är att avhandla problematik som svenska ammunitions- och minröjare i sitt yrkesutövande idag kan ställas inför. Och hur delar av den tekniska organisationen och teknisk utrustning för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) och försåt kan bidra till att lösa denna problematik. Författaren genomför utifrån sina intervjuer och litteraturstudier prediktioner av den kommande utvecklingen på området. Prediktionerna innefattar bland annat tydligare teknisk stödorganisation och multisensorplattformar för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, ERW och IED. I texten redovisas viss forskning från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) och visst arbete vid Försvarets materielverk (FMV), Totalförsvarets ammunitions- och minröjningscentrum (SWEDEC).</p> / <p>This essay is written in the course of <em>War science</em> during the author’s studies to become an Officer in the technical corps, in the Swedish armed forces. Due to the descriptive method in <em>Explosive Ordnance Disposal and demining in modern conflict </em>the reader gets an exposé of the basics, history, and present time features for the Swedish EOD- and Demining personnel. The main purpose with this essay is to discuss the problems that Swedish Explosive ordnance clearance (EOC) personnel might encounter in their current daily service. The opportunities for parts of the supporting technical corps and the technical equipment for detecting, locating and classifying mines, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) and booby-traps to be at hand in the process of solving these problems are also discussed. From interviews and literature studies the author conducts predictions of the development in the subject area. The predictions contains amongst others a more understandable supporting technical corps and multi-sensing-platforms for detecting, locating and classifying mines, ERW, IED and booby-traps. Some of the research that the Swedish defence research agency (FOI), the Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) and the Swedish EOD- and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) have produced is presented in the essay.</p>

Den här uppsatsen är skriven inom ramen för ämnet Krigsvetenskap under författarens studier på Yrkesofficersprogrammet 2006-2009 till arméteknisk officer. I Ammunitions- och minröjning i modern konflikt ges läsaren genom deskriptiv metod en exposé över ammunitions- och minröjningens grunder, historia och nutid. Uppsatsens generella syften är att avhandla problematik som svenska ammunitions- och minröjare i sitt yrkesutövande idag kan ställas inför. Och hur delar av den tekniska organisationen och teknisk utrustning för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) och försåt kan bidra till att lösa denna problematik. Författaren genomför utifrån sina intervjuer och litteraturstudier prediktioner av den kommande utvecklingen på området. Prediktionerna innefattar bland annat tydligare teknisk stödorganisation och multisensorplattformar för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, ERW och IED. I texten redovisas viss forskning från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) och visst arbete vid Försvarets materielverk (FMV), Totalförsvarets ammunitions- och minröjningscentrum (SWEDEC). / This essay is written in the course of War science during the author’s studies to become an Officer in the technical corps, in the Swedish armed forces. Due to the descriptive method in Explosive Ordnance Disposal and demining in modern conflict the reader gets an exposé of the basics, history, and present time features for the Swedish EOD- and Demining personnel. The main purpose with this essay is to discuss the problems that Swedish Explosive ordnance clearance (EOC) personnel might encounter in their current daily service. The opportunities for parts of the supporting technical corps and the technical equipment for detecting, locating and classifying mines, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) and booby-traps to be at hand in the process of solving these problems are also discussed. From interviews and literature studies the author conducts predictions of the development in the subject area. The predictions contains amongst others a more understandable supporting technical corps and multi-sensing-platforms for detecting, locating and classifying mines, ERW, IED and booby-traps. Some of the research that the Swedish defence research agency (FOI), the Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) and the Swedish EOD- and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) have produced is presented in the essay.