Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HiagosFFL_DISSERT.pdf: 794630 bytes, checksum: b9112529e3742dd0a6d9fbab5a1a63fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / In animal production, where food represents about 70% of the cost of production, the supply of calcium to participate in large numbers in feed formulations, become the use of mineral origin organic important to maximize animal performance and minimize costs. Taking up the importance of integrity and eggshell strength in the conservation of its nutritional and microbiological property that mean the product quality and food safety, these features become essential for the approval of the egg by the consumer market. The objective was to evaluate different sources of calcium in diets on growth performance and eggs quality of laying hens light. The cages are equipped with linear feeder in galvanized sheet and drinker type nipple. The birds were housed in shed screen, in masonry, with clay tile roof equipped with 120 metal cages (0,20m x 0,40m x 0,40m) galvanized wire provided sideboard eggs arranged in four rows with corridor central. We used 120 birds of Bankiva line in the initial laying phase, starting the experiment when animals were in egg production and body weight even, the experimental period was 22-34 weeks old and the birds distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments. Each treatment had 10 repetitions with 3 birds each unit experimental and consisted of four experimental diets with different sources of calcium: limestone, búzio shell flour (Anomalocardia brasiliana), oyster shell flour (Crassostrea brasiliana) and egg shell flour. Were evaluated: egg production rate, feed intake, feed conversion, absolute and relative weight of yolk, albumen and shell, height and width of the egg, specific gravity, yolk color, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk index. Had no significant effect (P> 0.05) between the treatments, for performance variables, egg production rate had a significant effect (P <0.05), its worst result egg shell flour. The egg shell flour was the only treatment showed significantly (P <0.05) for the weight, height and width of the egg, specific gravity, height and width albumen yolk, yolk absolute weight, albumen and shell, relative weight of the albumen and shell thickness, with worse results compared to the other treatments. Therefore, limestone, búzio shell flour and oyster shell flour, can be used as a source of calcium for laying rations / Na produção animal, onde a alimentação representa cerca de 70% do custo de produção, o suprimento de cálcio por participar em grande quantidade nas formulações de rações, torna a utilização de minerais de origem orgânica importante para se maximizar o desempenho animal e minimizar os custos. Levando-se a importância da integridade e resistência da casca do ovo na conservação de sua propriedade nutricional e microbiológica que significam a qualidade do produto e segurança alimentar, estas características tornam-se essenciais para a aprovação do ovo por parte do mercado consumidor. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes fontes de cálcio em rações, no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras de linhagem leves. As aves foram alojadas em galpão telado, em alvenaria, com cobertura de telha de barro equipado com 120 gaiolas metálicas (0,20m x 0,40m x 0,40m) de arame galvanizado providas de aparador de ovos, dispostas em quatro fileiras com corredor central. As gaiolas são equipadas com comedouro linear em chapa galvanizada e bebedouro do tipo nipple. Foram utilizadas 120 aves da linhagem Bankiva em fase inicial de postura, iniciando o experimento quando os animais estavam com produção de ovos e peso corporal uniforme, o período experimental compreendeu de 22 a 34 semanas de idade sendo as aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos. Cada tratamento composto por 10 repetições com 3 aves por unidade experimental e sendo constituídos por quatro rações experimentais, com diferentes fontes de cálcio: calcário calcítico, farinha de concha búzio (Anomalocardia brasiliana), farinha de concha de ostra (Crassostrea brasiliana) e farinha de casca de ovo. Foram avaliados: taxa de postura, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, peso absoluto e relativo de gema, albúmen e casca, peso, altura e largura do ovo, gravidade específica, espessura de casca, unidade Haugh, índice de albúmen e de gema. Não foram significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos estudados, as variáveis de desempenho, exceto taxa de postura, a qual obteve efeito significativo (P<0,05), tendo resultado inferior para o tratamento com a farinha de casca de ovo. A farinha de casca de ovo foi o único tratamento que apresentou efeito significativo (P<0,05), para as variáveis de peso, altura e largura do ovo, gravidade específica, altura da gema e largura do albúmen, peso absoluto de gema, albúmen e casca, peso relativo do albúmen e espessura de casca, apresentando resultados inferiores em comparação aos demais tratamentos. Portanto, o calcário calcítico, farinha de concha de búzio e farinha de concha de ostra, por apresentarem uma maior granulometria demonstrou melhores resultados, podendo ser utilizadas como fonte de cálcio em rações de poedeiras de linhagem leves

