Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848), natural de Montevidéu, alcançou o maior posto na hierarquia eclesiástica da Banda Oriental durante a primeira metade do século XIX. Entre as diversas atividades com as quais se envolveu, além daquelas referentes à sua condição de sacerdote, realizou estudos naturalistas e atuou na política. Neste período, diversos grupos se revezaram no poder, no território que hoje forma o Uruguai, e Larrañaga manteve seu prestígio e influência junto a maior parte deles. Esta tese investiga a atuação política deste personagem, principalmente no período entre 1811 e 1821, observando as relações que estabeleceu nos três principais contextos em que atuou (eclesiástico, científico e político), procurando entender como conseguiu transitar entre diferentes grupos, mantendo-se sempre no poder. / Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848), was born in Montevideo and he attained the highest office in the ecclesiastical hierarchy in the Banda Oriental during the first half of the 19th century. He got involved in a variety of activities, in addition to those referred to his priestly condition, he carried out some naturalistic studies and was engaged in politics. During this period, several groups took turns in power, in the territory formed by Uruguay nowadays, and Larrañaga maintained his prestigious and influence into most part of them. The aim of this thesis is to investigate Larrañaga's political involvement, especially in the period between 1811 and 1821, regarding the relations that he established in the three main contexts in which he was engaged (eclesiastical, scientific and political), in order to understand how he managed to switch over among different groups, and by this way, he was always in power.

L’avancée considérable des dispositifs de vraisemblance, l’imposante combinaison de l’art et du virtuel, le souci d’archives, la volonté de réalité etc. qui marquent notre temps ont mis la question de "pourquoi la fiction ?" au centre des réflexions poétiques et philosophiques. Question qui, à ses deux extrémités, implique le discours littéraire et le discours historiographique. Pour y répondre, la pensée en Occident fait traditionnellement appel à ses origines grecques. De manière quasiment invariable, la réponse a été recherchée dans un cadre bipolaire et référentiel constitué du réel et du fictionnel. Dans le présent travail, il s’agit de remonter jusqu’aux Grecs, à la recherche d’une pensée de l’art et du fictionnel qui ne se contenterait pas du cadre référentiel. Ainsi, sont repérés les éléments d’une autre lecture grecque qui se trouve être à l’origine de la poétique élaborée au sein de l’islam iranien : une poétique orientale qu’il faut considérer comme un autre devenir de la poétique grecque. À partir des discours théorique, littéraire et historiographique irano-islamiques, il est montré comment cette poétique orientale exige de penser la fiction dans le cadre d’un schème tripartite : le rapport du réel au fictionnel fait immanquablement entrer en ligne de compte un troisième pôle qu’on appelle la vérité ou le réel de la réalité. D’un point de vue comparatif, le schème tripartite permettra de penser la question de la fiction sous un nouveau jour. / The ingenious progress of the means of likelihood, the required combination of art and the virtual, the interest for archives, the will of reality ect., that characterize our time, have given a particular interest to the question of "why fiction?", both in the philosophical reflections and the poetical investigations. In its two end-points, this question concerns both literary and historiographical discourses. Western thought has traditionally referred to its Greek origins in order to answer the question. Yet most of the time, the answer is formulated in a bipolar, referential framework consisting of the real and the fictional. Instead, in the present work, the issue is to move back up the Greek legacy in search of some art and fiction thought which goes beyond this referential framework. Doing this, we can identify the elements of a different reading of Greek thought which is actually involved in the very starting point of the poetics developed within the Islamico-Iranian cultural world : an oriental poetics which is to be considered another becoming of Greek poetics. Through theoretical, literary and historiographical discourses in Post-Islamic Iran, the author tries to show this oriental poetics requires thinking fiction now in a tripartite schema : the relationship between the real and the fictional takes necessarily into account a third pole that one can call the truth or the real of reality. From a comparative perspective, the tripartite schema could help to think the general issue of fiction in a different way.

