In late 2007, President of Mexico Felipe Calderon Hinojosa implemented a policy of direct confrontation with crime organizations, this decision generated a climate of widespread insecurity and increased high-impact crimes such as arbitrary executions, torture and forced disappearan- ces. In this context of violence some groups of society hired paramilitaries in San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León and created self-defenses in some cities of Michoacán to protect their rights. This problem exhibited the incapacity of the State to provide public security and the situation of some territories formally under the rule of law but materially controlled by the organized crime. / A finales de 2007, el presidente de México, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, implementó una política de confrontación directa con la delincuencia organizada. Esta decisión propició un clima de inseguridad generalizada y se incrementaron los delitos de alto impacto como las ejecuciones arbitrarias, la tortura y la desaparición forzada. En este contexto de violencia, algunos grupos de la sociedad recurrieron a la seguridad privada a través de la contratación de paramilitares en San Pedro Garza García, en Nuevo León, y la formación de autodefensas en algunos municipios de Michoacán.  Este problema exhibió la incapacidad del Estado para proveer seguridad pública y la situación de algunos territorios que formalmente estaban gobernados por los poderes constituidos, pero materialmente estaban subyugados en un orden normativo paralelo contrario a laconstitución y, en algunas ocasiones, controlados totalmente por el crimen organizado.

Allemansrätten finns inte definierad i svensk lag, utan är baserad på sedvänja och gamla traditioner som kan dateras ända tillbaka till medeltiden. Allemansrätten är dock omnämnd i lagtexten, i regeringsformen 2 kap. 15 § 4 st. samt i miljöbalken 7 kap. 1 §. Det finns lagar som definierar de allra yttersta gränserna av allemansrätten, såsom brottsbalkens bestämmelser om bland annat åverkan, hemfridsbrott, tagande av olovlig väg och egenmäktigt förfarande. Allemansrätten är dock inte sådan att allt som inte är olagligt är tillåtet, utan allemansrätten kräver att hänsyn visas för att allemansrätten ska kunna åberopas. Även miljöbalkens 2 kap. allmänna hänsynsregler sätter gränser för vad alla som bedriver verksamhet i naturen måste följa. Exakt vad allemansrätten faktiskt tillåter är dock svårtolkat i och med avsaknaden av definition. När det gäller organiserat friluftsliv, vilket orientering klassas som, är allemansrätten än mer komplex. Alla deltagare vid ett arrangemang kan hålla sig inom allemansrättens ramar, men det betyder inte med säkerhet att arrangemanget som sådant kan arrangeras endast med stöd av allemansrätten. Studien avser att undersöka vad som krävs för att ett orienteringsarrangemang ska kunna bedrivas med stöd av allemansrätten, hur arrangörer idag säkrar åtkomst till mark för deras verksamhet samt hur kunskapsnivån angående allemansrätt och gällande lagstiftning ser ut bland arrangörer ser ut idag. En enkät skickades ut till 87 stycken föreningar i sydvästra Sverige för att undersöka hur föreningar säkrade åtkomst till mark i samband med deras verksamhet och arrangemang, vilka lagar, riktlinjer och policys som föreningar använder i samband med deras verksamhet samt om utbildning inom allemansrätten sker i föreningen. Enkäten visade att kunskapsnivån inom vissa avseenden är låg bland föreningarna. Föreningarna är bra på att genomföra samråd före arrangemang, men långt ifrån alla föreningar genomför samråd med markägare, nyttjanderättshavare och jakträttsinnehavare innan nyritning eller revidering av orienteringskartor, samt att endast åtta procent av föreningarna undervisar medlemmar i allemansrätten. Kontakt togs med myndigheter och förbund för att höra hur de ser på organiserat friluftsliv. De som kontaktades var Svenska Orienteringsförbundet, Naturvårdsverket, Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götaland samt Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund, LRF. Resultaten som erhölls från detta visade att det finns lite olika tolkningar på hur allemansrätten ska tillämpas. Svenska Orienteringsförbundet hävdar att allemansrätten är tillämplig vid tävlings- och träningsverksamhet och att inget formellt tillstånd krävs från markägaren, förutom för områdena som krävs för parkering, mål, start etc. Samråd ska dock ske med markägare, nyttjanderättshavare och jakträttsinnehavare före kartritning och arrangemang. LRF säger i princip samma sak, alla arrangemang kräver samråd med markägaren och andra nyttjanderättshavare, men de säger också att denne kan säga nej till ett arrangemang om det riskerar att skada naturen eller störa markägarens intressen. Naturvårdsverket sade att det inte går att generalisera allemansrätten, utan att enskilda bedömningar vid varje tillfälle måste göras. Slutsatsen som kan dras sett ur detta är att allemansrätten är tämligen komplex och att dra konkreta gränser för när allemansrätten gäller och inte gäller i samband med orienteringsverksamhet är svårt. Olika marktyper påverkas i olika grad när människor passerar, och vad som kan vara tillåten påverkan på en viss marktyp kan vara otillåten på en annan. Markägaren får inte eller åsamkas påtaglig skada eller olägenhet för att arrangemanget ska omfattas av allemansrätten, och vad som är påtaglig skada är även det svårdefinierat. / The right of public access is not defined in Swedish law but is based on custom and ancient traditions dating back to the Middle Ages. However, the right of access is mentioned in the legal text, in RF 2 chapter 15 § 4 pcs. as well as in MB 7 chapter 1 §. There are laws that define the utmost limits of the right of public access, such as the rules of brottsbalken such as åverkan, hemfridsbrott, tagande av olovlig väg and