企業流程是企業營運核心，也是創造企業競爭力之關鍵因素。本論文以個案公司現行願景為基礎，植基於會計交易循環之基礎架構，參考Tsaih.et al. (2004)企業整體資訊有機體模式之分析架構，重現並分析個案公司之現行關鍵營運流程。本研究首先透過系統化分析企業個體對內、對外之資訊流聯絡管道及接觸點，辨認並評估個案公司之關鍵流程與其資訊流的流暢度。接著以前述分析結果作為辨識及改善企業作業流程之基礎，作成相關流程改善建議及績效評估參考指標。最後，結合PWIO分析結果與平衡計分卡觀念，提供個案公司建議性策略地圖，以作為評估及管理未來績效之基礎。 本論文發現，個案公司之現有流程並無法有效達成現行願景。因此，我們運用PWIO分析模式及主要作業流程關聯圖呈現個案公司在銷售及收款循環、採購及付款循環、配送作業等流程運作效率上可以改善之處。此外，依據分析所示流程目標並透過平衡計分卡概念，建立其流程績效指標。最後，發展個案公司之策略地圖，呈現個案公司在現有願景下，財務、顧客、內部流程及學習與成長四大構面之因果關係，以作為個案公司未來評估及管理其策略性成果之架構。 / The business processes are central to a company’s operation and competitive advantages. Based on the analytical framework proposed by Tsaih et.al. (2004), and an application of accounting transaction cycle approach, this thesis investigates the key business processes of a hyper-mart in Taiwan. The major objectives of this paper are three-fold. Relied on the existing vision of the firm under studied, this thesis first restores and analyzes its core operation by identifying the practices of the contact point and information channel underlying the key business processes. The related suggestions on process improvement are then discussed and proposed based on the analyses from the previous step. Finally, a proposed strategy map will be developed to serve as the basis of evaluation and management of the strategic performance in the future. The research results indicate that the operation processes currently employed by the case firm cannot meet its vision effectively. Through the chart describing the practices of contact point and information channel, the smoothness of the key processes and the corresponding process improvements were suggested. In addition, through an integration of goals derived from process practices with the balanced scorecard concept, performance measures help achieve the goals of processes are developed accordingly. A strategy map delineating the casual-effect relationship between the Financial, Customer, Process as well as Learning and Innovation perspectives and the performance indicators is also provided. The managerial implications of such framework are discussed.

Haematophagous parasites and disease vectors such as leeches, ticks, mites, lice, bed bugs, mosquitoes, and myiasis-causing fly larvae are common health problems in Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). A main aim of my field work in Lao PDR in 2006-2010 was to document traditional knowledge among different ethnic groups about plants that people use to repel or to kill blood-feeding invertebrates. We carried out structured interviews in 66 villages comprising 17 ethnic groups, covering a range of ethnic group, throughout Lao PDR and recorded a total of 92 plant species - in 123 different plant-ectoparasite combinations - that are used as traditional repellents and/or as “pesticides” to kill "pest" invertebrates. Traditional use was confirmed in the scientific literature for 74 of these plant species, and for an additional 13 species based on literature on closely related species. We concluded that repellents and pesticides from many plant species are commonly used in the Lao countryside. We also investigated traditionally used Lao plants for their activity to repel or to kill certain disease vectors and parasites. Target organisms were mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae), fly larvae (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha) in fermented fish production, and terrestrial blood-sucking leeches (Hirudinea, Haemadipsidae). The potential mosquito repellent activities of essential oils of Croton roxburghii (Euphorbiaceae), Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae), and Litsea cubeba (Lauraceae) were evaluated in the field near Vientiane. Oils at concentrations of 1.7-6.7 µg/cm2 were significantly repellent to Aedes, Armigeres and Culex attracted to human baits. The activities against fly larvae, infesting fermenting fish, of three plant species, Tadehagi triquetrum (Fabaceae), Uraria crinita (Fabaceae) and Bambusa multiplex (Poaceae) were investigated: When fresh material of the plants was added on top of fermenting fish infested with fly larvae significant proportions of the larvae were repelled or killed. The total protective effect, i.e., repellent and killing effect combined, of T. triquetrum, U. crinita, and B. multiplex was 60-83 %, 77-90 %, and 60-93 %, respectively. Field evaluation of the potential leech repellent activities of water extracts of Sapindus rarak (Sapindaceae), Catunaregam spathulifolia (Rubiaceae) and Vernonia elaeagnifolia, (Asteraceae) impregnated on stockings and worn by persons in two leech-infested biotopes revealed leech repellent activities of 82.6%, 62.6% and 63.0%, respectively. The corresponding repellencies of deltamethrin and diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (DEET) were 73.1% and 88.4%, respectively. Identification of the active components in certain of the plants with the ultimate aim to develop more optimal, less costly repellents, insecticides, acaricides, and anti-leech compounds as alternatives to synthetic repellents and pesticides against blood-feeding insects, ticks, mites, and leeches is in progress.

