En este trabajo de tesis, se presentan diversos estudios experimentales, desarrollados prin cipalmente en pez cebra pero también en ostra del Pacífico, que persiguen la puesta a punto de técnicas relevantes para la utilización de estas dos especies en el campo de la biomedicina, la toxicogenómica y la acuicultura como modelo experimental. En pez cebra, se han puesto a punto y testado: Técnicas de vitrificación de tejido de aleta caudal, de blastómeras (en microvolúmenes) y de tejido gonadal. Técnica de quimerismo de la línea germinal en estadio MBT, con una penalización previa por radiación ultravioleta de los embriones receptores. Técnica de quimerismo larvario (larvas de 48-72 h) utilizando como donantes células testiculares obtenidas de individuos adultos y previamente criopreservadas. Técnica de transplante nuclear utilizando como donantes núcleos de células somáticas adultas y larvarias. Técnica de electroactivación en medio iónico de oocitos de pez cebra. In ostra del Pacífico, se han puesto a punto y testado: Evaluación de los cambios estacionales en la calidad oocitaria y espermática en ostra del Pacífico. Técnica de electrofusión cigótica de cigotos obtenidos por fecundación in vitro en ostra del Pacífico. Técnicas de vitrificación de tejido de aleta caudal, de blastómeras (en microvolúmenes) y de tejido gonadal. En relación con este grupo de técnicas, señalar el diferente nivel de dificultad de cada una de ellas e incluso de los resultados alcanzados. Así, la vitrificación de tejido de la aleta caudal no ha supuesto problema adicional respecto a la aplicación de dicha técnica en los últimos años a tejidos epiteliales de cinco especies de mamíferos, lo que da idea de la versatilidad en el uso de dicha técnica de vitrificación básica. Por contra, la criopreservación de blastómeras ha supuesto un verdadero reto, ya que los patrones de permeabilidad celular en esta especie acuática es muy diferente a la característica en mamíferos. / Cardona Costa, J. (2010). EMBRYOLOGICAL AND MICROMANIPULATION TECHNIQUES IN ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) AND PACIFIC OYSTER (Crassostrea gigas) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8326 / Palancia

Marine aquaculture is already vital to global food security and will continue to become more important in the coming years. Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oysters) is the primary oyster species cultivated worldwide. The FAO and IPCC predict that climate change will create uncertainty and challenges for marine aquaculture. Baynes Sound, British Columbia, is a productive region for aquaculture, producing >50% of British Columbia’s total annual bivalve production by live weight and value. Major summer mortality events have been documented in farmed Crassostrea gigas globally since the 1950’s. These events are believed to be caused by a multiplicity of factors including changes induced by anthropogenic climate change. One of the major contributors to summer mortality is the proliferation of Vibrio bacteria, specifically Vibrio aestuarianus, which has been shown to increase in abundance and virulence when seawater temperatures rise. Despite this connection and the economic importance of oyster farming in the region, little is known about the presence of V. aestuarianus in Baynes Sound. Our 17-month study sampled 7 sites in Baynes Sound on 33 occasions from May 2019 to September 2020. We found a positive correlation between seawater temperature and total Vibrio detected in water samples in Baynes Sound, an association that was stronger when the overall temperature regime was warmer. We found no significant correlation between any of the bacterial assays tested and salinity, pH, or Ωarag saturation. We also did not identify a geographic pattern to bacterial abundance or virulence amongst test C. gigas in the field. Understanding that flagellates are the predominant type of microalgae present in Baynes Sound when summer mortality events occur, in lab trials, we found that incorporating V. aestuarianus into marine aggregates with flagellate microalgae caused higher mortality than aggregates with diatoms or planktonic V. aestuarianus. These results were not statistically significant but led us to look at how exposure to husbandry stress pre and post inoculation with V. aestuarianus incorporated into marine aggregates affects mortality. We found that stress was a significant driver of mortality, particularly when administered 24h post inoculation, suggesting that farmers should avoid sorting or tumbling their oysters in the summer, and particularly immediately after a marine heatwave. Oysters lack adaptive immune systems and are grown in an open ocean environment where it is not possible to eliminate their exposure to pathogens. These factors make it impossible to use vaccines or antibacterial disinfectants to combat diseases. Therefore, breeding genetic resistance to V. aestuarianus may be the most effective way to fight summer mortality. Creating a repeatable and accurate protocol for inoculating oysters with marine bacteria is key to accurate heritability