egenmäktigt förfarande. However, the right of public access does not define that everything that is not illegal is permitted, and the right of public access requires that respect is shown. Chapter 2 of miljöbalken, Allmänna hänsynsregler m.m. set limits for what all those engaged in activities in nature must follow. In terms of organized outdoor activities, which orienteering is classed as, the right of public access is even more complex. All participants in an event can be within the limits of the right of public access, but it does not mean that the entire event can be held solely based on the right of public access if the damage or disturbance done by all participants is too high. The study intends to investigate what is required for an orienteering event to be conducted based on the right of public access, how organizers today secure access to land for their events and how the level of knowledge regarding the right of public access and current law is today. A survey was sent to 87 associations in southwestern Sweden to investigate how associations secured access to land in connection with their activities and arrangements, which laws, guidelines and policies used by associations in connection with their activities as well as on education in the right of public access are in the association. The survey showed that the level of knowledge in some respects is low among the associations. The associations are good at conducting consultations prior to arrangements, but far from all associations contacted landowners, usufructuaries and owners of hunting rights prior to the making of orienteering maps. Also, only 8% of the associations teach members in right of public access. Contact was taken with authorities and federations to hear how they look at organized outdoor activities. Those who were contacted were the Swedish Orienteering Association, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the County Administrative Board and the Federation of Swedish Farmers. The results obtained from this showed that there are several interpretations on how the right of public access is applied. The Swedish Orienteering Association claims that the right of public access is applicable to all events and that no formal permission is required from the landowner, but consultation with the landowner, any usufructuaries and gamekeeper should always be held. The Federation of Swedish Farmers also says that consultation with the landowner, any usufructuaries and owners of hunting rights always is necessary and that they can deny access if the event has any risk of damaging or disturbing either the nature or the landowner’s interests. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in their assessment said that it is not possible to generalize when the right of public access is applicable, without individual assessments at every individual situation. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that the right to public access is quite complex and to lay down concrete limits for when the right of public access applies and not applicable in connection with orienteering events is difficult. Different land types are affected to a different extent when people pass, and what may be allowed impact in one area may not be allowed on another. Landowners shall not receive or incur material injury or inconvenience for the event to be covered by the right of public access, and what is material injury is also difficult to define.

Cette thèse explore des pistes d'amélioration du système de trafic aérien dans l'espace océanique de l'Atlantique Nord (NAT). D'abord, on considère le système actuel, où les avions suivent les rails prédefinis. On favorise les re-routages entre rails, diminuant la congestion dans l'espace continental. On applique des méthodes stochastiques d'optimisation pour trouver une configuration de vols sans conflits avec la séparation reduite entre aéronefs. Ensuite, on simule la planification des trajectoires avec le Wind Networking (WN). La source prinicipale des erreurs dans la prédiction de trajectoires étant l'incertitude dans la prévision du vent, le WN permet aux avions d'échanger leurs vents mesurés afin d'ajuster leurs prédictions. Enfin, on introduit le concept de free-flight dans NAT. Etant donné des trajectoires vent-optimales, on applique une méthode stochastique d'optimisation pour réduire le nombre de conflits au niveau stratégique, tout en conservant les trajectoires proches de leur optimum. Nos résultats numériques mettent en évidence plusieurs pistes pour améliorer le système de trafic aérien dans NAT, en considérant de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux concepts. / This thesis investigates the ways to improve the air traffic system in the highly congested North Atlantic oceanic airspace (NAT). First, we consider the current system, where aircraft follow predefined NAT tracks. We favor the re-routings between tracks, decreasing congestion in pre-oceanic airspace, and apply stochastic methods of optimization to find a conflict-free flight configuration with reduced separation between aircraft. Second, we simulate trajectory prediction by Wind Networking (WN). While the main source of time prediction errors is the uncertainty in wind forecast, WN permits aircraft to exchange measured winds and adjust their predictions using this recent and accurate information. Third, we study the impact of introducing the free flight concept in NAT. We apply a stochastic method of optimization on data provided by NASA consisting of NAT flights with wind optimal trajectories. The aim is to reduce the number of conflicts on the strategic level, while keeping the trajectories close to the optimal routes. Our computational experiments show that the air traffic situation in NAT can be improved in several different ways, considering new technologies and new trajectory planning concepts.