Esta dissertação se constitui a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e tem como objeto a categoria de hierarquia entre os povos tukano orientais do rio Uaupés, no noroeste amazônico, com particular foco sobre a etnografia cubeo. Dois objetivos estão no seu horizonte: em primeiro lugar, busca-se, por meio da discussão da literatura acumulada, sobretudo nas décadas de 1960-80, uma apreensão da particularidade e sentido da noção de hierarquia nessa região, com especial foco na relação que esses povos estabelecem com o espaço, na tentativa de delinear as imagens da hierarquia que atravessam a literatura considerada. Em segundo lugar, opera-se um cruzamento entre as formulações acerca dessa noção no Uaupés e aquelas de Louis Dumont feitas a partir de material indiano. Trata-se, nesse caso, de avaliar em que medida a teoria da hierarquia que Dumont elabora apresenta algum rendimento analítico para o contexto etnográfico uaupesiano. / The present dissertation is constituted from bibliographic research and its object is the category of hierarchy among the eastern Tukanoan-speaking societies of the Uaupés river, located in Amazonian Northwest, and it has particular focus upon the cubeo ethnography. There are two purposes on its horizon: foremost, through the discussion of accumulated literature in the decades of 1960-80, it pursuits an apprehension of the meaning and the particularity of the hierarchy notion in the region, with especial focus in the relation established between these people and the space. This is likewise an attempt to outline the images of hierarchy that permeate the regarded bibliography. Secondly, it performs a crossing between that notion as presented by the material of the Uaupés and the one presented by Louis Dumont regarding his research in India. This aim to evaluate the extended to which Dumonts hierarchy theory shows any analytical strength towards Uaupes ethnographic context.

Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848), natural de Montevidéu, alcançou o maior posto na hierarquia eclesiástica da Banda Oriental durante a primeira metade do século XIX. Entre as diversas atividades com as quais se envolveu, além daquelas referentes à sua condição de sacerdote, realizou estudos naturalistas e atuou na política. Neste período, diversos grupos se revezaram no poder, no território que hoje forma o Uruguai, e Larrañaga manteve seu prestígio e influência junto a maior parte deles. Esta tese investiga a atuação política deste personagem, principalmente no período entre 1811 e 1821, observando as relações que estabeleceu nos três principais contextos em que atuou (eclesiástico, científico e político), procurando entender como conseguiu transitar entre diferentes grupos, mantendo-se sempre no poder. / Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848), was born in Montevideo and he attained the highest office in the ecclesiastical hierarchy in the Banda Oriental during the first half of the 19th century. He got involved in a variety of activities, in addition to those referred to his priestly condition, he carried out some naturalistic studies and was engaged in politics. During this period, several groups took turns in power, in the territory formed by Uruguay nowadays, and Larrañaga maintained his prestigious and influence into most part of them. The aim of this thesis is to investigate Larrañaga's political involvement, especially in the period between 1811 and 1821, regarding the relations that he established in the three main contexts in which he was engaged (eclesiastical, scientific and political), in order to understand how he managed to switch over among different groups, and by this way, he was always in power.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:59:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joao.pdf: 3358967 bytes, checksum: baf1dee06180e1c47df533cf057c7558 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research proposes to address the process of formation and social transformation in the cultural universe Tukano on its own terms. From an autobiographical commentary, it will get close to focus on a collective called Sararó Yuúpuri Búbera Põra (SYBP), with reference to the Community St. Dominic Savio, high Tiquié River, Northwest Amazon. In this context, we will try to investigate what they think and what the members have to say this with respect to colletictive social units they deem relevant and feeling they have of belonging to the collective SYBP. The effort is to look a that context and see how far the process of social transformation experienced by Sararó Yuúpuri Búbera Põra, ca be addressed by anthropological specializes in theme (social organization) and region (upper Rio Negro), Thus, we will seek dialogue with experts on the mythical narratives and also with young people know that in order to