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2548.pdf: 4117688 bytes, checksum: 7b49c16675f412a6e3b2572aeaa0d7ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-19 / Currently, the mangrove oyster Crassostrea sp. is one of the most important fishery resources exploited by the artisanal fishery setor of the Cananéia estuary, responsible for the livelihood of 60 families of extractivists for some decades. The production system can be characterized as rudimental, involving the extraction in mangrove and its direct marketing or previous fattening in structures like trays. The oyster is marketed exclusively in natura and depuration is the only form of improvement, involving a few extractivists. The socioecological system of the oyster extractivism has been target of several interventions, since actions promoted by government agencies, to organize the production chain, till external pressures, like the market ones, which act on the management and commercial practices, affecting the sustainability of the activity. The objective of the present exertion was from the study of characteristics, management and marketing practices of the oysters extractivists groups from Cananéia, to identify the factors that affect the sustainability and to provide subsides to support the management of the activity. For that the socio-economical and productive profile of the users was studied, and the production of oysters in Cananéia, the local commercialization processes, the natural stock of oysters and the productive areas were analyzed. The identified groups of extractivists were compared, and the trends relating to the sustainability of the activity in the ecological, economic, social, technological and ethical dimensions were analyzed. The Mandira group, beneficiary of a considerable number of public interventions, was the group whose performance in the analysis of sustainability was comparatively better. In the extreme opposite, the Porto Cubatão group presented the worst performance in almost all dimensions studied, a fact associated with the small group experience in the activity. As the Porto Cubatão group much as all others located in intermediate position, even though tend to sustainability in specific dimensions, are more susceptible to crises caused by unexpected changes in the system. In the Mandira group, in spite of a better structure, the progress is fragile and it is necessary to consolidate it. The social, technological and ethical dimensions had negative influence on the trends of sustainability and should be considered as priorities in the actions of management. The aspects identified as strategic to improve the possibilities of sustainability of the activity were: encouraging the "fattening" activity of fattening of oysters as well as the replacement of the forms of sale box and desmariscada by production of oysters in dozens ; limiting the entry to the activity; restrainting the illegal commercialization and the processing technology and expanding the user s participation in the management of the activity. / Atualmente, a ostra de mangue Crassostrea sp. é um dos mais importantes recursos explotados pelo setor pesqueiro artesanal do estuário de Cananéia, responsável pelo sustento de cerca de 60 famílias de extrativistas há algumas décadas. O sistema produtivo pode ser caracterizado como rudimentar, envolvendo a extração do recurso no mangue e sua comercialização direta ou a engorda prévia em viveiros tipo tabuleiro. O produto é comercializado exclusivamente in natura e a depuração é a única forma de beneficiamento existente, envolvendo poucos extrativistas.. O sistema socioecológico do extrativismo de ostras tem sido alvo de diversas intervenções, desde ações promovidas por órgãos públicos, no sentido de organizar a cadeia produtiva, até pressões de origem externa, como as de mercado, as quais atuam sobre as práticas de manejo e comercialização, afetando as tendências relativas à sustentabilidade da atividade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi, a partir do estudo das caraterísticas e práticas de manejo e comercialização dos grupos de extrativistas de ostras de Cananéia, identificar os fatores que afetam a sustentabilidade e fornecer subsídios para apoiar a gestão da atividade. Para isso, o perfil sócio-econômico e produtivo dos extrativistas de ostras de Cananéia foi estudado, bem como foram analisados a produção de ostras do município, os processos comerciais desenvolvidos na cadeia produtiva local, o estoque natural do recurso e as áreas produtivas. Os grupos de extrativistas de ostras identificados foram comparados, sendo analisadas as tendências relativas à sustentabilidade da atividade nas dimensões ecológica, econômica, social, tecnológica e ética. O grupo do Mandira, beneficiário de um considerável número de intervenções públicas, foi o grupo cujo desempenho na análise