measurements and the estimation of breeding values of different families. Key factors include controlling for dose per animal, laboratory efficiency, and inoculation via a mechanism that mimics real-world infection and does not bypass the animal’s immune defenses. We designed a protocol which controls for these factors, separating each animal into individual containers and adding a controlled dose of planktonic bacteria to each. Previously used methods of injection or using an infected “donor” animal in a group tank do not control for dose or bypass parts of the oysters’ natural immune system, potentially creating inaccuracies in survival data generated with these methods. After designing this protocol, we tested 32 full-sib families and estimated the heritability of survival to V. aestuarianus on the observed and underlying liability scales to be 0.095 (SE = 0.043), and 0.15 (SE = 0.068) respectively. We also found a strong negative correlation between oyster size and survival, with a gram of additional weight creating a 73% increase in the risk of death. Fast growth and large size are two traits which have been explicitly bred into C. gigas stock. Our work suggests that breeding a slower-growing, smaller animal may reduce summer mortality. / Graduate / 2022-09-15

This study aims to review thirteen coastal restoration projects considering the various ecosystem services provided by restoration and estimates the economic value of one of the ecosystem services of restoration. These ecosystem services include water quality improvement, fish and benthic species productivity, shoreline stabilization, oyster abundance, and marsh growth. The projects represent a set of large-scale projects within Alabama and Mississippi, with construction and monitoring costs ranging from $2.3 million to $50 million per project. To determine the economic value of one of the ecosystem services of coastal restoration projects, I used the meta-analysis method to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for coastal water quality improvements. The estimated function from the meta-analysis is applied to parameters specific to the study area. The WTP for improved coastal water quality, from a baseline of fishable but likely to degrade, to an improved fishing catch rate, is $203 per household annually among residents of Alabama and Mississippi.

Throughout Central Florida surface water and ground water are decreasing in quantity and quality in part because of excess Nitrate and Phosphorus nutrients. Stormwater runoff serves as a medium for transport of Nitrate and Phosphorus to surface water and ground water. The goal of this experiment is assess the Nitrate and Phosphorus removal in stormwater using select media. The results of a literature search, batch test experimentation and column test experimentation are used to determine an optimal media blend that may be implemented in detention ponds to reduce Nitrate and Phosphorus. The extensive literature search revealed 32 different media that may be used to remove Nitrate and Phosphorus. Each potential media was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated based on 5 criteria: 1) relevance, 2) permeability, 3) cost, 4) availability in Florida, and 5) additional environmental benefit. The top 7 performing media: Florida peat, sandy loam, woodchips, crushed oyster shell; crushed limestone, tire crumb and sawdust were selected for batch test experimentation. The aerobic conditions in batch test experimentation prohibited the growth of denitrifying bacteria, therefore media mixes were selected for column test experimentation based on Ammonia and Orthophosphate concentrations. Batch test experimentation showed the most effective media to be 50% sand, 30% tire crumb, 20% sawdust by weight (media mix 1) and 50% sand, 25% sawdust, 15% tire crumb, 10% limestone by weight (media mix 2). Media mix 1, media mix 2 and a control are tested in column test experimentation, where the control is site soil from Hunters Trace development in Ocala, Florida. Column test experimentation models a dry detention pond where water passes through a 48 inch unsaturated zone then a 48 inch saturated zone. To test Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal potential, pond water augmented with Nitrate (0.38, 1.26, 2.5 mg/L NO3-N) and Orthophosphate (0.125, 0.361, 0.785 mg/L PO4-P) was pumped into the columns. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 outperformed the control in both Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 had Nitrate removal efficiencies ranging from 60% to 99% and the control had Nitrate removal efficiencies ranging from 38%-80%. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 averaged Orthophosphate removal efficiencies ranging from approximately 42% to 67%. For every run in every influent Orthophosphate concentration the saturated control added Orthophosphate to the water. The Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal performances for media mix 1 and media mix 2 could not be directly compared because of different influent saturated nutrient concentrations.