address cultural sensitivities in the local context and the social changes associated with the process of cultural objectification contemporaries,. It is intended, therefore, provide new ethnographic references on Búbera Põra. / A presente pesquisa propõe abordar o processo de formação e transformação social no universo cultural Tukano em seus próprios termos. A partir de uma autobiografia comentada, buscar-se-a fechar o foco em um coletivo denominado Sararó Yuúpuri Búbera Põra (SYBP), com referência na Comunidade São Domingos Sávio, alto Rio Tiquié, noroeste amazônico. Neste contexto, trataremos de investigar o que pensam e o que têm a dizer os integrantes deste coletivo com relação às unidades sociais que julgam pertinentes e o sentimento que possuem de pertencimento ao coletivo SYBP. O esforço é de olhar para esse contexto e ver até que ponto o processo de transformação social, vivenciado pelos Sararó Yuúpuri Búbera Põra, pode ser abordado pela reflexão antropológica especializada na temática (organização social) e na região (alto Rio Negro). Desse modo, buscaremos o diálogo com conhecedores das narrativas míticas e também com os jovens que a desconhecem, visando abordar particularidades culturais no contexto local, bem como, as transformações sociais associadas aos processos de objetivação cultural contemporâneos. Pretende-se, com isso, disponibilizar novas referências etnográficas sobre os Búbera Põra.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T21:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Vera Lucia Consoni Busquets1.pdf: 2722041 bytes, checksum: 2f96867678b25c947d1b9e0137c56317 (MD5) Vera Lucia Consoni Busquets2.pdf: 359014 bytes, checksum: f2f8d8facebca963ae418342246344b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Como uno de los resultados del Proyecto Universidades em Timor-Leste, este trabajo es fruto del interés de la autora por la utilización del portugués en Timor Oriental después de su Independencia y ha tenido por objetivo observar aspectos del habla y de la escritura de timorenses, prohibidos de usar la lengua portuguesa entre 1975 y 1999, durante la ocupación indonesia. Considerando los estudios de Marcuschi (2001, 2005, 2006a, 2006b), Marcuschi y Koch (2006), Koch (2000, 2002), Koch y Travaglia (2001, 2002), y a partir de la observación e identificación de la forma y función de las marcas lingüísticas presentes en sus producciones verbales, se ha pretendido conocer mejor la expresión en portugués de los participantes del Proyecto, de manera a aportar nuevas reflexiones a las investigaciones hechas en esta área. Se ha observado que dificultades de sintaxis y de uso de vocabulario en la elaboración de los textos seleccionados provocan incoherencias locales e indican un dominio todavía poco seguro de la lengua portuguesa, sin embargo no impiden que el timorense entienda y se haga entender por sus interlocutores, pese a que su discurso demande esfuerzo y aceptabilidad del oyente/lector en la reconstrucción de los sentidos de aquello que oye o lee. Finalmente, se ha buscado contribuir para los estudios de la variante timorense de la lengua portuguesa, declarada oficial por la Constitución de la República Democrática de Timor-Leste, aunque siguen abiertas posibilidades para análisis que tengan en cuenta características del discurso timorense que este trabajo no ha podido considerar. / Como um dos resultados do Projeto Universidades em Timor-Leste, este trabalho é fruto do interesse da autora pelo uso do português em Timor-Leste após a Independência daquele país asiático, e teve como objetivo observar aspectos da fala e da escrita de timorenses, proibidos de usar a língua portuguesa de 1975 a 1999, durante a ocupação indonésia. Considerando os estudos de Marcuschi (2001, 2005, 2006a, 2006b), Marcuschi e Koch (2006), Koch (2000, 2002), Koch e Travaglia (2001, 2002), e a partir da observação e identificação da forma e função das marcas lingüísticas presentes em suas produções verbais, pretendeu-se conhecer melhor a expressão em português dos participantes do Projeto, como forma de aportar novas reflexões aos estudos feitos nessa área. Observou-se que dificuldades de sintaxe e de uso de vocabulário na elaboração dos textos selecionados provocam incoerências locais e apontam para um domínio ainda inseguro da língua portuguesa, mas não impedem que o leste-timorense entenda e se faça entender por seus interlocutores, ainda que seu discurso requeira esforço e aceitabilidade do ouvinte/leitor na reconstrução dos sentidos daquilo que ouve ou lê. Buscou-se, enfim, contribuir para os estudos da variedade timorense da língua portuguesa, declarada oficial pela Constituição da República Democrática de Timor-Leste, mas permanecem abertas possibilidades para análises que levem em conta características do discurso leste-timorense que este trabalho não pode considerar.