de sustentabilidade foi comparativamente melhor. Como contraponto, o grupo do Porto Cubatão apresentou o pior desempenho em quase todas as dimensões estudadas, fato associado à pequena experiência do grupo na atividade. Tanto o grupo do Porto Cubatão, quanto os grupos situados em posição intermediária, ainda que em dimensões específicas tendam à sustentabilidade, apresentam maior susceptibilidade a crises provocadas por mudanças inesperadas no sistema. No grupo Mandira, apesar de melhor estruturado, os ganhos alcançados são frágeis, havendo a necessidade de avanços que os consolidem. As dimensões social, tecnológica e ética tiveram influência negativa sobre as tendências da sustentabilidade, devendo ser consideradas como prioritárias nas ações de gestão da atividade. Os aspectos identificados como estratégias específicas de ação para melhorar as perspectivas da atividade quanto à sustentabilidade foram o incentivo à atividade de engorda de ostras; a limitação do ingresso à atividade; o incentivo à substituição das formas de venda na caixa e desmariscada pela produção de ostras em dúzias ; a coibição do comércio clandestino e ampliação do alcance da tecnologia de processamento pós-colheita e da participação dos extrativistas na gestão da atividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LanaizaNSA_DISSERT.pdf: 975619 bytes, checksum: 109c837ebb52dc1c1163d733e3efa2ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-04 / It is possible to notice that the modern narrative increasingly seeks to invest its characters with a broad and complex nature, away from the well-defined beings of the traditional narrative. Through this work, we aim to make a study of Marcela, a character of the novel A ostra e o vento, by Moacir Costa Lopes, taking into account the way the complexity of the fictitious being is constituted through an analysis of structural, semantic, and thematic elements. We first will bring up a brief theoretical discussion about the character in a novel, and we also will carefully analyze the diagetic universe, presenting the complex path of the character further. Subsequently, we will focus on the structure of the narrative which creates a complex picture of the character, using the technique of crossed points of view as well as the technique of temporal fragmentation. Finally, we will investigate conflicting social relations that portray Marcela s disturbed inner side, as well as the metaphoric symbolic language, which furnishes a number of different representation of this character, impeding the creation of a well-structured coherent character. Studies of scholars such as Antonio Candido, Anatol Rosenfeld, Vitor Manuel de Aguiar e Silva, Fernando Segolin, Gerard Genette, Michel Z?raffa, among others, will guide our analysis / Observa-se na narrativa moderna uma busca cada vez mais frequente por atribuir ?s personagens uma natureza ampla, complexa, distanciada dos seres definidos e bem delimitados da narrativa tradicional. Com este trabalho, objetivamos desenvolver um estudo em torno da personagem Marcela no romance A ostra e o vento (1964), do escritor Moacir Costa Lopes, considerando a constitui??o da complexidade do ser fict?cio por meio da an?lise de elementos estruturais, sem?nticos e tem?ticos. Em um primeiro momento, apresentamos uma breve discuss?o te?rica em torno da categoria personagem romanesca, partindo, em seguida, para uma an?lise detida do universo dieg?tico da obra, apresentando a trajet?ria complicada de Marcela. Posteriormente, concentramos nosso olhar no exame da estrutura??o da narrativa que edifica a imagem complexa da personagem, por meio da t?cnica dos pontos de vista cruzados e da fragmenta??o temporal. Por fim, analisamos as rela??es sociais conflitantes que caracterizam o interior conturbado de Marcela e a linguagem simb?lica e metaf?rica que oferecem um grande n?mero de representa??es distintas da personagem, impossibilitando a constru??o de uma imagem coerente e bem estruturada. Para tanto, partimos de estudos de te?ricos como Antonio Candido, Anatol Rosenfeld, Vitor Manuel de Aguiar e Silva, Fernando Segolin, G?rard Genette, Michel Z?raffa, entre outros autores pertinentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Oyster farming is a fishing activity that has been showing growth among the years to supply Brazil´s commercial demand. In Brazilian estuaries, two native oysters represent most of this type of mollusk population: Crassostra rhizophorae and Crassostrea brasiliana. Due to their great resemblance and also for sharing the same ecological traits, the lack of morphological distinction in between the two species do complicate the visual identification. Hence, genetic analysis is mandatory to distinguish them. Owing to fishing industry, it is crucial to identify accurately cultivated oysters aiming productivity growth, also providing sustainable and responsible use of natural resources. The transference of one organism to another habitat, under economic purposes, may trigger several hazards to the ecosystem; therefore it must be ensured that there is gene flow between the