Crassostrea virginica, the eastern oyster, is a native keystone species that inhabits many coastal and estuarine ecosystems along the Atlantic seaboard. Introduction of the eastern oyster into estuarine areas with limited current populations is gaining popularity as a pro-active approach to improve estuarine water quality. In November 2014 and April 2015, a total of five pilot oyster reef treatments were deployed in Brevard County: bagged adult oysters (grown by community members under their docks through oyster gardening) collected in fall 2014 and spring 2015, bagged clean shell, oyster restoration mats, and empty plots (control). Locations of deployment included a Merritt Island impoundment (Marsh Harbor), Nicol Park (Port St. John), and Scout Island (Melbourne Beach). Prior to deployment, we collected morphometric data (shell length, weight) on all gardened oysters. Abiotic factors including salinity, air and water temperature, and wind speed were collected monthly. During quarterly sampling at each site, morphometric data were collected for all live oysters, surviving and newly recruited. Results show survival of gardened oysters and natural recruitment differed by and depended greatly on the within-site location of each reef. In areas with no recruitment and limited gardened oyster survival, regular deployment of gardened oysters is needed for long term success. In areas with natural recruitment, bagged, clean shell or oyster restoration mats are most successful. Future restoration sites should be tested prior to any large-scale oyster deployments.

Primers for 10 polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci were developed and characterized for the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis from the Clinch River, TN. Microsatellite loci also were amplified for individuals collected from the following additional populations or species: (1) E. capsaeformis from Duck River, TN; (2) E. florentina walkeri from Indian Creek, upper Clinch River, VA; (3) E. florentina walkeri from Big South Fork Cumberland River, TN; and (4) E. torulosa rangiana from Allegheny River, PA. Allelic diversity ranged from 9-20 alleles/locus, and averaged 13.6/locus for all 5 populations investigated. Average expected heterozygosity (HE) per locus ranged from 0.78-0.92, and averaged 0.86. A genetic characterization of extant populations of E. capsaeformis and E. florentina walkeri was conducted to assess taxonomic validity and to resolve conservation issues related to recovery planning. These mussel species exhibit pronounced phenotypic variation, and are difficult to characterize phylogenetically using DNA sequences. Monophyletic lineages, congruent with phenotypic variation among species, were obtained only after extensive analysis of combined mitochondrial (1378 bp of 16S, cytochrome-b, ND1) and nuclear (515 bp of ITS-1) DNA sequences. In contrast, analysis of variation at 10 hyper variable DNA microsatellite loci showed moderate to highly divergent populations based on FST values, which ranged from 0.12-0.39. Quantitative genetic variation was observed in fish host specificity, with transformation success of glochidia of E. capsaeformis significantly greater (p<0.05) on the greenside darter Etheostoma blennioides, and that of E. f. walkeri significantly greater (p<0.05) on the fantail darter E. flabellare. Lengths of glochidia differed significantly (p<0.001) between species, with sizes ranging from 241-272 μm. Underwater photographs of mantle-pads and micro-lures of female mussels documented fixed phenotypic variation between species. The texture and color of the mantle-pad of E. capsaeformis is smooth and bluish-white, while that of E. f. walkeri is pustuled and brown, with tan mottling. Based on extensive molecular, morphological, and life history data, a population of E. capsaeformis from the Duck River, TN is described and proposed as a separate species, and a population of E. f. walkeri from the upper Clinch River, VA is described and proposed as a separate subspecies. Genetic management guidelines were developed to assess taxonomic status, genetic variation of donor-recipient populations targeted for augmentation, and field and laboratory protocols to maximize genetically effective population size, minimize genetic changes in captive-reared progeny, and prevent the release of juvenile mussels into non-native drainages. A pragmatic approach to species recovery is advocated; one that incorporates the principles of conservation genetics into breeding programs, but prioritizes the immediate demographic needs of critically endangered mussel species. / Master of Science