This thesis is devoted to the activities of organized interest with primary school children, ages 6-11 years, in the country. The theoretical part deals, with the basic concepts of leisure, free time features, lifestyle and interests, hobbies and factors influencing children's leisure time. The practical part deals with specific and leisure activities in the country and in selected locations. Getting parents' satisfaction with leisure activities, describes a range of leisure activities at particular locations, this shows what activities children attend and also indicates the context of education of the parents.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-03T22:32:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) luis_paulo_sant'ana.pdf: 2279435 bytes, checksum: 8ec20ec33178116aca9065abd7e6cf32 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-18T12:59:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) luis_paulo_sant'ana.pdf: 2279435 bytes, checksum: 8ec20ec33178116aca9065abd7e6cf32 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T12:59:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) luis_paulo_sant'ana.pdf: 2279435 bytes, checksum: 8ec20ec33178116aca9065abd7e6cf32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Muitos fatores t?m sido pautados como atributos que podem ajudar a entender melhor o padr?o de escava??o de t?neis em cupins. Dentre estes destacam-se o comportamento auto-organizado, fatores ambientais, caracter?sticas morfol?gicas dos oper?rios, comunica??o qu?mica e f?sica, a escava??o por ?escavadores de topo?, e a teoria do forrageamento ?timo. Desta forma, atrav?s do presente trabalho objetivou-se investigar se o n?mero de oper?rios influencia no padr?o de escava??o de t?neis em Cortaritermes silvestrii. Para as observa??es do comportamento de escava??o foram utilizadas arenas bidimensionais preenchidas por areia com diferentes n?meros de indiv?duos em cada bateria, variando de 20 a 200 oper?rios. Uma vez registrada a atividade de escava??o, ap?s 24 horas de experimento, foram medidos a ?rea escavada, a taxa de escava??o, o n?mero total de t?neis, o tempo para in?cio da escava??o (TIE), o tempo para in?cio da bifurca??o (TIB) e os ?ngulos entre as bifurca??es observadas. Al?m disso, tamb?m foi feita uma simula??o, utilizando dados emp?ricos, para estimar a efici?ncia de forrageio em C. silvestrii com diferentes n?meros de oper?rios e diferentes tipos de distribui??o do recurso no substrato. Em rela??o aos resultados obtidos, observou-se que existe uma rela??o entre a ?rea escavada (?= 0,4959, p < 0.001), a taxa de escava??o, o n?mero total de t?neis escavados (? = 0,3917, p < 0.001), o TIE (? = -0,2935, p < 0,001), TIB (? = - 0,0729, p <0,001), e o n?mero de oper?rios em cada arena. Ao analisar os ?ngulos, observou-se uma frequ?ncia maior de ?ngulos menos redundantes (muito pequenos ou muito maiores). Os resultados obtidos na simula??o indicam que o n?mero de oper?rios n?o influencia no retorno energ?tico obtido durante a escava??o, e que provavelmente C. silvestrii explora recursos distribu?dos de forma aglomerada ou aleat?ria, muito mais eficiente do que recursos distribu?dos uniformemente no substrato. Portanto, concluiu-se que o n?mero de oper?rios est? relacionado ao padr?o de escava??o de t?neis em C. silvestrii e que este padr?o observado possivelmente est? ligado ? forma com que esta esp?cie explora seus recursos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Several factors have been ruled as attributes that may help better understand the pattern of tunneling in termites. These include self-organized behavior, environmental factors, morphological characteristics of workers, chemical and physical communication, excavation by "top-excavators", and optimal foraging theory. In this way, the objective of this work was to investigate whether the number of workers influences the tunneling pattern in Cortaritermes silvestrii. For the observations of the excavation behavior, two-dimensional arenas filled with sand with different numbers of individuals in each battery were used, ranging from 20 to 200 workers. Once the excavation activity was observed, after 24 hours, it was measured the excavated area, total number of tunnels, time to start of excavation (TIE), time to start of bifurcation (TIB), and the angles between the observed bifurcations. In addition, a simulation using empirical data was used to estimate the foraging efficiency in C. silvestrii with different numbers of workers and different types of distribution of the resource in the substrate. In relation to the results obtained, it was observed that there is a relation between the excavated area (? = 0.4959, p <0.001), the excavation rate, the total number of excavated tunnels (? = 0.3917, p <0.001), the TIE (? = -0.2935, p <0.001), TIB (? = - 0.0729, p <0.001), and the number of workers in each arena. When analyzing the angles, a greater frequency of less redundant angles (very small or much larger angles) was observed. The results obtained in the simulation indicate that the number of workers does not influence the energetic return obtained during the excavation, and that probably C. silvestrii exploits resources distributed in agglomerated or random ways, much more efficiently than resources evenly distributed in the substrate. Therefore, it was concluded that the number of workers is related to the pattern of tunnel excavation in C. silvestrii and that this observed pattern is possibly related to the way in which this species exploits its resources.

