The CIC/83, the living law (ius vigens) of the Latin Catholic Church, contains 110 canons on marriage in cc. 1055 – 1165. [The 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches contains a similar section, cc. 776 – 866]. The sacred canons, in general, are a compilation of theological statements that are presented in juridical terms. The canons on marriage, like those of the other sacraments, commence with a theological statement defining the essence of the sacrament. The first canon, c. 1055, states that (§1) the marriage covenant, for the baptized, has been raised to the dignity of a sacrament by Christ the Lord and that (§2) a valid marriage contract cannot exist between baptized persons without being a sacrament. A requirement of c. 1099 is that one must not be in error (error iuris) concerning the unity, indissolubility, or the sacramental dignity of marriage. Additionally, c. 1101, §2 states that when by a positive act of the will one excludes marriage itself or an essential element or an essential property, that marriage is invalid. The expectation of cc. 1099 and 1101, therefore, is that sacramentality be included at the time of exchange of consent. From the time of the scholastics, contract and sacrament have been identified as one for the baptized, hearkening to a time when civil legislation attempted to subvert the authority and oversight of the Church regarding (sacramental) marriage. At the Second Vatican Council, the constitution Gaudium et spes reinterpreted marriage as a covenantal relationship between man and woman. A covenant and a contract are not identical terms. More importantly, marriage was again seen as a covenant, and as a covenant, for the baptized, it Father Glen J. Pothier 2 is sacramental. Sacrosanctum Concilium, which set forth principles for the reform of the sacramental and liturgical life of the Latin Church, stated that sacraments presuppose faith. The International Theological Commission identified that there are members of the baptized faithful, Catholic or non- Catholic, who are unbelievers, who may have been baptized as children but have had no further faith elucidation, or, as members of non-Catholic ecclesial communities, do not believe in the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, or, in particular, that marriage is a sacrament. Such persons would not, then, understand that sacramentality must be exchanged on the day of marriage. Rotal jurisprudence has reflected this change. In addition to the presumption that sacraments require faith, another presumption exists when the Church expects that the baptized marry according to the mind of the Church (the mens Ecclesiae), that is, facere quod facit Ecclesia, ([by] doing what the Church does). But in a society that is weakened by divorce, secularism, and a lack of understanding of what the Catholic Church understands by the sacrament of marriage, this presumption needs to be reexamined. Through research on the historical development of theological and canonical principles, and by means of independent studies of large groups of baptized Catholics and non-Catholics, it becomes increasingly clear that the theologico-juridico principles of c. 1055 and the sacramentality of marriage must be revisited. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / D. Th. (Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics)

In this research study, the correlation between culture and gospel is investigated by examining changes in the interpretation of the cross of Christ from Early Christianity up to present times, using the method of paradigmatic analysis designed by David J. Bosch. Following the concept of the Missio Dei within mission theology, this study aims to find a perspective on the event of the cross which is relevant for today's practice. With reference to the topics of cultural context, sin, sacrifice, vicariousness, cross and mission, this study shows that in every paradigm the diverse perspectives of the interpretation of Jesus' death were explicable and helpful within their relevant contexts. It can also be seen that in its objectives, message and practice, mission correlates with the respective motifs prevalent at the time. In conclusion, after determining the proper place of the results within the concept of Missio Dei in mission theology, the study examines the relevance of these results for the Missio Christi, in order to offer a contribution to the debate and a potential perspective for explaining the significance of Jesus' death in the current German-speaking cultural context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

