This dissertation is the culmination of extensive literature study on the application of Restorative Justice in the South African Correctional System. International and national resources on the application of Restorative Justice both in Corrections and as pre-sentence option had been studied. The background of the penal system and the development of Restorative Justice as part of the Criminal Justice System are investigated by looking at ancient practices, indigenous and modern practices. The study intends to draw on experience from other countries, while at the same time advocate for the development of a uniquely South African model or practice. The role of the most important stakeholders, namely victim, offender and community is emphasized with reference to the challenges that offenders face in terms of reintegration and the lack of resources in communities to enable them to honour Restorative Justice agreements. / Criminology / M. A. (Criminology)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles that members of SMTs play in their efforts to manage the present educational changes in schools. Members of SMTs are leaders and managers who hold authoritative positions in schools. They are regarded as the key personnel who are supposed to manage schools successfully. Since the present education system in South Africa is characterized by a variety of changes, school managers are not only expected to understand these changes but also to be able to manage them effectively. The study commenced by outlining the concept change and its nature. The intention was to lay a foundation for understanding what change entails. Some of the common changes that are experienced in schools were also discussed. These included curricular and non-curricular changes that pose challenges to school managers. Focus was primarily placed on the educational changes and the way they impact on the managerial roles of school managers. These included the changes such as the implementation of OBE, NCS and IQMS. Reference was also made to the application of some of the educational policies that contribute towards the increasing managerial responsibilities of school managers. These include the application of the present policy on norms and standards for school funding, admission policy and the abolition of corporal punishment that pose managerial challenges to school managers. Empirical research was conducted in four randomly selected schools in Mogodumo region in Limpopo Province. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with members of SMTs in these four schools. The research findings revealed that the present school managers find it difficult to meet the new managerial expectations that are brought about by the transforming educational environment. It became evident from the research that insufficient professional development for school managers contributed towards their failure to execute their expected managerial roles. / (M. Ed. (Eduction Management))

Public concern about the quality of teaching and learning is at an all time high in respect of certain schools in South Africa. This study focuses on the participation of the SMT members in managing the instructional programme with a view on improving the academic performance of learners. The lack of the involvement of all the members of the SMT thus prompted this investigation. Apart from the literature review, an empirical investigation, based on a qualitative paradigm involving interviews, was undertaken to collect data at selected primary schools in Circuit 1 in the Metropole North Education District of the Western Cape Education Department. Other methods used included observations as well as the analyses of documents relevant to the investigation. As a case study this research examined the involvement of all the members of the SMT by utilizing the principles of participative management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the improvement of the academic performance of schools by virtue of what has been highlighted as a reason for the poor performance of schools namely the lack of involvement of all the members of the SMT in the management of the instructional programme. The literature findings revealed that School Management Teams (SMTs) have to be properly structured. The SMT should be involved in decision-making in matters that concern them. This, together with a more effective and efficiently managed instructional programme, should improve the academic performance of learners. Empirical findings indicated that the members of the SMT consider themselves professionally trained individuals with the expertise needed to deliver what is expected from them. The study further revealed that the success of a school depends on effective instruction as a result of the effective management and leading of the instructional programme by all members of the SMT. / Education management / M.Ed. (Education Management)