A presente dissertação analisa o arranjo e a execução de entradas espanholas na fronteira ori-ental dos Andes centrais, entre os anos de 1538 e 1561. Nosso objetivo consiste em avaliar as origens do interesse, os resultados apresentados e as razões para o arrefecimento dos contatos. A região em questão identifica-se com as terras situadas a leste da cidade de Cuzco, parcial-mente inserida no quadrante que os incas chamavam de antisuyu. Algumas vezes, essas em-presas foram além daquele território, alcançando as terras baixas do vale; configurando desse modo a primeira série de contatos sistemáticos com o que hoje chamamos de Amazônia. No período pesquisado, a expansão da conquista em direção a essa região esteve sempre na agen-da dos castelhanos, ainda que não tenham logrado êxito em consolidar esse projeto / This Dissertation examines the planning and execution of the Spanish expeditions on the east-ern border of the Central Andes, between 1538 and 1561. Our purpose is inquire the origins of interest, the results presented and the reasons for the reduction of the contacts. The region in question is identified with the lands located at the east of Cuzco, partly inserted in the incas antisuyu. Sometimes, these expeditions were beyond that territory, reaching the lowlands; thereby configuring the first series of systematic contacts with the region that we now call Amazon. In the period surveyed, the expansion of conquest to these lands always been on the plans of the Castilians, although it has not been successfully

O metano, assim como o dióxido de carbono e o óxido nitroso, é um importante gás traço da atmosfera. A habilidade do metano em absorver a irradiação infravermelha faz dele um gás 20 a 30 vezes mais eficiente que o dióxido de carbono como um gás de efeito estufa. As várzeas tropicais são as maiores fontes naturais de metano para a atmosfera, contribuindo com cerca de 60% de todas as emissões naturais. As grandes várzeas da bacia Amazônica são as maiores fontes de metano desta região, e estima-se que sua contribuição para as emissões totais de áreas alagadas no mundo seja da ordem de 5%. Por outro lado, os solos de terra firme, especialmente de origem antropogênica, têm elevados teores de matéria orgânica, uma das principais fontes de formação de gás metano natural produzido por um único grupo de microrganismos que, por sistemas enzimáticos únicos, é capaz de produzir metano como produto de seu metabolismo. O metano é produzido pelas arquéias (Archaea) metanogênicas, pela degradação anaeróbia da matéria orgânica. As arquéias metanogênicas são encontradas em diversos ambientes associados à decomposição da matéria orgânica e/ou atividades biogeoquímicas. Uma atmosfera modificada (H2:CO2, 80:20) em combinação com um ambiente anóxico -300mV foi estabelecida ao longo de 18 meses em três solos de várzea e três solos Terra Preta e adjacentes da região de Santarém-PA (Amazônia Oriental), para estimular o crescimento de arquéias metanogênicas. Métodos moleculares baseados no uso e análise do gene 16S rRNA de Archaea permitiram o estudo direto de 12 cultivos individuais de arquéias metanogênicas, enquanto que a determinação da diversidade de comunidades de arquéias foi obtida com a construção de quatro bibliotecas de um dos solos de várzea (Várzea 3) e análise de 669 sequências parciais do gene 16S rRNA. Ensaios envolvendo cultivo e crescimento, monitoramento da produção de metano, microscopia de contraste de fase e de varredura, detecção do gene mcr - coenzima da metil-redutase foram usados como métodos de referência ao longo do desenvolvimento e avaliação dos métodos moleculares. Entre os isolados da Várzea 3, o gênero Mehanosarcina foi predominante, indicando seu possível papel na produção de metano, detectado ao longo dos cultivos in vitro. Dentre os 12 tipos isolados a partir dos nove solos, dez (10) corresponderam a uma sequência de Methanobacterium isolado de trato intestinal de cupins presentes em ambientes tropicais. Em conclusão, nosso método molecular explorativo permitiu uma primeira visão quanto ao entendimento do papel de arquéias metanogênicas em solos de várzea e terra firme da Amazônia Oriental. / Methane, as well as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, is an important atmospheric trace gas. The ability of methane to absorb infrared irradiation makes this gas 20 or 30 times more efficient than carbon dioxide for the global warming. The tropical floodplains are the major sources of environment methane, contributing up to 60% for the natural gas emissions. In the Amazonian Basin, they are the major methane sources, contributing to around 5% for the global gas emission. On the other hand, upland soils, especially from anthropogenic origin present high organic matter content, one of the main sources for microbial production of methane by a unique group of microorganisms which present unique enzymatic systems for their metabolism. Methane is produced by methanogenic Archaea, by anaerobic degradation of the organic matter. These