Background There is a transition towards minimally invasive restorative techniques in restorative dentistry based upon reducing bacterial viability and encouraging remineralization of caries infected tissue. To improve the predictability of the antibacterial and remineralization potential of carious dentine by either the application of medicaments or placement of restorative materials that encourage remineralization would be a significant benefit in disease management. Materials and Methods An experimental model was developed using a chemostat for in vitro analysis of the effects of silver fluoride followed by potassium iodide (AgF/KI) and ozone treatment on non demineralized and demineralized dentine. Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on the treated dentine were conducted to investigate ion transfer, and biofilm formation. Bacteria growth was measured by optical density. An in vitro caries model using a chemostat was developed to determine the ability of glass ionomer cement and composite resin to inhibit dentinal degradation in adjacent dentine and to measure ion exchange at the restorative interface. Tests were made to determine the bond strength between dentine and glass ionomer cement after application of silver fluoride to the surface of the dentine. Results S. mutans migrated through all dentine samples. Samples treated with AgF/KI had significantly lower optical densities than the corresponding controls. Optical density readings were significantly lower in demineralized dentine treated with AgF/KI than non demineralized dentine. There were lower but not significant differences in the optical density readings between ozonated and non ozonated dentine. An S. mutans biofilm covered all control discs. No biofilm was detected on discs treated with AgF/KI and these discs were significantly more resistant to further demineralization than the control discs. Detectable amounts of silver and fluoride were found up to 450 μm in the AgF and AgF/KI sections. Ozone infusion prevented S. Mutans and L. acidophilus biofilm formation on all the treated dentine samples, biofilm was present on all control specimens. There was calcium and phosphorus present in all auto cure glass ionomer cements to a depth beyond 50 microns. Aluminium and strontium ions were also present in dentine except strontium subjacent to Ketac Molar restorations. Fluoride uptake was significantly higher under glass ionomer cement restorations where the dentine was pretreated with AgF/KI compared to non treated specimens. Silver and iodine deposits were present in demineralized dentine treated with AgF/KI. Calcium and phosphorus levels up to 130 microns from the restorative interface were similar to non demineralized dentine adjacent to auto cure glass ionomer cements and half that adjacent to composite resin. There was significant surface degradation in auto cure glass ionomer cements compared to composite resin. Washing away the AgF/KI precipitate produced higher bond strengths to dentine than samples where the precipitate remained. Conclusions Under the conditions of these in vitro studies, the application of AgF/KI and ozone pharmacologically reduces the initiation and rate of dentine caries. Glass ionomer cements were shown to protect dentine from experimental carious degradation and assist with remineralization. AgF/KI application enhances remineralization beneath glass ionomers and does not interfere with bond strengths. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1344616 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, Dental School, 2008

Trichoderma spp. is one of the most researched fungi as biocontrole agent of diseases, being antagonistic to several phytopathogens in different crops. The soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt in several crops, including chrysanthemum, is of difficult control, due mainly to its survival capacity in the soil for long periods, even without the presence of the host. Studies about the population dynamics of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp. and of the associated native microbiota they necessary, especially, to observe the impact of the biocontrols addition in the soil. Ornamental plants, such chrysanthemum, are cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul, but they are susceptible to several diseases, among them, the wilt of Fusarium oxysporum, mainly in protected environment. Aiming at the biocontrol of the wilt caused by F. oxysporum in chrysanthemum, as well as the understanding of the population dynamics of the microbiota in this patossystem, this work had for objectives: to study the dynamics of the fungic population present in soil used