Chapitre 1Le développement local et la décision de migrer : migration mexicaine vers les Etats-Unis La migration mexicaine vers les Etats-Unis est l’un des plus grands phénomènes mi-gratoires et est soumise à un large éventail d’études sur plus de 11 millions d’immigrants mexicains aux Etats-Unis, ce qui représente près d’un dixième de la population du Mexique et un tiers de tous les personnes habitants aux Etats-Unis et nées à l’étranger. Le document se compose d’un modèle de théorie des jeux simple qui vise à illustrer la relation entre les résultats du développement et la décision de migrer et donc de motiver et de fournir un cadre pour l’analyse empirique. En outre, le modèle intègre un facteur qui a récemment été mis en lumière comme jouant un rôle dans la décision de migration : le crime organisé. Nous testons les résultats du modèle de façon empirique en utilisant les données de Mexique et nous proposons des effets différents pour les migrants légaux et illégaux. Les résultats pour les migrants illégaux sont conformes à notre cadre théorique et soutiennent l’importance des variables de développement locales en tant que déterminant de la migration.Chapitre 2Aide internationale, migration illégale et criminalité organiséeDans ce chapitre, le lien entre l’aide étrangère, la migration illégale et le développement est étudié dans un cadre théorique. Nous modélisons un jeu séquentiel d’un gouvernement étranger qui décide de ses politiques de contrôle aux frontières et d’aide étrangère, et du gouvernement du pays d’origine qui décide du niveau d’investissement dans le développement local. Dans ce cadre, l’aide est utilisée pour lutter contre les organisations criminelles dans le pays d’origine, car ils représentent une externalité négative pour le donateur. Les migrants potentiels prennent ensuite leurs décisions de migration après avoir observé les décisions des gouvernements. Le modèle suggère que les flux migratoires sont réduits par les dépenses de développement et que l’existence de la criminalité organisée réduit le niveau optimal d’aide allouée étant donné que le crime fonctionne comme un outil supplémentaire pour réduire la migration illégale. Le mod`èle est ensuite testé de manière empirique à l’aide d’un modèle d’équation simultané utilisant des données de plusieurs pays maillés, d’un côté, des pays qui reçoivent l’aide internationale et envoient des migrants, et de l’autre des pays qui accueillent des migrants et donne l’argent de l’aide internationale. La plupart des prédictions des modèles sont soutenues par notre spécification empirique, ce qui suggère en effet une réduction de l’allocation de l’aide lorsque la migration et le crime sont élevés.Chapitre 3La chute de la mobilité lors du d´eplacement : une étude sur la mobilité sociale des migrants mexicains vers les Etats-Unis Ce chapitre vise à étudier l’impact de la migration parentale sur leurs enfants. Concrètement, nous cherchons inférer l’impact causal de la migration américaine sur la transmission intergénérationnelle de l’éducation au Mexique. Ainsi, en ciblant la population migrante du point de vue de la source-pays, notre document contribue à la littérature avec une étude unique des effets de la migration sur la mobilité ´éducative. En utilisant les données des ménages mexicains, nous examinons les changements des niveaux de scolarité des individus par rapport à ceux de leurs parents et selon le statut de migration de leurs parents au cours de leur enfance. Nous exploitons les données historiques pour résoudre l’endogénéité de la décision de migrer à travers une approche des variables instrumentales, ce qui nous permet de tirer une conclusion causale de nos résultats. Nos résultats montrent que, bien que séduisant à court terme par l’atténuation de la pauvreté actuelle, la migration peut nuire à l’égalité des chances à long terme. / Chapter 1Local Development and the Decision to Migrate : Evidence from Mexican Migration to the USMexican migration to the United States is one of the largest migration phenomena and subject to a wide range of studies having reached more than 11 million of Mexican immigrants in the US, which accounts for nearly a tenth of Mexico’s population and a third of all US foreign-born population. Despite having been widely studied, this paper contributes the scarce literature of the supply-side perspective. The paper is comprised by a simple game theoretic model which aims at illustrating the relationship between development outcomes and the decision to migrate and hence to motivate and provide a framework for the empiricalanalysis. Furthermore, the model incorporates a factor that has been recently shown to play a part on the migration decision : organized crime. Recent kidnapping of migrants suggest a new risk affecting trajectories, while a more violent environment may contribute to push migrants away from their homes. We test the model’s findings empirically using household survey data and propose different effects for legal and illegal migrants, as defined by the type of documents used to enter the US. The results from the illegal migrant subsample are in line with our theoretical framework and support the importance of local development variables as a determinant of migration.Chapter 2Foreign Aid, Illegal Migration and Organized CrimeThrough this chapter, the link between foreign aid, illegal migration and development is studied in a game-theoretic framework. We model a sequential game of a foreign government that decides