Cette thèse porte sur l’introduction des politiques de transfert de revenu au Brésil. L’objectif central de la recherche est de comprendre comment ces politiques se sont imposées dans le cadre des réformes de la protection sociale brésilienne pendant les années 1990, notamment à partir de 1995 et comment elles ont engendré un changement paradigmatique de troisième ordre de la politique nationale d’assistance sociale. Nous posons deux hypothèses de recherche : la première est que l’introduction de telles politiques au Brésil fut le résultat du rôle historique des intellectuels engagés dans la défense du revenu minimum en tant qu’alternative au modèle de protection sociale brésilien. Cette défense du revenu minimum fut soutenue par des intellectuels, des communautés épistémiques et par des politiciens qui ont inscrit le débat sur le revenu minimum à l’agenda politique brésilien. La deuxième hypothèse suggère que la convergence d’idées, d’institutions et d’intérêts a favorisé l’adoption de ces politiques. Cette convergence d’idées, d’institutions et d’intérêts repose sur le rôle de plusieurs acteurs tels les intellectuels, le président Cardoso et d’autres politiciens qui se sont mis à la défense du social au Brésil depuis 1999, des institutions parlementaires brésiliennes et des organisations internationales, notamment le FMI, la Banque mondiale et la Banque interaméricaine de développement – BID. Nous proposons l’approche des trois i pour rendre compte de ce changement. L’apprentissage social, les processus de diffusion et de lesson-drawing sont les facteurs à l’origine de la formation de la convergence autour des programmes de transfert de revenu. Nous montrerons que l’expérience brésilienne de programmes de transfert de revenu a non seulement engendré un processus d’apprentissage social renversé auprès de la Banque Mondiale mais qu'elle a aussi eu un effet aussi sur les actions de la BID. Nous suggérons que le changement paradigmatique de la protection sociale brésilienne a été amorcé par le gouvernement Cardoso dans un processus d’essais et d’erreurs. Ce processus, qui est à l’origine des réaménagements du programme « Comunidade Solidária », a permis la création du « Projeto Alvorada » et du « Réseau de protection sociale » en 2001. Les programmes de transfert de revenu reliés à l’éducation et aux soins de santé ont été les plus influents dans la construction du consensus qui s’est établi autour des programmes de transfert de revenu comme alternative à l’ancien modèle de protection sociale puisqu’ils procurent le renforcement du capital social en même temps qu’ils fonctionnent comme facteur structurant de la protection sociale. Ce legs du gouvernement Cardoso a permis au gouvernement de Luis Inácio Lula da Silva de consolider le nouveau paradigme avec la création du programme national Bolsa-Família. Le gouvernement Lula a donc bénéficié de l’héritage historique des deux mandats de Cardoso et, ironiquement, a récolté les fruits de l’apprentissage social. Le phénomène du « lulismo » en est la preuve. Par ailleurs, cette thèse met en question la paternité du programme Bolsa-Família puisqu’elle montre la création de ce programme d'abord comme la consolidation du processus d’apprentissage et puis comme conséquence de la création d’un nouveau paradigme pour la politique d’assistance sociale au Brésil qui a eu lieu pendant les deux mandats de Cardoso. / This thesis focuses on the introduction of conditional cash transfer policies in Brazil. The main objective of the research is to understand how these policies have emerged in a context of rethinking social security in Brazil during the 90s, more precisely from 95 and how these changes have caused a third order paradigmatic change in the elaboration of national social security policies. According to the first of two hypotheses presented in this research, the introduction of conditional cash transfer policies in Brazil is the achievement of intellectuals striving to present such policies as a viable alternative to the traditional Brazilian social protection network. Conditional cash transfer policies have been supported by intellectual, epistemic communities and by politicians that brought the debate on minimal revenue on the Brazilian political agenda. On the other hand, the second hypotheses suggests that the adoption of cash transfer policies was made possible by the convergence of ideas, institutions and interests in place. This convergence of ideas, institutions and interests rests upon the many actors in this debate such intellectuals, President Cardoso and other politicians who have been defending the social agenda in Brazil since 1999; Brazilian parliamentary institutions and international organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank and the Inter-american Development Bank – BID. In order to make sense of these changes in Brazil, the iii approach (idea-interest-institution) was used. Social learning, dissemination, lesson-learning and lesson-drawing processes are all factors explaining the convergence of opinions around the idea of conditional cash transfer programmes. It shall be proven that the Brazilian experiment with cash transfer programmes not only became a reversed teaching process with the World Bank, but also had effects on decisions made by the BID. This thesis also suggests that the paradigmatic change in Brazilian social security was initiated by the Cardoso governement as part of an error and trial change process. This process, which would have as a direct consequence the reinvention of “Comunidade Solidária”, also permitted the creation of “Projeto Alvorada” and of the “Rede de proteção social” in 2001. The health and education programmes were the most instrumental in building consensus in support of cash transfer programmes as an alternative to the traditional model of social security, because these programmes reinforce social capital while acting as structuring factors for social security. President Cardoso’s heritage allowed Luis Inàcio da Silva to consolidate the new paradigm in social security with the creation of the national programme Bolsa-Família. The Lula administration directly benefited from the previous government’s two mandates and, ironically, reaped the fruit of his predecessor’s labour. The social phenomena called “lulismo” stands as proof of this. Moreover, this thesis challenges the theory according to which Bolsa-Família is an invention of Luis Inàcio da Silva in showing how this programme was initially created as the result of social learning in Brazil between 1995 et 2002.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles that members of SMTs play in their efforts to manage the present educational changes in schools. Members of SMTs are leaders and managers who hold authoritative positions in schools. They are regarded as the key personnel who are supposed to manage schools successfully. Since the present education system in South Africa is characterized by a variety of changes, school managers are not only expected to understand these changes but also to be able to manage them effectively. The study commenced by outlining the concept change and its nature. The intention was to lay a foundation for understanding what change entails. Some of the common changes that are experienced in schools were also discussed. These included curricular and non-curricular changes that pose challenges to school managers. Focus was primarily placed on the educational changes and the way they impact on the managerial roles of school managers. These included the changes such as the implementation of OBE, NCS and IQMS. Reference was also made to the application of some of the educational policies that contribute towards the increasing managerial responsibilities of school managers. These include the application of the present policy on norms and standards for school funding, admission policy and the abolition of corporal punishment that pose managerial challenges to school managers. Empirical research was conducted in four randomly selected schools in Mogodumo region in Limpopo Province. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with members of SMTs in these four schools. The research findings revealed that the present school managers find it difficult to meet the new managerial expectations that are brought about by the transforming educational environment. It became evident from the research that insufficient professional development for school managers contributed towards their failure to execute their expected managerial roles. / (M. Ed. (Eduction Management))

自一九八Ο年代威權體制開始解體以來，臺灣的公民教育已然進入另一個新的蛻變階段，而其所賦予的積極意義，乃在於反映並凸顯出對以往整體公民教育的價值取向、概念論述、典範遞移、課程內涵、以及課程決定等有關問題面向所作的一種審視與反思，從而標舉一個能以「公民社會」理念作為建構總體教育目標時代的正式來臨。影響所及，值此一轉變關鍵的時刻，國人如何循由對「政治民主化、經濟自由化、社會多元化、文化本土化、以及意識主體化」等五大價值取向的認知與涵養，結合民主教育、法治教育、倫理道德教育、以及生活教育等四大核心課程內涵的深化與落實，並在致力於涵蘊「公民社會」為其學科典範遞移最高指標的同時，能進一步以強調「差異的（或多元的）公民資格觀」的概念論述及推動「公民參與」的課程決定方式，藉以充實及強化公民教育的運作機制和功能，業已成為今後公民教育責無旁貸的重要發展趨勢所在。 關鍵詞：公民教育、公民社會、價值取向、課程內涵、概念論述、典範遞移、 課程決定、公民資格、科際整合、顯著課程。 / Since the authoritarian system was began to fall apart during 1980’s in R.O.C.（Taiwan）, civic education at school has gone into an another new transformation stage and bestowed a progressive meaning too, it is so necessary as to make a review and self-examination that reflect or manifest the totality of problem dimensions about value orientation, conceptual discourse, paradigm shift, curriculum content, and curriculum decision-making for the past. Thus much to construct and mark a period of “civil society” concept of the macro educational goal is coming formally. Due to the impact, especially it happened just changing time, we need how to recognize and nourish the five value orientations of “democratization to politics, freedom to economics, plural to societies, localization to culture, and subjectivity to conscious”. Combine with the four codes of curriculum content about democracy of education, law-related education, ethics and moral education, and experiential education that must be deepened and practiced for the citizens. At the same time, it also devoted to cherish the conceptual of “civil society” to be the highest characteristic of a paradigm shift of the civic education course. Moreover, it is obliged to emphasize the “differential or plural citizenship” and push the curriculum decision-making model of the “civic participation” that its operational machinery and functions could be fulfilled and competent. In summary, there is no passing buck to these important developmental tendencies of civic education in the changing future. Key Words: civic education, civil society, value orientation, curriculum content,conceptual discourse, paradigm shift, curriculum decision-making,citizenship, interdisciplinary integration, evident curriculum.