microorganisms are found in a variety of environments associated to organic matter decomposition and/or biogeochemical activities. A modified-atmosphere (H2:CO2, 80:20) in combination with an anoxic growth environment for enhancing the methanogenic Archaea growth was established during 18 months in three Amazonian floodplain and three Anthropogenic Dark Earth ("Terra Preta") soils and backgrounds located within the region of Santarém – Pará (Eastern Amazonia). Molecular approaches based on the Archaea 16S ribosomal rRNA gene sequence analysis allowed direct investigation of 12 individual types of methanogenic Archaea while community diversity of 669 clone sequences from four clone libraries from one floodplain soil (Várzea 3) was addressed by examining partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Cultivation-dependent assays - enrichment and growth, as well as monitoring of methane production, direct phase-contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, detection of the mcr - methyl coenzyme reductase – gene were used as reference methods in the development and evaluation of the molecular methods. Among the isolates from the Várzea 3 the genus Methanosarcina was predominant, indicating its possible role on the methane production, detected throughout the in vitro cultivation. Among the 12 types isolated from the nine soils, 10 corresponded to a sequence of Methanobacterium isolated from the gut of termites from a tropical environment. In conclusion, our explorative molecular approach gave the first picture towards the understanding of the role of methanogenic Archaea in floodplain and upland soils from the Eastern Amazonian.

Le but de ce travail est d’étudier une composante de la société de l’Afrique romaine, constituée par les allogènes originaires de la partie orientale de l’Empire. Le cadre de cette étude est le Haut-Empire romain, car l’essentiel de la documentation dont on dispose date de cette époque. L’épigraphie est la principale documentation. Avant de passer à l’étude de ce sujet, il était essentiel de déterminer les clés de sélection qui ont aidé à fixer l’origine de ces allogènes et à dégager le corpus des 260 notices épigraphiques qui constituent le support de ce travail. Le principal outil pris en considération est l’onomastique, tout en tenant compte du caractère parfois imprécis de cet indice. Ensuite, plusieurs aspects de la présence de ces Orientaux étaient étudiés. En premier lieu l’aspect démographique ainsi que la répartition sur le sol africain. Le second aspect est le volet social. Il a pour but d’étudier les diverses caractéristiques de la présence de cette communauté d’Orientaux. D’abord, la nature des activités qu’ils pratiquaient. Si le métier des armes était leur vocation majeure, ils exerçaient néanmoins plusieurs autres activités. L’étude de leur vie religieuse a montré qu’ils sont restés majoritairement fidèles aux cultes de leurs pays. L’onomastique ou encore les pratiques matrimoniales ont été des indices qui ont servi à étudier la nature des contacts qu’ils ont eu avec les Afro-romains et à évaluer leur intégration dans la société d’accueil. En dernier lieu, une partie du travail a été consacrée à l’étude du phénomène culturel qu’est l’hellénisme et du rôle que ces Orientaux ont joué dans la promotion de ce genre de culture. / The aim of the present work is to study a component of the Roman African society: the one constituted by the aliens originating from the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. The study is framed within the Early Roman Empire, as most of the documentation available dates back to that period. Epigraphy is the primary documentation for this work. Before turning to the study of this subject, it was essential to identify selection keys that helped fix the origin of these non-natives and come up with the body of 260 epigraphic records that constitute the corpus of this work. The main tool taken into consideration is onomastic, notwithstanding the vagueness sometimes inherent in this index. Thereafter, light was shed on the many aspects of the presence of these Orientals. First, the demographic layer: figuring, motives, conditions and structures of departure and the distribution on the African soil. The second layer concerns the social aspect. It aims to explore the various features of the presence of the Oriental community in Roman Africa. First, the nature of the activities they exercised. If the job of arms was their main vocation, they still exercised several other activities. The study of their religious life showed that they remained largely faithful to the worship practices of their home countries. Onomastic and also marriage practices were clues that were used to study the nature of the contacts they had with Africans and evaluate their integration within the host society. The last part of the work was devoted to the study of the cultural phenomenon of Hellenism and the role that these Orientals played in promoting this kind of culture in a predominantly Latin province.