Les zones côtières sont soumises à des pressions anthropiques multiples notamment de nature chimique qui peuvent faire peser un risque réel pour la pérennité des espèces aquatiques. Le bassin d’Arcachon, lagune macrotidale située sur la façade atlantique, est aussi le siège d’une activité ostréicole importante. Cependant depuis plusieurs années, les exploitations ostréicoles sont confrontées à une baisse de recrutement et une forte mortalité des naissains d’huître. La contamination chimique du milieu comme facteur pouvant contribuer aux effets observés sur les huîtres n’a pour l’instant pas été vérifiée. L’étude présentée ici porte sur l’évaluation, à travers différentes approches, de la toxicité potentielle de métaux et pesticides sur les stades précoces de développement de l’huître creuse C. gigas. Les réponses embryotoxiques, génotoxiques et l’expression de gènes d’intérêt ont été étudiés. Les différents pesticides (S-métolachlore, irgarol et diuron) et métaux (cuivre et cadmium) ont tout d’abord été testés séparément pour déterminer leur spectre d’effets et leur mode d’action. Il a été montré qu’une exposition des gamètes ou des embryons d’huître aux pesticides étudiés et au cuivre conduit à une augmentation des malformations larvaires et des dommages à l’ADN, une diminution du succès de fécondation et un impact sur la qualité de la descendance à des teneurs environnementales. Le cadmium, quant à lui, ne présente pas d’effet embryotoxique et génotoxique aux concentrations présentes dans le milieu aquatique. Les métabolites du métolachlore, ESA métolachlore et OA métolachlore sont retrouvés dans le bassin d’Arcachon à de plus fortes concentrations que le composé parent, cependant rien n’est actuellement connu sur les effets toxiques de ces métabolites. Il a été montré que ces métabolites sont moins embryotoxiques et génotoxiques sur les embryons et sur les spermatozoïdes d’huître que le métolachlore. Des variations dans l’expression des gènes impliqués dans les défenses antioxydantes sont observées pour les larves d’huître exposées au métolachlore et au métolachlore ESA. La toxicité d’un mélange de pesticides représentatifs de la contamination du bassin d’Arcachon en présence ou non de cuivre a ensuite été évaluée. L’exposition des embryons d’huître à ces mélanges conduit à des défauts de développement, des dommages à l’ADN et des modifications de l’expression des gènes impliqués majoritairement dans le stress oxydant. Finalement, une cartographie de la toxicité des sédiments du bassin d’Arcachon a été réalisée au cours des 4 saisons de l’année 2011 à l’aide du test embryolarvaire huître. Les sédiments d’Arguin présentent une faible toxicité quelle que soit la saison considérée. En revanche, les sédiments du Tès montrent un effet embryotoxique plus important au printemps et en été par rapport à la saison hivernale. L’ensemble de ce travail permet d’émettre l’hypothèse d’un risque chimique accru pour le développement des premiers stades de vie de huître creuse dans le bassin d’Arcachon. / The coastal areas are subject to multiple anthropogenic pressures including chemical pollution that can pose a real risk to the sustainability of aquatic species. The Arcachon Bay, macrotidal lagoon located on the French Atlantic coast, is the important ecosystem for oyster farming. But for several years, the oyster farms face lower recruitment and high mortality of oyster spat. Chemical contamination of the environment as a factor that may contribute to the observed effects on oysters has so far not been investigated.The present thesis aimed at evaluating through different approaches, of the potential toxicity of heavy metals and pesticides representative of the Arcachon Bay contamination on the early life stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Embryotoxicity, genotoxicity and expression levels of eleven targeted genes were studied. Firstly, different pesticides (S-metolachlor, irgarol, and diuron) and metals (copper and cadmium) were separately tested to determine their spectrum of effects. It were shown that exposure of gametes and embryos of oyster to environmental concentrations of pesticides and copper increased developmental abnormalities and DNA damage, and reduced fertilization success and affected offpring quality. Cadmium, meanwhile, showed no embryotoxic and genotoxic effects at the concentrations found in the Arcachon Bay. Metabolites of metolachlor, metolachlor ESA and metolachlor OA, are found in the Arcachon Bay at higher concentrations than their parent compound. The results showed that these metabolites were less embryotoxic and genotoxic on oyster embryos and spermatozoa than metolachor. Significant changes in expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense were observed for oyster larvae exposed to metolachlor and metolachlor ESA. Toxicity of mixtures of pesticides representative of the Arcachon Bay contamination with and without copper was then evaluated. Exposures of oyster embryos to these mixtures lead to development defects, DNA damage and changes in the expression of genes involved mainly in oxidative stress responses. Finally, mapping of toxicity of sediments from the Arcachon Bay was conducted for four seasons of 2011 with the oyster embryo-larvae assay. Sediments collected from Arguin exhibited low toxicity, regardless any season. In contrast, sediments from Le Tès showed higher toxicity in spring and summer seasons compared to winter season.From this work, it can be hypothesized that chemical contamination of the Arcachon Bay represents a threat for oyster reproduction and development.