As an innovation Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is designed as a tool for clinical problem solving. According to its theory of use EBP will bring a difference for policy makers, for professionals, for researchers and for service users. One question to be asked is whether EBP actually leads to the radical social change it is designed to accomplish. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the outcome of the effort to establish EBP, with a focus on the case of social work in Sweden. The research questions are: What is EBP? Why are efforts made to establish EBP? What is the outcome of the EBP project? How can the outcome of the EBP project be explained? The case study was conducted on a critical realistic meta-theoretical ground with a focus on explanation of social change with an explicit actor-structure perspective. Methodologically, a narrative synthesis of studies was made. As a complement primary data were collected to fill empirical gaps. The state of things was described before and after the EBP-initiatives. Several helping theories – Kuhn’s theory of paradigm, program theory, neo-institutional theory and theory of diffusion – were used to analyse the empirically mapped outcome of the EBP project. The results show that the import of the original model of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) to social work is a part of a wider social movement in the helping and educational professions. The new model has influenced social work as a discipline, as a field of practice and as a field of policy. There are examples of full-scale implementations of EBP, although EBP has not reached a general status as daily practice. Some obstacles remain. The gradual adaption of EBP corresponds to criteria hold by Kuhn for a paradigm shift. Acceptance of the model has contributed to change the structure and function of social systems. At an organizational level, this change means on-going institutionalization. The innovation is influencing the way institutional actors conduct their work. Although the structural conditions have been optimal, the EBP-model has been debated with heat. The EBP-debate and policy-driven infrastructural efforts have brought a more in-depth examination of the model. So-called coercive, normative, and regulative isomorphisms were used to change organizations. The degree of institutionalization depended on the individuals and the organizations willingness and preparedness to change, to understand, and to put the model into practice. When actors used a less strict version of the original EBP model, the pace of cultural and institutional change slowed down.

Cette thèse porte sur l’introduction des politiques de transfert de revenu au Brésil. L’objectif central de la recherche est de comprendre comment ces politiques se sont imposées dans le cadre des réformes de la protection sociale brésilienne pendant les années 1990, notamment à partir de 1995 et comment elles ont engendré un changement paradigmatique de troisième ordre de la politique nationale d’assistance sociale. Nous posons deux hypothèses de recherche : la première est que l’introduction de telles politiques au Brésil fut le résultat du rôle historique des intellectuels engagés dans la défense du revenu minimum en tant qu’alternative au modèle de protection sociale brésilien. Cette défense du revenu minimum fut soutenue par des intellectuels, des communautés épistémiques et par des politiciens qui ont inscrit le débat sur le revenu minimum à l’agenda politique brésilien. La deuxième hypothèse suggère que la convergence d’idées, d’institutions et d’intérêts a favorisé l’adoption de ces politiques. Cette convergence d’idées, d’institutions et d’intérêts repose sur le rôle de plusieurs acteurs tels les intellectuels, le président Cardoso et d’autres politiciens qui se sont mis à la défense du social au Brésil depuis 1999, des institutions parlementaires brésiliennes et des organisations internationales, notamment le FMI, la Banque mondiale et la Banque interaméricaine de développement – BID. Nous proposons l’approche des trois i pour rendre compte de ce changement. L’apprentissage social, les processus de diffusion et de lesson-drawing sont les facteurs à l’origine de la formation de la convergence autour des programmes de transfert de revenu. Nous montrerons que l’expérience brésilienne de programmes de transfert de revenu a non seulement engendré un processus d’apprentissage social renversé auprès de la Banque Mondiale mais qu'elle a aussi eu un effet aussi sur les actions de la BID. Nous suggérons que le changement paradigmatique de la protection sociale brésilienne a été amorcé par le gouvernement Cardoso dans un processus d’essais et d’erreurs. Ce processus, qui est à l’origine des réaménagements du programme « Comunidade Solidária », a permis la création du « Projeto Alvorada » et du « Réseau de protection sociale » en 2001. Les programmes de transfert de revenu reliés à l’éducation et aux soins de santé ont été les plus influents dans la construction du consensus qui s’est établi autour des programmes de transfert de revenu comme alternative à l’ancien modèle de protection sociale puisqu’ils procurent le renforcement du capital social en même temps qu’ils fonctionnent comme facteur structurant de la protection sociale. Ce legs du gouvernement Cardoso a permis au gouvernement de Luis Inácio Lula da Silva de consolider le nouveau paradigme avec la création du programme national Bolsa-Família. Le gouvernement Lula a donc bénéficié de l’héritage historique des deux mandats de Cardoso et, ironiquement, a récolté les fruits de l’apprentissage social. Le phénomène du « lulismo » en est la preuve. Par ailleurs, cette thèse met en question la paternité du programme Bolsa-Família puisqu’elle montre la création de ce programme d'abord comme la consolidation du processus d’apprentissage et puis comme conséquence de la création d’un nouveau paradigme pour la politique d’assistance sociale au Brésil qui a eu lieu pendant les deux mandats de Cardoso. / This thesis focuses on the introduction of conditional cash transfer policies in Brazil. The main objective of the research is to understand how these policies have emerged in a context of rethinking social security in Brazil during the 90s, more precisely from 95 and how these changes have caused a third order paradigmatic change in the elaboration of national social