its border control and foreign aid policies, which are known to source country government deciding on the level of investment in domestic development. In this particular framework, aid is used to fight crime organizations in the source country, as it represents a negative externality for the donor. Potential migrants then make their migration decisions after observing both government’s expenditure decisions, which have an impact on the probability of success. The model suggests migration flows are reduced by development expenditure and that the existence of organized crime, reduces the optimal level of aid allocated as crime works as an additional tool for reducing illegal migration. The model isthen tested empirically through a simultaneous equation model using cross-country data on migrant sending countries to eveloped donor countries. Most model predictions are supported by our empirical specification, suggesting indeed a reduction in aid allocation when migration and crime are high.Chapter 3The fall of mobility when moving : A study of social mobility of Mexican migrants to the US This chapter aims to study the impact of parental migration on their children. In concrete, we intend to infer the causal impact of US migration on the intergenerational transmission of education in Mexico. Social mobility and migration had only been analyzed comparingimmigrants and natives in the destination country. Thus, targeting the migrant population from the source-country perspective, our paper contributes the literature with a unique study of the effects of migration on the educational mobility of the left behinds. Using household survey data, we look at the educational attainment of individuals in Mexico and compare it to that of their parents and according to the parents migration status during their childhood. We exploit historical data to solve for the endogeneity of the decision to migrate through an instrumental variables approach, which allows us to draw causal inference of our results. Our results show that, although attractive on the short-term through the alleviation of current poverty, migration may be detrimental to the equality of opportunities on the long-run.

Submitted by HIGOR HENRIQUE DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA null (higor6@itelefonica.com.br) on 2016-03-14T01:11:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado.pdf: 10715169 bytes, checksum: 67bc136f2489ae6944e6a9db6998967a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T17:52:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_hhs_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1487328 bytes, checksum: dc6bd8f68483e98dd23a89fc9938b22d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T17:52:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_hhs_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1487328 bytes, checksum: dc6bd8f68483e98dd23a89fc9938b22d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Luminescência é a emissão de luz decorrente da excitação de átomos, íons, moléculas ou materiais. Quando a excitação é realizada por radiações ionizantes, o material luminescente é denominado cintilador e possui aplicações tecnológicas relacionadas à detecção dessas radiações de alta energia. A conformação desses materiais tem impacto direto em seu custo e aplicabilidade e atualmente, há uma busca por novas conformações de materiais luminescentes para aplicação em diversos dispositivos. Sistemas bidimensionais, como filmes finos nanoestruturados, possuem potencial aplicação em nanotecnologia e os processos de auto-organização desses sistemas têm sido crescentemente estudados e empregados. Neste trabalho, as propriedades luminescentes do polioxometalato [Eu(W5O18)2]9- foram estudadas em função de sua conformação em sólido estendido, filmes de Langmuir e de Langmuir-Blodgett, com ênfase em medidas de luminescência com excitação por radiação ultravioleta ou raios X. O sólido Na9[Eu(W5O18)2].14H2O foi preparado pela mistura de soluções de tungstato de sódio e nitrato de európio em pH e temperatura adequados. Medidas de espectroscopia de fotoluminescência do sólido evidenciam a presença de íons Eu3+ ao menos em dois sítios não-centrossimétricos, sendo um deles de menor simetria com relação ao outro. Com o aumento da temperatura, as distorções provocadas pelas vibrações térmicas e pela saída das moléculas de água de hidratação diminuem a simetria local ao redor dos íons Eu3+ em ambos os sítios. As mudanças nas propriedades luminescentes decorrentes do aumento da temperatura são irreversíveis a partir de 100oC, temperatura na qual inicia-se a desidratação do sólido. A excitação via transferência de carga dos ligantes para os metais favorece a emissão proveniente dos íons Eu3+ nos sítios menos distorcidos enquanto a excitação direta nos níveis intraconfiguracionais dos íons Eu3+ favorece a emissão proveniente dos íons Eu3+ nos sítios mais distorcidos. O mecanismo de cintilação nesse sólido tem contribuição significativa do processo de transferência de energia de estados relacionados à transferência de carga para os níveis excitados dos íons Eu3+ e a eficiência desse processo diminui com a incidência de raios X, provavelmente devido à criação de defeitos eletrônicos nos grupos (W5O18)6-, levando à diminuição da eficiência do processo de absorção e transferência de energia para os íons Eu3+ e consequentemente, à diminuição da intensidade de emissão em função do tempo de exposição à radiação X. Os filmes de Langmuir do sistema