L’ostréiculture, dominée par l’élevage de l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas, représente plus de 70% du chiffre d’affaire réalisé par l’aquaculture française. Au sein des écosystèmes aquatiques, les bactéries appartenant au genre Vibrio forment l’un des groupes bactériens les plus abondamment représentés. Deux espèces, Vibrio splendidus et Vibrio aestuarianus, sont fréquemment associées et de façon récurrente, à des mortalités sévissant dans les élevages d’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas, le plus souvent en période estivale. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectifs d’étudier des interactions Vibrio-huître et leurs modulations en fonction de la virulence des pathogènes et des paramètres génétiques et physiologiques de l’hôte. Le développement d’outils de détection et de quantification sensibles et spécifiques et la maîtrise de protocoles d’infection expérimentale à Vibrio ont permis d’explorer des mécanismes de virulence, d’étudier la variabilité de la sensibilité des huîtres à ces Vibrio et de caractériser la pathogenèse. L’étude de la diversité spécifique des souches bactériennes isolées dans un contexte de mortalité estivale sur une large échelle de temps et d’espace a permis de montrer la prédominance épidémiologique du groupe V. splendidus et de l’espèce V. aestuarianus associée aux épisodes de mortalité estivale de C. gigas en France. Une corrélation ayant été observée entre pouvoir pathogène et activité métalloprotéasique, un test phénotypique prédictif de la virulence des souches a été proposé. L’exploration du phénomène de synergie dans la pathogénicité des deux souches observé en co-injection expérimentale a conduit à la mise en évidence de l’existence d’un système de quorum sensing régulant aux niveaux intraspécifique (V. splendidus) et interspécifique (V. splendidus/V. aestuarianus) la production et l’expression au niveau transcriptionnel des gènes codant les métalloprotéases Vsm et Vam des deux souches étudiées. L’analyse statistique des cinétiques de mortalité obtenues chez des familles de demi-frères diploïdes et triploïdes soumises à un protocole de co-infection standardisée révèle une sensibilité accrue des huîtres à cette vibriose expérimentale, en période de gamétogenèse active. Les huîtres triploïdes soumises à cette même infection expérimentale n’ont présenté aucun avantage significatif. L’existence d’une base génétique de la sensibilité des huîtres aux vibrioses expérimentales a été illustrée par l’évaluation des sensibilités de quatorze familles de la cinquième génération (G5) issue du programme de sélection divergente réalisée dans le cadre de MOREST. Cette étude a également permis la description de co-infections à herpès virus OsHV-1 et V. aestuarianus suggérant une multi-étiologie des phénomènes de mortalité estivale. Une étude de pathogenèse à V. splendidus et V. aestuarianus réalisée par cohabitation a visé l’exploration des interactions liant l’huître creuse C. gigas et les Vibrio virulents, V. splendidus et V. aestuarianus, ou non virulents présents naturellement dans la flore endogène de l’hémolymphe ou dans l’eau des aquariums. Cette nouvelle approche a permis de mettre en évidence la rapidité de transmission des Vibrio virulents des huîtres infectées aux huîtres sentinelles en moins de deux heures, accompagnée d’une perturbation significative, précoce et transitoire de la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte au niveau transcriptionnel au cours des six premières heures de cohabitation. La prise en charge différentielle des Vibrio pathogènes et des Vibrio commensaux par l’huître suggère l’existence de mécanismes conduisant à une spécificité des réponses de l’huître visant l’élimination des Vibrio pathogènes et le maintien d’une flore vibrionacée endogène probablement bénéfique pour C. gigas. / Oyster production is the main aquaculture activity in France and is dominated by the rearing of Crassostrea gigas. In the aquatic ecosystems where the species is grown, bacteria of the genus Vibrio are found to be dominant. Two Vibrio species, V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus, are frequently associated with Crassostrea gigas summer mortality episodes. The aims of this work were to study Vibrio-oyster interactions and their modulations according to virulence mechanisms and to genetic and physiological parameters of the host. Using specific, sensitive and quantifying diagnostic tools developed in this study, as well as standardized experimental infection trials, some components of the virulence of Vibrio strains and host susceptibility were delineated and the dynamics of Vibrio infection characterized through pathogenesis studies.The study of the specific diversity of bacterial strains isolated during summer mortality events, on broad temporal and spatial scales, revealed an epidemiological association of the group V. splendidus and the species V. aestuarianus. Because a correlation has been observed between pathogenicity and metalloprotease activity, a predictive phenotypic test of virulence was developed. Exploration of the synergy phenomenon between the pathogenicity of the two strains observed in experimental co-injection led to the characterisation of a system of quorum sensing controlling the production and transcriptional expression of the gene encoding metalloprotease Vsm and Vam at the intraspecific (V. splendidus) and interspecific level (V. splendidus/V. aestuarianus).The statistical analysis of mortality kinetics in half-sib diploid and triploid families subjected to experimental vibriosis by co-infection revealed an increased susceptibility of oysters during the period of active gametogenesis. The triploid oysters subjected to this same experimental infection did not show any significant advantage. The existence of a genetic basis for oyster susceptibility to experimental vibriosis was illustrated by the evaluation of the susceptibilities of fourteen families of the fifth generation (G5) from a program of divergent selection carried out within the MOREST oyster summer mortality research project. This study also allowed the description of co-infections involving the herpes OsHV-1 virus and V. aestuarianus, suggesting multi-etiologic summer mortalities. A pathogenesis study on V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus, performed by cohabitation, was used to explore interactions between C. gigas and pathogenic Vibrio (V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus), or non pathogenic Vibrio found naturally in the endogenous flora of the oyster hemolymph or in the water of the aquaria. This new approach demonstrated a fast transmission of pathogenic Vibrio between infected oysters and sentinels, in less than two hours. Moreover, a significant early and transient disturbance of the defence response of the host was revealed at the transcriptional level during the first six hours of cohabitation. The differential loads of pathogenic and commensal Vibrio in oysters suggest the existence of discriminatory mechanisms, leading to a specificity of the response aiming to eliminate pathogenic Vibrio and maintain a potentially beneficial endogenous bacterial flora in C. gigas.