two locations to avoid such ecological damages. To do this, an analysis of DNA haplotypes may be used among the samples to estimate genetic structure. This research used DNA samples extracted from the adductor muscle of the shell of 180 oysters gathered at three estuaries of Sergipe: São Francisco, Vaza Barris and Piauí-Real. Levels of genetic variability were determined through amplification of two mitochondrial genes: 16S, for the species identification, and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), for genetic identity and population diversity. Of the 156 analyzed oysters, 49 were identified as C. rhizophorae and 107 as C. brasiliana. The two species co-occurred in all three examined estuaries. C. brasiliana is more frequent in lower salinity waters and next to oyster farming sites. Molecular marker COI delivered the same polymorphism levels for both species, and 14 haplotypes for C. rhizophorae, 12 haplotypes for C. brasiliana. AMOVA analysis detects the absence of geographical structuring in both species´ populations due to the low FST value. According to the acquired data, it can be stated that there is gene flow in high levels between populations of the two native oyster species at the analyzed estuaries. The higher genetic diversity for C. brasiliana is situated on Piauí-Real estuary. It may be related to the North-South direction of ocean currents in this region, which favors the migration of larvae to South estuaries, on the other hand it hinders the flow of unique haplotypes of Piauí-Real estuary to others located to the North. Moreover, the higher diversity for C. rhizophorae was detected in Vaza Barris river, due to the absence of any oyster farming sites in this estuary, whereas the choice of C. brasiliana for cultivation because it has better performance for commercial purposes. Thus, it can be concluded that, from a genetically speaking, the translocation of native oysters among the researched estuaries for cultivation would not affect local populations. / O cultivo de ostras ostreicultura é uma atividade pesqueira que vem crescendo no Brasil ao longo dos anos para suprir a demanda comercial local. Nos estuários brasileiros, duas ostras nativas apresentam a maior abundância populacional: Crassostrea rhizophorae e Crassostrea brasiliana e, por consequência, são as principais espécies exploradas. Devido à grande semelhança e por também apresentarem hábitos ecologicamente similares, as pequenas variações morfológicas entre as duas espécies prejudicam a identificação visual, tornando-se necessárias análises genéticas que possibilitem sua diferenciação. Tendo em vista o setor pesqueiro, a identificação das ostras cultivadas é essencial para o aumento da produtividade, além de possibilitar o uso sustentável e responsável dos recursos naturais. O transporte de um organismo para outro habitat, com finalidade econômica, pode desencadear diversos prejuízos para o ecossistema, portanto é preciso certificar que há fluxo gênico entre os locais para evitar tais danos ecológicos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo diferenciar as espécies de Crassostrea por meio de amostras de DNA extraídas do músculo adutor da concha de 180 ostras coletadas em três estuários de Sergipe: São Francisco, Vaza Barris e Piauí-Real. Os níveis de variabilidade foram determinados através da amplificação de dois genes mitocondriais: DNA ribossomal 16S, para a identificação das espécies e citocromo oxidase I (COI), utilizado para identidade genética e diversidade populacional. Dos 156 indivíduos utilizados para a análise genética, 49 foram identificados como C. rizophorae e 107 como C. brasiliana, sendo que as duas espécies coocorreram nos três estuários analisados. C. brasiliana é mais frequente em locais de salinidade mais baixa e também junto aos sítios de ostreicultura. O marcador COI apresentou o mesmo nível de polimorfismo para as duas espécies e 14 haplótipos para C. rhizophorae, 12 haplótipos para C. brasiliana. O teste AMOVA detectou a inexistência de estruturação geográfica nas populações das duas espécies, devido ao baixo valor de fixação FST. De acordo com os dados obtidos, é possível afirmar que há grande fluxo gênico entre as populações das duas espécies de ostras nativas dos estuários analisados. A maior diversidade genética para C. brasiliana encontra-se no estuário do complexo fluvial Piauí-Real, podendo estar relacionada ao sentido Norte-Sul das correntes marinhas nessa região, que favorece a migração de larvas para estuários do Sul, entretanto dificulta o fluxo de haplótipos exclusivos do complexo Piauí-Real para estuários localizados ao Norte. Por outro lado, a maior diversidade para C. rhizophorae foi encontrada no rio Vaza Barris, devido a ausência de criatórios comerciais de ostras nativas neste estuário, sabendo que nos viveiros são cultivadas ostras da espécie C. brasiliana, por possuir melhor desempenho para fins comerciais. Dessa forma, podese concluir que, do ponto de vista genético, a translocação de ostras nativas entre os estuários analisados para cultivo, não afetaria as populações locais.