in the chrysanthemum cultivation in greenhouse in presence and ausence of wilt symptoms; to select and identify isolates of Fusarium pathogenic to chrysanthemum; to isolate and select antagonists, of the gender Trichoderma, effective in the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum in vitro; to verify, in vivo, the effectiveness of the antagonists tested in vitro in control of F. oxysporum; to evaluate the survival of Trichoderma sp. in substract with the incorporation of biological products of the fungus; to analyze the population dynamics of Fusarium sp. and Trichoderma sp. in sterilized soil and with addition of bioprotector; to identify the isolates of Trichoderma sp. used in the biocontrol of the pathogen; to evaluate the effect of administrations of Trichoderma sp. in non-target organisms. The soil sampling cultivated with chrysanthemum in greenhouse showed variation in the fungic populations of Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp. as a function of the occurrence of wilt symptoms in plants. Of the isolates of Fusarium sp. inoculated, 25,3% were pathogenic to chrysanthemum, which were found at points with visible symptoms of the disease on the plants. The biological products of Trichoderma sp. used varied in their effectiveness in the control of the wilt of chrysanthemum, being able to reach 100% of biocontrol as in the case of isolate UFSMT15.1. The desinfestation of the soil with methyl bromide reduced the population of Trichoderma, Fusarium and other fungi. The incorporation of the biological products in the soil promoted population growth of Trichoderma sp. and inhibited the growth of Fusarium sp. The molecular characterization of the isolates of Trichoderma indicated that the region of ITS of isolates UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 and UFSMT17 of Trichoderma sp. it presents a simple band with a fragment of approximately 600 bp and the isolate UFSMT17 present high phylogenetic similarity with the specie Trichoderma aureoviride. In the rats treated with biological product of active Trichoderma sp., no viable spores of the fungus werw found in the sampled tissues after a hour of the administration of the bioproduct. / Trichoderma spp. Persson é um dos fungos mais pesquisados como agente de biocontrole de doenças, sendo antagonista a vários fitopatógenos em diferentes culturas. O patógeno de solo Fusarium oxysporum Link causador de murcha vascular em várias culturas, inclusive em crisântemo, é de difícil controle, devido principalmente à sua capacidade de sobrevivência no solo por longos períodos, mesmo sem a presença do hospedeiro. Estudos sobre a dinâmica populacional de Trichoderma spp. e de Fusarium spp. e da microbiota nativa associada são necessários, em especial, para observar-se o impacto da adição de biocontroladores no solo. Plantas ornamentais, como o crisântemo, são cultivadas no Rio Grande do Sul, mas são suscetíveis a várias doenças, dentre as quais, a murcha por Fusarium tem se destacado, principalmente, em ambiente protegido. Visando o biocontrole da murcha vascular causada por F. oxysporum em crisântemo, bem como, o entendimento da dinâmica populacional da microbiota nesse patossistema, este trabalho teve por objetivos: estudar a dinâmica da população fúngica presente em solo utilizado no cultivo de crisântemo em estufa na presença e ausência de sintomas de murcha; selecionar e identificar isolados de Fusarium patogênicos ao crisântemo; isolar e selecionar antagonistas, do gênero Trichoderma, eficazes no biocontrole de Fusarium oxysporum em teste in vitro; verificar a eficácia in vivo dos antagonistas testados no controle in vitro de F. oxysporum; avaliar a sobrevivência de Trichoderma sp. em substrato com incorporação de biopreparados desse fungo; analisar a dinâmica populacional de Fusarium sp. e Trichoderma sp. presentes em solo esterilizado e povoado com bioprotetores utilizados no cultivo de crisântemo em ambiente protegido; caracterizar molecularmente os isolados de Trichoderma sp. utilizados no biocontrole do patógeno; avaliar o efeito de administrações de Trichoderma sp. em organismos não-alvo. A amostragem de solo cultivado com crisântemo em estufa mostrou variação nas populações fúngicas de Trichoderma sp. e de Fusarium sp., em função da ocorrência de sintomas de murcha nas plantas. Dos isolados de Fusarium sp. inoculados, 25,3% foram patogênicos ao crisântemo, os quais foram amostrados em pontos com sintomas visíveis da doença nas plantas. Os biopreparados de Trichoderma sp. utilizados variaram em sua eficácia no controle da murcha do crisântemo, podendo atingir 100% de biocontrole como no caso do isolado UFSMT15.1. A desinfestação do solo