The Louisiana oyster industry is greatly impacted by freshwater and sediment diversions that are part of the effort to restore the state’s coastline. A habitat suitability index (HSI) proposes species-habitat relationships that can be instrumental in creating impact assessments and suitability predictions for management as new diversions are implemented. An oyster (Crassostrea virginica) HSI was developed using three variables crucial to oyster sustainability: average annual salinity, minimum monthly salinity, and average salinity during the spawning season. These Legacy HSI visualizations show annual fluctuations in the distribution of zones suitable for oyster cultivation prior to proposed diversions in Pontchartrain and Barataria Basins from 1967 to 2016. Modeling suitability based upon these variables can provide crucial information for timing the use of diversions to lessen harmful effects upon the oyster industry as well as indicate new potentially suitable areas that the diversions may create.

Le renouvellement annuel de la population de cellules germinales chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas est une étape clé de son cycle de reproduction. La compréhension de ces mécanismes est essentielle à la maîtrise de la reproduction contrôlée de C. gigas, indispensable pour répondre à une demande croissante des ostréiculteurs, de naissain produit en écloserie. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de déterminer l'origine et les mécanismes de renouvellement annuel des cellules germinales de C. gigas et de comprendre l'infuence des facteurs environnementaux sur ces processus. Le gène Oyster vasa-like gene (Oyvlg), premier marqueur spécifique des cellules germinales découvert chez les bivalves a été caractérisé. Ce gène, exprimé spécifiquement dans les cellules de la lignée germinale, nous a permis de déterminer que les cellules germinales de C. gigas, d'origine mésodermique, étaient différenciées dès le stade embryonnaire sous la forme de cellules germinales primordiales (PGCs). Ces PGCs seraient spécifiées par la localisation de déterminants cytoplasmiques transmis maternellement à l'embryon, dans une structure équivalente à un cytoplasme germinal. Les ARNm Oyvlg seraient l'un de ces déterminants germinaux. Au stade adulte, la population de cellules germinales apparaît renouvelée annuellement par la prolifération, au début du cycle de reproduction, de cellules germinales souches (GSCs), dispersées en petits groupes dans le tissu conjonctif pendant la période de repos sexuel. La différenciation des GSCs en gonies et la multiplication de ces gonies marque le début de la gamétogenèse. Afin de tester l'effet de la température et de la photopériode sur la gamétogenèse, des huîtres adultes ont été conditionnées expérimentalement pendant un an en écloserie, dans trois conditions de température et de photopériode différentes : (1) conditions dites "naturelles" reproduisant les cycles de température et de photopériode moyens enregistrés à Marennes-Oléron, (2) conditions "accélérées", deux fois plus rapides que les cycles naturels, (3) conditions "hivernales" constantes à 8°C et 8 heures de jour. Ces expérimentations ont mis en évidence une grande plasticité physiologique de la reproduction de C. gigas, dont le rythme se synchronise parfaitement sur celui des facteurs température / photopériode. Des photopériodes décroissantes pourraient stimuler la prolifération des cellules germinales souches alors que la température apparaît comme le facteur prédominant dans la régulation des mitoses goniales et de la maturation. Les températures basses (8°C – 11°C) semblent déclencher les mitoses goniales et les températures élevées accélèrent le processus de maturation des cellules germinales. L'utilisation de cycles de température et de photopériode modifiés (accélérés ou hivernaux) permettraient d'obtenir des pontes toute l'année en écloserie, y compris en période automnale généralement considérée comme réfractaire pour le conditionnement.