Marine environments are under constant pressure from anthropogenic pollution. Chemical pollutants are introduced into the aquatic environment through waste disposal, sewage, land runoff and environmental exploitation (harbours, fisheries, tourism) leading to disastrous effects on the marine wildlife. Developmental malformations, reproduction failure including sex changes and high death rates are commonly observed in aquatic animal populations around the world. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these pollution effects, in particular for marine invertebrate species, are often unknown. One proposed mechanism through which environmental pollution affects wildlife, is the disruption of nuclear receptors (NRs), ligand-binding transcription factors in animals. Environmental pollutants can directly interact with nuclear receptors, inducing incorrect signals for gene expression and subsequently disrupt developmental and physiological processes. Elucidation of the exact mechanism in invertebrates, however, is sparse due to limited understanding of invertebrate endocrinology and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Here, I have investigated the presence, expression and function of NRs in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and explored their interrelation with known environmental pollutants. Using a suite of molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools I demonstrate that the Pacific oyster possesses a large variety of NR homologs (43 NRs), which display individual expression profiles during embryo/larval development and supposedly fulfil distinct functions in developmental and physiological processes. Functional studies on a small subset of oyster NRs provided evidence for their ability to regulate gene expression, including interactions with DNA, other NRs or small molecules (ligand-binding). Oyster receptors also show a high likeliness to be disrupted by environmental pollutants. Computational docking showed that the retinoid X receptor ortholog, CgRXR, is able to bind and be activated by 9-cis retinoic acid and by the well-known environmental contaminant tributyltin. A potential interaction between tributyltin and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ortholog CgPPAR has also been found. In addition, exposure of oyster embryos to retinoic acids and tributyltin resulted in shell deformations and developmental failure. In contrast, computer modelling of another putative target for pollutants, the retinoic acid receptor ortholog CgRAR, did not indicate interactions with common retinoic acids, supporting a recently developed theory of loss of retinoid binding in molluscan RARs. Sequence analyses revealed six residues in the receptor sequence, which prevent the successful interaction with retinoid ligands. In conclusion, this investigative work aids the understanding of fundamental processes in invertebrates, such as gene expression and endocrinology, as well as further understanding and prediction of effects of environmental pollutants on marine invertebrates.

Oyster reefs are declining worldwide, as well as the economic and ecological value of oysters to their respective systems. Numerous restoration efforts have been undertaken in hopes of re-establishing these shellfish populations. This study evaluated a restoration project within the Guana Tolomato Matanzas estuary in northeast Florida, U.S.A., to investigate community structure as well as seasonal patterns in species abundance and diversity of juvenile fish and benthic macrofauna within restored and unrestored intertidal habitats along the Guana Peninsula. The first objective was to determine whether the artificially created reefs provided similar quantity and diversity of benthic macrofauna as adjacent unrestored habitats. The second objective was to specifically characterize resident and transient fish assemblages associated with the artificial reef and adjacent unrestored habitats. Benthic macrofauna were quantified using plastic settlement trays deployed in triplicate at each site and sampled monthly for a year. Community structure differed by habitat, confirmed through an analysis of similarity. High abundances of Petrolisthes armatus on the natural reef sites largely contributed to dissimilarity in community composition between the natural reef and the restored sites. Fish assemblages were quantified using monthly seine and gill nets set adjacent to restored and unrestored intertidal habitats. Diversity was similar between the restored and unrestored sites, however, there was very little species overlap between the two sites. The dominance of post-larval and juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), anchovies (Anchoa mitchelli and A. hepsetus) and mullet (Mugil sp.) led to high density and low diversity in seine collections during the winter months. Overall, the gill net survey did not show any patterns in fish abundance associated with particular habitats in the area, however this is the first assessment in this region using gill netting. Constructed oyster reefs created immediate habitat for resident species and enhanced habitat value compared to unstructured mud bottom.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Graciolli / Banca: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato / Banca: Eustáquio Souza Dias / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo evidenciar os principais componentes químicos que influenciam o cultivo do cogumelo Pleurotus florida, bem como avaliar a composição química dos corpos de frutificação cultivados em diferentes resíduos agrícolas. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis resíduos agrícolas: palha de arroz (PA), palha de feijão (PF), palha de trigo (PT), palha de sorgo (PS), folha de bananeira (FB) e sabugo de milho (SM). Estes resíduos, coletados na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, foram analisados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn), lignina, celulose, hemicelulose, cinzas e relação C/N. Foram avaliados: o tempo necessário para a colonização do substrato (corrida micelial), o início da formação de primórdios, o tempo total de cultivo, o número de cogumelos, a produção e a eficiência biológica utilizando a fórmula: EB = (peso fresco dos cogumelos/peso seco do substrato inicial) x 100. Além disso, os cogumelos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn) e o teor de proteínas. O substrato PF apresentou resultados semelhantes para produção (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) e número de cogumelos (12) à PA, substrato utilizado tradicionalmente no cultivo de Pleurotus em escala comercial. Não foi possível atribuir apenas a um fator químico as altas produções e EB observadas em PA e PF e muito menos para a baixa produção em PS (77,8 g/kg-1) e SM (53,2 g/kg-1). No geral, substratos com conteúdo de N ao redor de 1,0%, relação C/N em torno de 45%, baixo teor lignina, alto conteúdo de cinzas e maiores teores de P, K e Ca foram os melhores para o cultivo de P. florida. Entre os macronutrientes analisados, P. florida apresentou maiores teores de K, seguido por P. O Ca e o Mg estiveram presentes em pequenas quantidades nos corpos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to show the main chemical components that influence the cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus florida, and evaluate the chemical composition of fruiting bodies grown on different agricultural residues. For that, six agricultural residues were used: rice straw (RS), bean straw (BS), wheat straw (WS), sorghum straw (SS), banana leaf (BL) and cob of maize (CM). These wastes were collected at Teaching, Research and Extention Farm of UNESP, Campus of Ilha Solteira, analyzed for the levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, ash and the C/N ratio. Was evaluated: spawn run time, earliness, the total time of cultivation and mushroom number, production and biological efficiency using the formula: EB = (fresh weight of mushrooms/dry weight of initial substrate) x 100. Moreover, the mushrooms were evaluated for levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) and protein content. The substrate BS showed similar results for yield (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) and number of mushrooms (12) as RS substrate traditionally used for the cultivation of Pleurotus in commercial scale. Unable to allocate only the chemical factors and the high yields and EB observed in BS and RS, much less for the yield low in SS (77,8 g/kg-1) and CM (53,2 g/kg-1). In general, substrates with N content of around 1.0%, C/N ratio around 45%, low lignin content, high ash content, increased by higher levels of P, K, Ca were the best for the cultivation of P. florida. Among the macronutrients analyzed, P. florida with higher contents of K, followed by P. The Ca and Mg were present in small amounts in fruiting bodies. Among the micronutrients, Zn was present in high amount, followed by Fe and Mn. P. florida showed high ability to accumulate Zn. The mushrooms obtained in this work could not be considered a source of minerals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Nous explorons le lien entre partage d'information (PI) et gestion collective de ressources naturelles (GRN). Pour déterminer ce lien, nous nous sommes interessé aux ostréiculteurs, acteurs sensibles à la qualité de l'eau et touchés par un virulent virus. Ces acteurs ont développé et utilisent divers artéfacts de PI. Ces artifacts sont destinés à faire face à des menaces potentielles. L'identification de ce point fondamental a mené à développer le concept de menaces. Elles sont définies par le modèle <A,C,I,D,E> (Acteurs, Caractéristiques, Infrastructure, Décisions, Environnement). Elles sont organisées le long de deux axes: l'internalité et l'exclusivité. Formuler la situation des ostréiculteurs en utilisant ce concept permet une caractérisation des enjeux pour les artéfacts de PI pour la lutte contre les menaces. Nous avons utilisé le cadre ENCORE pour une analyse qualitative et la SMA pour une quantitative de l’impact des artéfacts. La recherche montre qu'ils peuvent avoir des buts, media et contenus variés, améliorer la réflexivité, ou mener à peu, voire aucun changement. Ces améliorations sont liées au processus de création de l'artéfact. / I explore how information sharing (IS) and natural resources management (NRM) are linked.To determine this link, I focused on oyster farmers, actors sensitive to water quality and impacted by a virulent virus. Those actors implemented and use diverse IS artifacts. Those artifacts are meant to face potential threats. Realizing this focal point led to develop the threat concept. They are defined by the <A,C,I,D,E> (Actors, Characteristics, Infrastructure, Decisions, Environnement) model. They are organized along two axes: internality and excludability. Framing oyster farmers’ situation with this concept allow a characterization of stakes for IS artifacts to tackle threats.I used the ENCORE framework for qualitative assessment of IS artifacts impacts and a MAS for a quantitative one. The research shows that they have various goals, media and contents; can increase reflexivity or have little to no impact. Those changes are linked to artifact creation process.