com brometo de metila reduziu a população de Trichoderma, Fusarium e outros gêneros fúngicos. A incorporação do biopreparado no solo promoveu crescimento populacional de Trichoderma sp. e inibiu o crescimento de Fusarium sp. A caracterização molecular dos isolados de Trichoderma indicou que a região do ITS dos isolados UFSMT15.1, UFSMT16 e UFSMT17 de Trichoderma sp. apresenta uma banda simples com um fragmento de aproximadamente 600 pares de bases e o isolado UFSMT17 possui alta similaridade filogenética com a espécie Trichoderma aureoviride. Nos ratos tratados com o biopreparado de Trichoderma sp. ativo, não foram encontrados conídios viáveis do fungo nos tecidos amostrados após uma hora da administração do bioproduto.

Submitted by YUNA FONTOURA (yunareis@gmail.com) on 2015-12-18T14:09:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Final Thesis Yuna.pdf: 2767793 bytes, checksum: 75dc946b956c5160ac270cb45e4b4eb1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-12-18T15:27:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Final Thesis Yuna.pdf: 2767793 bytes, checksum: 75dc946b956c5160ac270cb45e4b4eb1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-12-21T18:21:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Final Thesis Yuna.pdf: 2767793 bytes, checksum: 75dc946b956c5160ac270cb45e4b4eb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T18:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Final Thesis Yuna.pdf: 2767793 bytes, checksum: 75dc946b956c5160ac270cb45e4b4eb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Since the international financial and food crisis that started in 2008, strong emphasis has been made on the importance of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (or 'transgenics') under the claim that they could contribute to increase food productivity at a global level, as the world population is predicted to reach 9.1 billion in the year 2050 and food demand is predicted to increase by as much as 50% by 2030. GMOs are now at the forefront of the debates and struggles of different actors. Within civil society actors, it is possible to observe multiple, and sometime, conflicting roles. The role of international social movements and international NGOs in the GMO field of struggle is increasingly relevant. However, while many of these international civil society actors oppose this type of technological developments (alleging, for instance, environmental, health and even social harms), others have been reportedly cooperating with multinational corporations, retailers, and the biotechnology industry to promote GMOs. In this thesis research, I focus on analysing the role of 'international civil society' in the GMO field of struggle by asking: 'what are the organizing strategies of international civil society actors, such as NGOs and social movements, in GMO governance as a field of struggle?' To do so, I adopt a neo-Gramscian discourse approach based on the studies of Laclau and Mouffe. This theoretical approach affirms that in a particular hegemonic regime there are contingent alliances and forces that overpass the spheres of the state and the economy, while civil society actors can be seen as a 'glue' to the way hegemony functions. Civil society is then the site where hegemony is consented, reproduced, sustained, channelled, but also where counter-hegemonic and emancipatory forces can emerge. Considering the importance of civil society actors in the construction of hegemony, I also discuss some important theories around them. The research combines, on the one hand, 36 in-depth interviews with a range of key civil society actors and scientists representing the GMO field of struggle in Brazil (19) and the UK (17), and, on the other hand, direct observations of two events: Rio+20 in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, and the first March Against Monsanto in London in 2013. A brief overview of the GMO field of struggle, from its beginning and especially focusing in the 1990s when the process of hegemonic formation became clearer, serves as the basis to map who are the main actors in this field, how resource mobilization works, how political opportunities ('historical contingencies') are discovered and exploited, which are the main discourses ('science' and 'sustainability' - articulated by 'biodiversity preservation', 'food security' and 'ecological agriculture') articulated among the actors to construct a collective identity in order to attract new potential allies around 'GMOs' ('nodal point'), and which are the institutions and international regulations within these processes that enable hegemony to emerge in meaningful and durable hegemonic links. This mapping