Modern juristic persons often are powerful entities and they play an influential role in society. Their activities are often accompanied by serious transgressions that have a severely detrimental impact on human beings and their environment. The effective prosecution of juristic persons is therefore necessary. The juridical foundations of the liability of juristic persons are, however, one of the most controversial issues in criminal law theory. Individualistic theories postulate that juristic persons are merely collections of individuals. The conduct and fault of individuals constituting a juristic person must therefore form the basis of the criminal liability of the juristic person. In the United States, for instance, the foundation for the criminal liability of corporations on federal level is vicarious liability. Another individualistic model (mostly associated with English common law jurisdictions) is the so–called doctrine of identification. Only the conduct of individuals who are regarded as the 'directing minds' of the organisation may be attributed to the organisation. These approaches deny the complex structures and decision making processes that exist especially in big corporate entities. According to realistic theories juristic persons are entities which are not dependant on their composite members. Each juristic person has its own unique personality. The culture and ethos of a juristic person influence the conduct of individuals attached to it as well as the degree in which the juristic person abides by the law. The identity of a corporation can be established by investigating the internal structure thereof. The existence of monitoring mechanisms and educational programmes within the organization, as well as the degree to which the organisation condones or disapproves of unlawful conduct, are some of the factors which may be indicative of the corporate culture. This approach is a development of the late twentieth century and has recently been adopted in the legislation of some foreign legal systems, most notably Australia. Section 332(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 provides the basis for the criminal liability of juristic persons in South Africa. In essence the conduct and fault of functionaries (and sometimes even outsiders) are attributed to the juristic person. In terms of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act juristic persons may only be fined upon conviction. This approach reflects the individualistic view of corporate criminal liability. In this study recommendations are made for the purpose of improving the South African law in this regard so as to reflect a more realistic approach. The recommendations are based on an examination of realistic models proposed by legal and social theorists and legislation adopted by foreign countries which are based on these theories. It is also recommended that more sentencing options must be made available to bring about the restructuring of corporations which have committed crimes. / Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om rektors och skolans besluts-processer och hur dessa kan förstås ur ett organisationsteoretiskt perspektiv. Fallstudien har använts som forskningsmetod och en F-9 skola ingår i studien. Det empiriska materialet består av mötesobservationer, intervjuer och doku-mentanalys. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien är organisationsteori med särskilt fokus på beslutsteori. Två modeller används som analysverktyg: faser i beslutsprocessen och sammanfattning av beslutsmodeller. Rektors roll i beslutsprocesserna är också en viktig faktor i analysen.En fråga i uppsatsen fokuserar på hur beslutsprocesserna går till på den stude-rade skolan och vad är rektors roll i dessa är. Resultatet visar här att det mesta av informationen som samlas in av rektor inför beslutsfattande är verbal och få val mellan direkta alternativ görs. Beslut är ofta vaga och de beslut som fattas rör i hög utsträckning praktiska frågor. Mycket lite av verkställande och upp-följning av beslut har setts i studien.Den andra fråga som ställs i uppsatsen är hur beslutsprocesserna kan beskrivas och förstås utifrån organisationsteoretiska och beslutsteoretiska begrepp och modeller. Resultatet pekar på att det är den inkrementella beslutsmodell som bäst stämmer in på den studerade skolans beslutsprocesser, med detta sagt är en modell aldrig en direkt avspegling av verkligheten utan inslag från fler mo-deller kan ses i studien. Då resultatet visar på vaga och otydliga beslutsproces-ser är slutsatsen att skolor skulle vinna på att tydliggöra processerna för alla inblandade, att börja tala om en designad beslutsprocess. / The purpose of this essay is to make a knowledge contribution regarding head teachers’ and schools’ decision processes and how these can be understood from an organizational theoretical perspective. A case study was carried out in a so called “F - 9” school (pre-school class and year 1 - 9 compulsory school). A triangulation of the methods observation, document analysis and interviews was used. The theoretical point of departure for the study is organisational the-ory with special focus on decision theory. Two models are used as analytical tools: phases in the decision process and a summary of the decision models used. The role of the head teacher is also an important factor in the analysis.One question in the essay focuses on how the decision processes are carried out and what the head teacher’s role in these are. The results show that most of the information gathered by the head teacher before the decisions is verbal and that few choices between alternatives are made. Decisions are often vague and the decisions made primarily concerns practical questions. Very little in terms of implementation and follow up of the decisions have been seen in the study.The second question asked in the essay is how the decision processes can be described and understood with organisation theoretical and decision theoretical terms and models. The result indicates that it is the incremental decision model that best describe the decision process of the participating school, however, no model is ever a direct reflection of reality and elements of more models can be seen in the study. As the results indicate vague and unclear decision processes, the conclusion is that schools would gain from clarifying the processes for all concerned, there is need to talk about a designed decision process.