Depuis 2008, des épisodes de surmortalité massive d’origine multifactorielle, affectent mondialement les élevages de juvéniles d’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas dont le virus de type herpès, l’OsHV-1, peut être considéré comme un des agents pathogènes majeurs. L’immunité des huîtres, repose sur un système immunitaire inné et a longtemps été considéré comme peu spécifique et dépourvu de mémoire. Cependant, cette vision a été remise en question via des études ayant démontré l’existence d’une réponse immunitaire spécifique et mémoire chez des invertébrés. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l’objectif était de caractériser le priming immunitaire antiviral ainsi que ses mécanismes chez l’huître face au virus OsHV-1. En stimulant les huîtres avec un agent mimétique viral, le poly(I:C), nos travaux ont montré que cette molécule protégeait spécifiquement contre l’OsHV-1 en milieu contrôlé et en milieu naturel sur le long terme, en améliorant le taux de survie des huîtres de près de 100%, mais pas d’infections bactériennes. Une approche RNA-seq nous a permis d’identifier différentes voies de signalisations immunitaires antivirales régulées suite à la stimulation par le poly(I:C). Les profils de régulation sont majoritairement maintenus dans le temps (au moins 10 jours), ce qui pourrait expliquer la protection observée. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre l’existence d’un phénomène de priming immunitaire antiviral efficace chez un Lophotrochozoaire et apporte une contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à ce phénomène. Ces travaux ont permis d’apporter des pistes de sortie de crise pour la filière ostréicole jusqu’alors inexplorées. / Since 2008, mass mortality events of multifactorial origin have affected the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas farms worldwide, in which a herpesvirus, the OsHV-1, can be considered as one of the major pathogens. The immunity of oysters, as for all invertebrates, is based on an innate immune system that has long been considered to be scarcely specific and to lack memory. However, in recent years this simplistic view has been questioned through studies that have demonstrated the existence of a specific immune response and memory. However, knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these phenomena still remains extremely fragmentary. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the antiviral immune priming and its mechanisms in the oyster against OsHV-1. By stimulating oysters with a viral mimic, poly(I:C), we have shown that this molecule specifically protects against OsHV-1 in controlled environment and in natural environment, protecting oysters from mass mortality events on the long term (min. 5 months) by improving oyster survival by almost 100% but does not protect against bacterial infection. A RNA-seq approach carried out during this thesis allowed us to identify different antiviral immune pathways regulated following the stimulation by poly(I:C). The regulation profiles are mostly maintained over time (at least 10 days), which could explain the observed protection. All these results show the existence of an effective antiviral immune priming phenomenon in a Lophotrochozoan and contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This work opens new perspectives hitherto unexplored to support oyster farming against this crisis.