indicates that that the main strategies applied by the international civil society actors are influenced by two central historical contingencies in the GMO field of struggle: 1) First Multi-stakeholder Historical Contingency; and 2) 'Supposed' Hegemony Stability. These two types of historical contingency in the GMO field of struggle encompass deeper hegemonic articulations and, because of that, they induce international civil society actors to rethink the way they articulate and position themselves within the field. Therefore, depending on one of those moments, they will apply one specific strategy of discourse articulation, such as: introducing a new discourse in hegemony articulation to capture the attention of the public and of institutions; endorsing new plural demands; increasing collective visibility; facilitating material articulations; sharing a common enemy identity; or spreading new ideological elements among the actors in the field of struggle.

Potential vegetative and reproductive increases in yield, as well as the biological efficacy against Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum causing ear and stem rot in maize crops of commercially-formulated micro-organism formulation T-Gro (Trichoderma harzianum isolate DB103 WP) combined with Spartacus (Beauveria bassiana isolate DB 105 WP), T-Gro combined with Armenius (Bacillus subtilis isolate DB 109 WP), T-Gro combined with Maximus (Bacillus subtilis isolate DB 108 WP), T-Gro combined with Shelter (Bacillus subtilis isolate DB 101), T-Gro combined with Bismarck (Microbacterium maritypicum isolate DB 107 WP), as well as individual treatments of T-Gro, Armenius, Bismarck, Maximus and Shelter, were investigated when applied to maize seed and soil under field conditions. All the micro-organism treatments were compared with Thiram 750WP (750g/kg thiram WP) and an untreated control. The micro-organism treatments showed an increase in vegetative as well as reproductive yields when compared to the reference product Thiram 750 WP and the untreated control. There were no observations of adverse effects on the germination of maize seed in all the treatments that were applied. The three isolates B. subtilis, T. harzianum, and M. maritypicum, showed a significant reduction in vascular tissue discolouration of the main and ear stems, indicating a potential to be used in the reduction and control of diseases caused by Fusarium spp. Results also showed poor to very good increases of stem and foliage biomass as well as cob yield per plant produced by the micro-organism treatments when compared to the untreated control. The highest cob yield per plant that differed significantly from the untreated control was produced by T-Gro and Shelter. No phytotoxicity of any kind was observed with the application of the micro-organism formulations and they could therefore be deemed suitable to be used for the treatment of maize seed. The micro-organism formulations containing fungal and bacterial biological control agents have the potential to be used in commercial maize production to increase vegetative and reproductive yields and reduce the severity of ear and stem rot in maize. / Agriculture Animal Health and Human Ecology / M.Sc. (Agriculture)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lohmann_tr_me_jabo.pdf: 1159043 bytes, checksum: 91192fb7d70eb0a6d02bd04c9badaf8f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da proteína Vip3Aa20, originária da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, sobre a broca-do-colmo Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) e dois de seus parasitóides: o parasitóide larval Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) e o parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma galloi Zucchi. D. saccharalis mostrou-se suscetível à proteína, apresentando efeitos letais e subletais. Foram afetadas pela proteína as características mortalidade larval, duração do período larval, número de ínstares larvais e peso de larvas, enquanto que a mortalidade pupal e a duração do período pupal não foram afetadas e o peso de pupas apresentou resultados divergentes entre os bioensaios conduzidos. Para os parasitóides, avaliaram-se os efeitos da exposição direta (ingestão da proteína pelos adultos) e indireta (ingestão da proteína por D. saccharalis e posterior parasitismo). Em C. flavipes, não foram observados efeitos pela exposição direta, enquanto que na exposição indireta ocorreu efeito negativo sobre as características peso da massa de casulos e peso do adulto. Estes efeitos podem ser associados ao efeito mediado pelo hospedeiro. Em T. galloi, não foram observados efeitos da proteína Vip3Aa20 sobre os parasitóides, tanto