security policies. According to the first of two hypotheses presented in this research, the introduction of conditional cash transfer policies in Brazil is the achievement of intellectuals striving to present such policies as a viable alternative to the traditional Brazilian social protection network. Conditional cash transfer policies have been supported by intellectual, epistemic communities and by politicians that brought the debate on minimal revenue on the Brazilian political agenda. On the other hand, the second hypotheses suggests that the adoption of cash transfer policies was made possible by the convergence of ideas, institutions and interests in place. This convergence of ideas, institutions and interests rests upon the many actors in this debate such intellectuals, President Cardoso and other politicians who have been defending the social agenda in Brazil since 1999; Brazilian parliamentary institutions and international organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank and the Inter-american Development Bank – BID. In order to make sense of these changes in Brazil, the iii approach (idea-interest-institution) was used. Social learning, dissemination, lesson-learning and lesson-drawing processes are all factors explaining the convergence of opinions around the idea of conditional cash transfer programmes. It shall be proven that the Brazilian experiment with cash transfer programmes not only became a reversed teaching process with the World Bank, but also had effects on decisions made by the BID. This thesis also suggests that the paradigmatic change in Brazilian social security was initiated by the Cardoso governement as part of an error and trial change process. This process, which would have as a direct consequence the reinvention of “Comunidade Solidária”, also permitted the creation of “Projeto Alvorada” and of the “Rede de proteção social” in 2001. The health and education programmes were the most instrumental in building consensus in support of cash transfer programmes as an alternative to the traditional model of social security, because these programmes reinforce social capital while acting as structuring factors for social security. President Cardoso’s heritage allowed Luis Inàcio da Silva to consolidate the new paradigm in social security with the creation of the national programme Bolsa-Família. The Lula administration directly benefited from the previous government’s two mandates and, ironically, reaped the fruit of his predecessor’s labour. The social phenomena called “lulismo” stands as proof of this. Moreover, this thesis challenges the theory according to which Bolsa-Família is an invention of Luis Inàcio da Silva in showing how this programme was initially created as the result of social learning in Brazil between 1995 et 2002.

As an innovation Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is designed as a tool for clinical problem solving. According to its theory of use EBP will bring a difference for policy makers, for professionals, for researchers and for service users. One question to be asked is whether EBP actually leads to the radical social change it is designed to accomplish. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the outcome of the effort to establish EBP, with a focus on the case of social work in Sweden. The research questions are: What is EBP? Why are efforts made to establish EBP? What is the outcome of the EBP project? How can the outcome of the EBP project be explained? The case study was conducted on a critical realistic meta-theoretical ground with a focus on explanation of social change with an explicit actor-structure perspective. Methodologically, a narrative synthesis of studies was made. As a complement primary data were collected to fill empirical gaps. The state of things was described before and after the EBP-initiatives. Several helping theories – Kuhn’s theory of paradigm, program theory, neo-institutional theory and theory of diffusion – were used to analyse the empirically mapped outcome of the EBP project. The results show that the import of the original model of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) to social work is a part of a wider social movement in the helping and educational professions. The new model has influenced social work as a discipline, as a field of practice and as a field of policy. There are examples of full-scale implementations of EBP, although EBP has not reached a general status as daily practice. Some obstacles remain. The gradual adaption of EBP corresponds to criteria hold by Kuhn for a paradigm shift. Acceptance of the model has contributed to change the structure and function of social systems. At an organizational level, this change means on-going institutionalization. The innovation is influencing the way institutional actors conduct their work. Although the structural conditions have been optimal, the EBP-model has been debated with heat. The EBP-debate and policy-driven infrastructural efforts have brought a more in-depth examination of the model. So-called coercive, normative, and regulative isomorphisms were used to change organizations. The degree of institutionalization depended on the individuals and the organizations willingness and preparedness to change, to understand, and to put the model into practice. When actors used a less strict version of the original EBP model, the pace of cultural and institutional change slowed down.

The Zionist type of churches under the African Independent Churches have proven to be a force to be reckoned with against the more organized ecclesiastical movements (in particular the Mission Churches). This can be seen in their emphasis around matters related to culture and its methods of healing. As s result this led to the migration of people from the mission churches to these churches and threatened their existence in Botswana. The mission churches have been experiencing the decline in their membership to the Zionist churches because of the lack of openness to the cultural and the value systems of Batswana in Botswana. Mission churches were left with an option of doing introspection and finally acknowledging their failures to contextualise their theology and Christianity among the people they serving. Mission churches ended up opening their doors to the needs of their members. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Church History)