Originaire de Tūlā (Liban) le religieux maronite Buṭrus al-Tūlāwī (1657-1746) fut élève du Collège maronite de Rome où il suivit la totalité du cursus scolastique enseigné par les pères jésuites. Après son retour en Orient, il partit pour Alep pour servir son Église et y composa une importante œuvre philosophique et théologique. Il est certes bien connu des historiens pour son rôle dans l’histoire de l’Église maronite et pour la place que ses écrits occupèrent dans les sphères religieuse et intellectuelle au Proche-Orient. Toutefois, son œuvre philosophique n’a été que peu étudiée et n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une édition critique. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une édition critique accompagnée d’une traduction française commentée des deux premiers examens (baḥṯ-s) du Livre de la Logique (al-Manṭiq), enseigné dès 1693. Cette partie est précédée par un inventaire détaillé des 153 témoins des textes philosophiques d’al-Tūlāwī, Logique y compris, inventaire dont les résultats servent de point de départ pour une réflexion sur la circulation de ce corpus. Nous consacrons le chapitre suivant à une analyse stemmatique des 24 témoins de la Logique, qui, sur les 29 répertoriés, nous sont accessibles pour mettre en évidence l’existence de trois versions distinctes dans lesquelles ce texte a circulé et qui jouent un rôle capital dans les principes de notre édition, qui est synoptique, et dans l’eliminatio codicum. Les références doctrinales employées par al-Tūlāwī dans ses traités sont variées et nombreuses. Nous présentons et référençons, au chapitre suivant, toutes les citations qui, dans la Logique, proviennent de deux grandes figures de la philosophie : Jean Damascène et Avicenne. / Born in Tūlā (Lebanon), the Maronite clergyman Buṭrus al-Tūlāwī (1657-1746) was a pupil at the Maronite College of Rome, where he followed the whole scholastic curriculum taught by Jesuit fathers. After his return to the East, he left for Aleppo to serve his Church and there he composed an important series of philosophical and theological works. To be sure, he is well known among historians for his role in the history of the Maronite Church and for the place his writings occupied in the religious and intellectual spheres in the Near-East. Nevertheless, his philosophical works have not been the object of much research so far and were never critically edited. In this dissertation, we offer a critical edition accompanied by a commented French translation of the two first examinations (baḥṯ-s) of the Book of Logic (al-Manṭiq), taught in 1693 onward. That part is preceded by a detailed inventory of the 153 witnesses of al-Tūlāwī’s philosophical texts, Logic included, the results of which constitute the starting point for a reflection on the circulation of this corpus. In the following chapter, we proceed to the stemmatic analysis of the 24 witnesses of the Logic to which we could have access out of the 29 listed, in order to underline the existence of three distinct versions in which this text circulated, and which are of paramount importance for the principles of our edition, which is synoptic, and for the eliminatio codicum. The doctrinal references used by al-Tūlāwī in his treatises are varied and numerous. We present and reference, in the following chapter, all the quotations which are, in the Logic, taken from two major figures of philosophy: John Damascene and Avicenna.