na exposição direta como na indireta / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Vip3Aa20 protein, originating from the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner bacterium, on sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) and two of its parasitoids: larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) and egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi Zucchi. D. saccharalis was susceptible to protein, with lethal and sublethal effects. Larval mortality, larval period, number of instars and larval weight were affected by the protein, while pupal mortality and pupal period were not affected and pupal weight presented discrepant results between bioassays conducted. For the parasitoids, direct (protein ingested by adults) and indirect (protein ingested by sugarcane borer with later parasitism) exposure were evaluated. In C. flavipes, no effects were observed by direct exposure, while in indirect exposure negative effects occurred on the cocoons weight and adult weight. These effects may be associated with the effect mediated by the host. No effects were verified on T. galloi when this species was direct or indirectly exposed to Vip3Aa20 protein

Esta tese investiga a Ideia e o modo como ela se realiza na obra de arte segundo a Estética de Hegel. No primeiro capítulo, o conceito de Ideia é apresentado nas três formas em que o mesmo se realiza segundo a Lógica enquanto Ciência do Conceito em Hegel. No segundo capítulo, procura-se estabelecer alguns pressupostos históricos da analogia entre belo e organismo e como esta mesma analogia pode ser reencontrada na Estética de Hegel. No terceiro capítulo, mostra-se como a ação também pode ser outra forma de interpretação e elemento estruturador da Ideia realizada na obra de arte. No quarto capítulo, apresenta-se o silogismo (e o juízo) como possível forma de explicação das diversas formas de arte. No quinto capítulo, as duas formas de realização da Ideia, enquanto vida e ação, são apresentadas como duas formas diferentes de expressão da Ideia realizadas respectivamente nas obras de arte das formas particulares de arte clássica e romântica. / This thesis investigates the idea and the way it is realized in the work of art according to Hegel\'s Aesthetics. In the first chapter the concept of idea is presented in three forms as it realizes itself according to the Logic as the Science of Concept in Hegel. In the second chapter, we try to establish some historical presuppositions of the analogy between beauty and organism and how this same analogy can be rediscovered in Hegel\'s Aesthetics. In the third chapter, it is shown how the action could also be another form of interpretation and structuring element of the idea realized in the artwork. The fourth chapter presents the syllogism (and judgment) as a possible form of explanation of the different particular forms of art. In the fifth and concluding chapter, the two forms of realization of the idea, as life or action, are presented as two different forms of expression of the idea realized respectively in the particular forms of art of classical and romantic arts.

A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de estudar os princípios de investigação dos seres vivos tendo como parâmetro a concepção hilemórfica dos entes naturais em Aristóteles. Para tanto, em primeiro lugar, analisaremos o hilemorfismo tal como exposto no Livro II da Física, a fim de investigarmos a doutrina da matéria e forma, no contexto em que ela desempenha um papel fundamental para a elaboração de uma concepção que é capaz de mostrar os modos pelos quais os entes se constituem na natureza. Em segundo lugar, examinaremos os princípios de investigação dos seres vivos no Livro I das Partes dos Animais, de modo a identificar os fundamentos conceituais nos quais ele se sustenta. Assim, veremos em que medida a doutrina da matéria e forma desempenha uma função determinante na análise relativa aos organismos vivos. / The present research aims to study the principles of investigation of living beings, from hylemorphic conception as a parameter of explanation of natural beings in Aristotle. To do so, first, well analyze the hylemorphism as set out in Book II of Physics in order to investigate the doctrine of matter and form, in which it plays a key role in the development of a conception that is able to show the ways in which beings are formed in nature. Second, well examine the principles of living beings in Book I of the Part of Animals, in order to identify the conceptual foundations on which it holds. So we\'ll see how far the doctrine of matter and form plays a decisive role in the analysis relating to living organisms.