misto surfactante/polioxometalato assumem empacotamento compacto, estável e parcialmente reversível na interface subfase-ar. O sistema projetado e montado pelo grupo de pesquisa do Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes para a realização de medidas de espectroscopia de fotoluminescência com excitação ultravioleta in situ na cuba de Langmuir-Blodgett permite correlacionar as propriedades luminescentes de filmes de Langmuir com os diferentes níveis de organização da monocamada, sendo uma poderosa ferramenta na caracterização desses filmes. Os filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett do sistema misto surfactante/polioxometalato foram preparados com elevada taxa de transferência e apresentam intensidade de emissão linearmente dependente do número de camadas depositadas. Nestes filmes, os íons Eu3+ ocupam ao menos dois sítios não-centrossimétricos com tempos de vida distintos e a variação da temperatura provoca alterações quase completamente reversíveis em suas propriedades luminescentes. / Luminescence is the emission of light resulting from the excitation of atoms, ions, molecules or materials. When ionizing radiation is used in the excitation, the luminescent material is called scintillator and has technological applications related to the detection of these high energy radiations. The conformation of these materials has direct impact on theirs cost and applicability and currently, there is a search for new conformations of luminescent materials for application in several devices. Two-dimensional systems, as nanostructured thin films, have potential applications in nanotechnology and the self-assembly processes of these systems have been increasingly studied and employed. In this work, the luminescent properties of the polyoxometalate [Eu(W5O18)2]9- were studied as a function of its conformation in solid bulk, Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films, with emphasis on X-ray- and UV-excited luminescence measurements. Solid Na9[Eu(W5O18)2].14H2O was prepared by mixing sodium tungstate and europium nitrate solutions in suitable temperature and pH. Photoluminescence measurements of the solid sample evidence the presence of Eu3+ ions at least two non-centrosymmetric sites. With increasing temperature, the distortions caused by thermal vibration and dehydration process decrease the local symmetry around the Eu3+ at both sites. Changes in the luminescent properties are irreversible after temperatures above 100°C, temperature at which it begins the solid dehydration. Ligand to metal charge transfer excitation promotes the emission from the Eu3+ ions at less distorted site while the direct excitation in intraconfigurational levels of Eu3+ ions promote the emission from the Eu3+ ions at more distorted site. The scintillation mechanism of this solid has significant contribution of the energy transfer process from charge transfer states to the excited levels of Eu3+ ions and the efficiency of this process decreases by the incidence of X-rays, probably due to the creation of electronic defects at groups (W5O18)6-, decreasing the efficiency of the absorption and energy transfer processes and consequently, decreasing the emission intensity with the exposure to X-rays. Langmuir films of the surfactant/polyoxometalate system assume compact, stable and partially reversible packaging at the subphase-air interface. The system to performing in situ photoluminescence spectroscopy at Langmuir-Blodgett trough, designed by research group of the Luminescent Materials Laboratory, allows the correlation between the luminescent properties of Langmuir films and the monolayer organization level, being a powerful tool in the characterization of these films. Langmuir-Blodgett films of the surfactant/polyoxometalate system were prepared with high transfer rate and the films present emission intensity linearly dependent on the number of deposited layers. In these films, Eu3+ ions occupy at least two non-centrosymmetric sites with different lifetimes and the temperature variation causes almost completely reversible changes in their luminescent properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3026.pdf: 787544 bytes, checksum: c8f4e87ba140a995dfd98e384f44f5ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-04 / The purpose of our research is to study the characteristics and actions of the group known as Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), in their relations with the institutions of the criminal justice system (police subsystem and criminal justice, execution, and administration), and the ramifications of the series of attacks perpetrated by that organization between May and August of 2006. At first, we give a theoretical analysis of the police apparatus and organized crime to, in turn, investigate the emergence, structure, activities, and objectives of PCC. We also focus on the series of attacks on these dates, on their effects on the criminal organization and, above all, on the public institutions who combat them. We compare these institutions evolution and the relationship between them, attempting to establish the degree to which the series of attacks became a catalyst for institutional change and in what way it allowed for a greater approximation between the institutions that are a part of this system. / O propósito de nossa pesquisa é estudar as características e a atuação do grupo conhecido como Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), em sua relação com as