Global food production has been recognized as the single largest driver of environmental degradation and transgression of planetary boundaries. Providing healthy food sustainably to a growing, mostly urban population will require radical changes to the food system. Indoor urban agriculture has been proposed as a promising alternative that reduces the distance between farm and fork, provides fresh quality food shortly after harvest, efficiently uses space by vertical expansion, and enables year-round cultivation protected by weather variations and climate deregulation. The development of indoor urban agriculture has traditionally manifested as verti- cal hydroponic systems cultivating leafy greens, but the interest in urban mushroom farming has lately been rising, both in Sweden and internationally. However, a knowledge gap on the environmental impacts of these systems hampers the possi- bility to develop them sustainably. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting an attributional cradle-to-market life cycle assessment of a theoretical urban under- ground oyster mushroom farm in Stockholm. Per kg packaged and delivered grey oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), the potential environmental impacts were estimated as the following - climate change: 2.45 kg CO2-eq, freshwater eutrophication: 6.76E-04 kg P-eq, fossils: 80 MJ, dissipated water: 3.29 m3 water-eq, and land use: 149 points. For the investigated impact categories the findings suggest that the three main environmental hotspots, in descending order, in general, are the farm’s electricity requirement, especially for fossils and dissipated water, the substrate materials, which is largely contributing to the land use impact, and the PET packaging of the final product, particularly for climate change and freshwater eutrophication. The results indicate that the cooling load for fruiting represents the majority of the farm’s electricity consumption. The spawn and wheat straw are the main contributors to the substrate mixture’s impact, and regarding climate iii change, the transportation by truck of the spawn and wheat straw pellets are im- portant factors. The life cycle of the PET packaging boxes and the PE growing bags have an especially important climate change contribution due to their production, transportation, and waste incineration.  By indicating which processes, energy, and material flows most contribute to urban underground oyster mushroom farming’s environmental impact, this study gives insights on improvement priorities and help steer the sector towards ecologically sustainable development. To guide ecodesign, future studies should explore and assess the environmental implications of different options, such as substrate materials, substrate preparation methods, packaging materials, and the reuse of different urban residues. / Global livsmedelsproduktion har erkänts som den enskilt största drivkraften bakommiljöförstöring och  överskridandet av planetens gränser. Att hållbart tillgodosehälsosam mat till en växande, mestadels urban befolkning kommer att kräva radikalaförändringar av livsmedelsystemet. Urban inomhusodling föreslås som ett lovande alternativ som året om, skyddat mot vädervariationer och klimatförändringar förser färska livsmedel kort efter skörd, minskar avståndet mellan produktion och konsumption och effektivt utnyttjar yta genom vertikal expansion. Utvecklingen av urban inomhusodling har traditionellt manifesterats som vertikala hydroponiskaodlingssystem av bladgrönsaker och örter, men på senare tid har intresset för stadsodling av svamp ökat, både i Sverige och internationellt. En kunskapslucka om dessa systems miljöpåverkan hämmar dock möjligheten att utveckla dessa på ett hållbart vis. Den här studien syftar till att fylla denna lucka genom att genomföra en bokföringsbaserad livscykelanalys från vagga-till-marknad av en teoretisk underjordisk stadsodling av ostronskivling i Stockholm. Per kg förpackad och leverera dostronskivling (Pleurotus ostreatus ), uppskattas den potentiella miljöpåverkan som följande klimatavtryck: 2,45 kg CO2-eq, sötvattensövergödning: 6,76E-04 kg P-eq, fossila resurser: 80 MJ, vattenanvändning: 3,29 m3 vatten-eq, och markanvändning: 149 poäng. För de fem undersökta miljökategorierna tyder resultatet på att de tre största bidragsfaktorerna, generellt och i fallande ordning är stadsodlingens elbehov, i synnerhet för fossila resurser och vattenanvändning, substratmixen,framförallt rörande markanvändning, och PET-förpackningen för slutprodukten, speciellt gällandes klimatpåverkan och sötvattensövergödning. Resultatet indikerar att kylbehovet under fruktifikationen står för huvuddelen av odlingsystemets elförbrukning. Myceliet och vetehalmen är de främsta bidragarna till substratmixens miljöpåverkan, och gällande klimatavtryck är transporten via lastbil av mycelieti och vetehalmpelletsen viktiga faktorer. Livscykeln för PET-förpackningen och PE-odlingspåsarna har ett särskilt viktigt bidrag till produktens klimatpåverkan på grund av deras produktion, transport och avfallsförbränning. Sammanfattningsvis kan denna studie, genom att indikera vilka processer, energi-och materialflöden som mest bidrar till miljöpåverkan av underjordisk stadsodling av ostronskivling, belysa prioriteringsomr ̊aden och därmed styra sektorn mot enekologiskt hållbar utveckling. F ̈or att vägleda ekodesign bör framtida studier belysa miljökonsekvenserna av olika alternativ så som substratmaterial, substratberedningsme-toder och förpackningsmaterial samt återanvändning av olika urbana avfallsflöden.