Os Copepoda constituem a maior classe de pequenos crustáceos, com mais de 8.500 espécies descritas. Dentre as cinco ordens de Copepoda de vida livre, as espécies pertencentes à ordem Calanoida apresentam um forte endemismo, com uma restrita distribuição geográfica. Além disso, os Copepoda Calanoida são particularmente sensíveis a contaminantes contidos na coluna de água devido ao seu hábito planctônico. No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos ecotoxicológicos com duas espécies de Copepoda Calanoida, particularmente com as espécies Argyrodiaptomus furcatus Sars, 1901 e Notodiaptomus iheringi Wright, 1935. Estas espécies foram comparadas com relação à sensibilidade e desempenho como organismos-teste na avaliação da qualidade da água em ecossistemas de água doce. Foram testadas e adaptadas metodologias de cultivo em laboratório, e foram estudados os principais aspectos da biologia destes em condições ambientais controladas. Além disso, foram analisados aspectos referentes à dinâmica populacional. A sensibilidade das duas espécies de Calanoida às substâncias de referência sódio, potássio e zinco na forma de cloreto (\'NA\'CL\', \'K\'CL\' e \'ZN\'CL IND.2\', respectivamente), ao dicromato de potássio (\'K IND.2\'CR IND.2\'O IND.7\') e ao sulfato de alumínio (\'AL IND.2\'(\'SO IND.4\')IND.3\'), aos surfactantes dodecilsulfato de sódio (\'C IND.12\'H IND.25\'NA\'O IND.4\'S\') e ácido dodecil benzenosulfonato de sódio (\'CH IND.3\'(\'CH IND.2\')IND.11\'C IND.6\'H IND.4\'S\'O IND.3\'NA\'), foram avaliadas. Além disso, avaliou-se a toxicidade aguda de diferentes amostras ambientais e das toxinas da cianobactéria Microcystis aeruginosa após tratamento por irradiação. Os resultados dos testes ecotoxicológicos foram expressos em concentração efetiva (CE(I)50). Para o cálculo estatístico da CE50 foi utilizado o programa Trimmed Spearman-Karber. Os resultados relativos ao ciclo de vida mostraram que N. iheringi tem um menor tempo de desenvolvimento do que A. furcatus, com tempos de duração do desenvolvimento do ovo determinados pelos métodos indireto e direto. Verificou-se que a espécie de N. iheringi, de menor tamanho, apresentou tempo de desenvolvimento pós-embrionário menor do que a espécie de maior tamanho, A. furcatus. As taxas intrínsecas de crescimento populacional foram mais elevadas para a espécie A. furcatus do que para N. iheringi. Pelos resultados obtidos observou-se que N. iheringi além de atingir tamanhos menores, possui um desenvolvimento mais rápido e ciclo de vida mais curto. Em relação à sensibilidade destes Copepoda Calanoida às substâncias tóxicas observou-se que em relação aos sais, estas duas espécies foram mais sensíveis ao cloreto de potássio (\'K\'CL\'). Em relação aos metais, o grau de toxicidade aos Copepoda decresceu na sequência zinco > cromo > alumínio. Já com em relação aos surfactantes, a espécie N. iheringi foi mais sensível do que A. furcatus, e a toxicidade diminui à medida que o estágio de desenvolvimento dos indivíduos se torna mais avançado. Os náuplios são mais sensíveis à maioria das substâncias de referência testadas (sais, surfactantes, cromo e zinco) do que os estágios de desenvolvimento mais avançados. A espécie N. iheringi é mais sensível aos diversos agentes tóxicos do que a espécie A. furcatus, no entanto, N. iheringi foi mais resistente às cianotoxinas do que A. furcatus. Os resultados apresentados corroboram a idéia de que os calanoides A. furcatus e N. iheringi apresentam elevada sensibilidade a uma variedade de substâncias tóxicas de referência, o que torna viável sua utilização como organismos-teste em ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Estes estudos podem proporcionar maior entendimento sobre a estrutura das comunidades aquáticas e das alterações na dinâmica das populações, no sentido de se poder verificar como as espécies respondem às alterações