instituições do sistema de justiça criminal (subsistemas policial e de justiça, execução e administração penal), assim como os desdobramentos da onda de ataques levada a cabo por aquela organização de maio a agosto de 2006. De início, procuramos realizar uma análise teórica do aparelho policial e do crime organizado para, em seguida, investigarmos o surgimento, estrutura, atividades e objetivos do PCC. Também focamos a onda de ataques comandada pelo PCC naquela data e os efeitos que esta teve sobre essa organização criminosa e, sobretudo, sobre as instituições públicas que travaram combate contra essa facção. Comparamos a evolução das instituições do sistema de justiça criminal e as relações que mantêm entre si, procurando estabelecer em que medida a onda de ataques serviu como catalisador de mudanças institucionais e de que forma ela possibilitou uma maior aproximação entre as instituições que compõem aquele sistema.

Submitted by Isaías Batista Oliveira Júnior null (jr_oliveira1979@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-21T17:54:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PROFESSORES E FAMÍLIAS NÃO CONVENCIONAIS UMA PROPOSTA DE INTERVENÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO PELAS LENTES DO CINEMA.pdf: 3721649 bytes, checksum: c01059d1efb0b4f68f54fb3bdd6f3b40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-22T12:38:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveirajunior_ib_dr_prud.pdf: 3721649 bytes, checksum: c01059d1efb0b4f68f54fb3bdd6f3b40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:38:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveirajunior_ib_dr_prud.pdf: 3721649 bytes, checksum: c01059d1efb0b4f68f54fb3bdd6f3b40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-20 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Vinculado à linha de estudos intitulada Processos Formativos, Diferença e Valores, esta pesquisa foi realizada junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT) e teve como objeto de investigação as percepções, valores e representações docentes em relação a famílias organizadas em modelos não convencionais. Assumimos como objetivo central para este estudo a elaboração, aplicação e avaliação de uma proposta de formação continuada com profissionais da educação infantil e do ensino fundamental, via experiência estética, cuja metodologia consistiu na projeção e contextualização de obras cinematográficas, com tema central baseado em famílias organizadas em modelos não convencionais e com processos de resiliência. Para corroborar este objetivo, buscamos referenciais na Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Participaram da formação continuada 15 acadêmicas do primeiro e terceiro ano de licenciatura em Pedagogia da Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, mas que já exercem a docência na educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental na rede pública ou privada de ensino. O processo interventivo foi realizado em 8 encontros, com média de 5h de duração cada. Dentro de uma abordagem quali/quantitativa, os dados deste estudo foram obtidos em dois momentos: pré- e pós-intervenção. No pré-teste foram aplicados quatro instrumentos de pesquisa, a saber: questionário sociodemográfico, genograma familiar, técnica de evocação livre de palavras e inventário sobre representações de famílias. No pós-teste, os dois últimos testes foram reaplicados e neste momento fora acrescido o questionário de avaliação pessoal da intervenção. Durante o processo de formação utilizamos o diário de campo – constituído por observações do pesquisador e da auxiliar de pesquisa sobre as manifestações das participantes. Grupos em redes como o Facebook e WhatsApp foram criados para este momento e subsidiaram na coleta de dados. Estes instrumentos foram projetados de modo a conferir rigor científico ao estudo, portanto, foi necessário a construção de ferramentas que possibilitassem a avaliação dos conceitos, valores pessoais e profissionais, prévios e posteriores a formação continuada, das professoras sobre “família”, “família desestruturada” e “família ideal”, bem como suas percepções acerca das contribuições do cinema e das estratégias empregadas na formação docente. Os dados obtidos mediante evocação de palavras, imagens ou sentimentos foram tabulados e analisados com o auxílio do Software EVOC e seus subprogramas. Para as questões baseadas na Escala Likert recorremos ao Software SPSS versão 14.0, empregando o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon, levando em consideração o nível de significância de 5%. No que se refere ao diário de campo, as informações coletadas foram investigadas à luz da teoria da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que houve alterações significativas do momento do pré- para o pós-teste. Concluímos que a experiência estética, propiciada pelo cinema e as estratégias empregadas no projeto de formação continuada, como as discussões, dinâmicas, as reflexões pessoais, trocas de ideias e o confronto de diferentes perspectivas entre as professoras do grupo compuseram o quadro que possibilitou as mudanças na percepção e valores docentes, ao proporcionarem as professoras um meio de comunicação rápido e próximo ao seu contexto cultural e social. / Related to the research line entitled Formative Processes, Difference and Values, this research was conducted along with the Postgraduate Education Program from São Paulo State University and had as object of study the perceptions, values and representations from teachers in relation to families arranged in unconventional designs. We assumed as a central goal for this study the development, implementation and evaluation of a proposal for continuing education with professionals in early childhood education and elementary school, via aesthetic experience, whose methodology consisted of the projection and contextualization of cinematographic works, with a central theme based on families organized in unconventional models and with resilience processes. To consolidate this goal, we sought references in the Bioecological Theory of Human Development and the Theory of Social Representations. 