Varför är det så svårt att samverka när det egentligen är ganska lätt? Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap kring samverkan i relation till förväntan på skolsköterskan i kommunal verksamhet. Granskning av samverkansdokument på nationell-, kommunal samt yrkespecifiknivå analyserades. I Sverige har samverkan inom elevhälsans medicinska insats lyfts fram som en viktig faktor för att stärka elevhälsan och förbättra elevernas förutsättningar att nå sin fulla potential. Därför är det viktigt att förbättra samverkan mellan olika yrkesgrupper och samverkansparter. En av de främsta fördelarna med samverkan är att den kan leda till en helhetsbild av elevens hälsa och välbefinnande. Samverkan kan också leda till att eleverna får rätt stöd och insatser i rätt tid, vilket kan vara avgörande för att främja deras hälsa, välbefinnande och skolresultat. Studiens resultat visar enhetligt på flera framgångsfaktorer för en god och effektiv samverkan. / Why is it so difficult to collaborate when it is actually seen as quite easy?   The objective of this study is to contribute knowledge about collaboration in relation to the expectations placed on the school nurse in municipal operations. Examination of collaboration documents at the national, municipal, and professional levels was analysed.   In Sweden, collaboration within the medical intervention of student health has been emphasised as an important factor in strengthening student health and improving students' ability to reach their full potential. Therefore, it is important to improve collaboration among different professional groups and collaboration partners. One of the main advantages of collaboration is that it can provide a comprehensive understanding of students' health and well-being. Collaboration can also ensure that students receive the right support and interventions at the right time, which can be crucial in promoting their health, well-being, and academic performance.   The results of the study consistently demonstrate several success factors for effective collaboration.

The aim of this thesis is to identify the key roles of expatriates in a major Japanese MNE and factors influencing formation of their roles. It also examines to what extent expatriates have discretion in forming their roles. The thesis uses empirical data from 109 interviews and 5 years of action research (44 advisory board meetings and 144 Human Resource Management (HRM) workshops, 19 research sites in 9 countries and 17 additional meetings on specific topics) that enabled the researcher to carry out insightful and in-depth analysis with cross-national and multi-layer perspectives. The study applies organisational design theory to unveil the mechanisms of role formation, significantly expanding the understanding of these issues in Japanese business and the international business literature. The findings suggest that the process of role formation of expatriates can be explained by combining contingency theory and strategic choice theory in a framework that argues that the roles of expatriates are the result of a political process of organisational design (Child, 1997). This includes adaptation to the environment (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967) but also the relationship between organisational agents and the environment in the process of strategic choice (Child, 1997). The major contribution of this study is to provide evidence that expatriates are not merely agents of HQs in international business as traditionally understood, but that their role is more complex and multifaceted. The study empirically identifies five key roles of expatriates – two more than previously identified in the literature – and unveils six contingency factors and two strategic choice factors influencing role formation. The thesis demonstrates that expatriates strategically select their roles, although internal and external factors can act either as enhancers or obstacles to their making of choices and role formation.

Text in German with English and German summaries / The New Testament teaching on the church structure associated with the Systematic Theology is being investigated and discussed under the term ecclesiology. Therefore, this is about the contextualization of the main terms: Ecclesia, the body of Christ, Positions (Acts, teachers,bishop, elders, etc.). In this climactic situation I will write my work and critically analyze the postmodern model of the multi-site and compare it to other post-modern models including their main exponents who are also trying to respond to today's situation. It is through the critical examination of the contextualization of the multi-site - relating to the New Testament understandingof the church – that full attention is given to the context of this world and the Christian identity is preserved by referring back to the Scriptures. The identity of the multisiteneeds to be examined through the pluralization of religious providers and compared toother ecclesiological models in order to gain new insight and understanding. / Die neutestamentliche Lehre über die Gemeindestruktur ist der systematischen Theologie zugeordnet und wird unter dem Terminus Ekklesiologie erforscht und diskutiert. Deswegen geht es um die Kontextualisierung der wesentlichen Begriffe Ekklesia, Leib Christi, Ämter (Apostel, Lehrer, Bischof, Älteste usw.). In dieser Zuspitzung werde ich meine Arbeit schreiben und kritisch das Modell der Multisite im Vergleich zu anderen postmodernen Modellen mitsamt deren Hauptexponenten, die ebenfalls versuchen auf die heutige Situation reagieren, zu analysieren. Denn durch die kritische Betrachtung der Kontextualisierung des Multisite-Modells anhand des neutestamentlichen Kirchenverständnisses wird dem Kontext dieser Welt volle Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt und durch den Rückbezug auf die Heilige Schrift die christliche Identität gewahrt. Diese Identität der Multisite soll in der Pluralisierung religiöser Anbieter im Kern mit anderen ekklesiologischen Modellen kritisch betrachtet werden, um so neue Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)