na qualidade da água e o porquê das modificações na estrutura das comunidades, permitindo, dessa forma, ações de manejo e de conservação visando a preservação da biodiversidade das águas doces. / Copepods constitute the largest class of small crustaceans, with more than 8,500 described species. Among the five orders of free-living copepods, the species belonging to the order Calanoida show strong endemism, with a restricted geographic distribution. Additionally, they are particularly sensitive to contaminants in the water column due to their planktonic habit. In the present study ecotoxicological studies with two species of Calanoida copepods were performed, particularly with the species Argyrodiaptomus furcatus Sars, 1901 and Notodiaptomus iheringi Wright, 1935. These species were compared for sensitivity and performance as test organisms in assessing water quality in freshwater ecosystems. Methods of cultivation in the laboratory were tested and adapted, and the main aspects of these species biology were studied under controlled temperature and photoperiod. In addition, aspects related to population dynamics were also analyzed. The sensitivity of the calanoids to a number of reference substances as: sodium, potassium and zinc in the form of chlorides (\'NA\'CL\', \'K\'CL\' and \'ZN\'CL IND.2\', respectively), potassium dichromate (\'K IND.2\'CR IND.2\'O IND.7\') and aluminum sulfate (\'AL IND.2\'(\'SO IND.4\')IND.3\'), and to the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (\'C IND.12\'H IND.25\'NA\'O IND.4\'S\') and sodium dodecyl benzenesulphonate (\'CH IND.3\'(\'CH IND.2\')IND.11\'C IND.6\'H IND.4\'SO IND.3\'NA\') were evaluated. Also the toxicity of environmental samples and of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa toxin after irradiation treatment was tested. The results of ecotoxicity tests were expressed as effective concentrations (EC(I)50). The statistical calculation of the EC50 was carried out by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber program. The results regarding the copepods life cycle showed that N. iheringi has a shorter development time and duration of egg development, by both indirect and direct methods, than A. furcatus. It was found that small sized N. iheringi, had a post-embryonic development faster than the larger species, A. furcatus. The intrinsic rates of population increase were higher for the species A. furcatus than for N. iheringi. The results indicated that N. iheringi besides reaching smaller sizes, has a faster development and shorter life cycle. Regarding the sensitivity of these two species to toxic substances it was observed that in relation to the salts the calanoids were more sensitive to the potassium chloride (\'K\'CL\'). Compared to metals, toxicity to copepods followed the sequence zinc> chromium> aluminum. However, regarding surfactants the species N. iheringi was more sensitive than A. furcatus, and toxicity decreased with the advance in developmental stages. The nauplii were more sensitive to most of the reference substances tested (salts, surfactants, chromium and zinc) than the more advanced developmental stages. The species N. iheringi was more sensitive to various toxic agents than A. furcatus, but N. iheringi was more resistant to the cyanotoxins than A. furcatus. The results support the hypothesis that the calanoid copepods A. furcatus and N. iheringi have high sensitivity to a variety of toxic reference substances, what makes them feasible to be used as test organisms in ecotoxicological tests. The study performed may provide further understanding about the structure of aquatic communities and changes in population dynamics, contributing for the understanding of how species respond to changes in water quality by changes in community structure, subsidizing management actions aiming the conservation of freshwater biodiversity.