15 academics of the first and third year in Education Licentiate, from the State University of Northern Paraná, took part in the continuing education, but they were already engaged in teaching in early childhood education and early years of elementary education in public or private schools. The interventional procedure was performed in 8 meetings, with approximately 5 hours each. Within a quali-quantitative approach, the data from this study were obtained in two phases: pre- and post-intervention. In the pre-test, four research instruments were applied, namely: socio-demographic questionnaire, family genogram, free evocation of words and inventory of representations of families. In the post-test, the last two tests were reapplied and this time the questionnaire for personal evaluation of the intervention was added. During the training process we used the field diary - made by the researcher’s and research assistant’s observations on the manifestations of the participants. Groups on networks such as Facebook and WhatsApp have been created for this moment and subsidized data collection. Those tools were designed to provide scientific rigor to the study, therefore, it was needed to make instruments that would allow the evaluation of concepts; personal and professional values, pre- and post-continuing education, from the teachers on “family”, “dysfunctional family” and “ideal family”, as well as their perceptions about the contributions of cinema and strategies employed in teacher education. Data obtained by evocation of words, images or feelings were tabulated and analyzed with the help of EVOC Software and its sub-programs. For questions based on Likert scale, we used the software SPSS version 14.0 using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test, taking into account the level of significance of 5%. With regard to the field record, the information collected was investigated in light of the theory of content analysis. The results showed that there were significant changes in the time of pre- to post-test. Thus, we infer that aesthetic experience provided by the cinema, and the strategies employed in the continuing education project, such as discussions, group dynamics, personal reflections, exchange of ideas and the clash of different perspectives among the group of teachers formed the framework that enabled the changes in perception and teaching values, by providing teachers a quick and close means of communication to their cultural and social context. / FAPESP: 2014/04983-1

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 113207.pdf: 195546 bytes, checksum: 5c9ce92e6445fcc5f9978d26132656b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The port subsector plays a fundamental role in the development of an economy, it is not different in Brazil, and to better exploit it becomes strategic recognize spatially with the detail required to existing infrastructure. We also observe that the port activities affect the environment in which they operate, altering the local and regional dynamics. Hence, the present work aims to identify how a register port coupled to a geographic information system can contribute to the planning. The study discusses results with applicability of port subsector in Brazil throughout its territory, however, is based on analysis from the Organized Port of Itajaí and other port facilities in your area and surroundings, so that the spatial area consists in the Port of Itajai and its influence area, in the state of Santa Catarina. The research methodology involves literature, including legal documents on the topic, data collection, data association of a geographic information system and thematic mapping. / O subsetor portuário tem papel fundamental dentro do desenvolvimento de uma economia, não sendo diferente no Brasil, e para melhor explorá-lo torna-se estratégico reconhecer espacialmente com o detalhamento necessário a infraestrutura existente. Observa-se ainda que as atividades portuárias interferem no ambiente em que estão inseridas, alterando a dinâmica local e regional. Diante disto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar como um cadastro portuário atrelado a um sistema de informações geográficas pode contribuir para o planejamento. O estudo busca apresentar resultados com aplicabilidade para o subsetor portuário no Brasil em todo o seu território, entretanto, baseia-se na análise a partir do Porto Organizado de Itajaí e demais instalações portuárias localizadas em sua área e adjacências, de forma que o recorte espacial consiste Porto de Itajaí e sua área de influêcia, no estado de Santa Catarina. A metodologia de pesquisa envolve levantamento bibliográfico, incluindo documentação legal sobre a temática, levantamento de dados, associação dos dados obtidos a um sistema de informações geográficas e mapeamentos temáticos.