This is a postmodernist dissertation contextualised within the new epistemology. The dissertation's descriptive methodology mirrors a personal journey from intrapsychic to ecosystemic psychology which operates within the domain of language and narrative discourse. As such it is founded on the principles of ecosystemic rather than Newtonian thinking. A conversation between various participants constructs the dissertatioi1 through polyphony and academic dialogue. This is then deconstructed through the use of metalogue thereby allowing the dissertation to operate simultaneously on a number of different levels. As it is a postmodernist text, the structure is in a sense an 'anti-structure' in that it is indirect while it is still acknowledged as a construction. In this way it is constructed and deconstructed in terms of its own premises. Expectations in terms of conventional dissertation formulae are challenged without negating academic requirements. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This thesis addresses a needed shift of paradigm for mission and evangelism within the Southern Baptist Convention. The current model lacks appropriate contextualization in a postmodern world. The proposition of the thesis is that a kingdom model for mission and evangelism is more appropriate for Southern Baptists' commitment to mission. The methodology of this thesis was researching primary and secondary sources, interviews with persons currently involved within the mission of Southern Baptists, evaluation of empirical data, and testing of concepts. In Chapter One, the validity of this thesis is presented with the proposition, the limitations, the purpose, the practical nature, and the modus operandi of the thesis stated. Chapter Two explores the problems of evangelism within the mission of Southern Baptists today. Focus is on empirical statistical evidence and the failure of assumptions, methods, and models currently in practice. Chapter Three examines the birth of the mission and evangelism mandate of Southern Baptists and the subsequent development of a monolithic structure unchanged to the present day. Chapter Four traces the evolution of evangelistic witness within the early church and explores the cultural dynamics of the period. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

Rapid changes in the economic and world order have made it imperative for university libraries to make a paradigm shift from prestige collection building to a marketing philosophy as their strategic directive. This philosophy would direct university libraries towards decision making around customers' real needs and preferences, aligning organisational competencies and processes with these needs, resulting in more effective service delivery. Changes in the world order, economics and marketing as a philosophy are presented on a time line, revealing the influence developments in technology and the Internet have brought about. Various views on the influence of these changes in the world order are presented. Marketing in service organisations is encapsulated in a service marketing triangle. Competitive advantage for the university library should be achieved if the internal processes of the library are analysed in the context of a value chain. A proposed marketing model has been presented to direct strategic thinking in the university library. / Information Science / M. Inf.

This dissertation deals with how science fiction reflects the shift in cultural paradigms that occurred in the Soviet Union between the 1960s and the 1970s. Interest was displaced from the rational to the irrational, from a scientific-technologically oriented optimism about the future to art, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Concomitant with this shift in interests was a shift from the future to an elsewhere or, reformulated in exclusively spatial terms, from utopia to heterotopia. The dissertation consists of an analysis of three novels by the Strugatsky brothers (Arkady, 1925-1991 and Boris 1933-2012): Inspector Glebsky’s Puzzle (Otel’ U pogibšego al’pinista, 1970), The Kid (Malyš, 1971) and Roadside Picnic (Piknik na obočine, 1972) and two films Dead Mountaineer’s Hotel (Hukkunud alpinisti hotell/ Otel’ U pogibšego al’pinista, Kromanov, 1979) and Stalker (Tarkovsky, 1980).  The three novels, allegedly treatments of the theme of contact with an extraterrestrial intelligence, were intended to be published in one volume with the title Unexpected Encounters. The films are based on two of the novels. In the novels an earlier Marxist utopia has given way to a considerably more ambiguous heterotopia, largely envisioned as versions of the West. An indication of how the authors here seem to look back towards history rather than forward towards the future is to be found in the persistent strain of literary Gothic that runs through the novels. This particular trait resurfaces in the films as well.  The films reflect how tendencies only discernable in the novels have developed throughout the decade, such as the budding Soviet consumer culture and the religious sensibilities of the artistic community.

In this research study, the correlation between culture and gospel is investigated by examining changes in the interpretation of the cross of Christ from Early Christianity up to present times, using the method of paradigmatic analysis designed by David J. Bosch. Following the concept of the Missio Dei within mission theology, this study aims to find a perspective on the event of the cross which is relevant for today's practice. With reference to the topics of cultural context, sin, sacrifice, vicariousness, cross and mission, this study shows that in every paradigm the diverse perspectives of the interpretation of Jesus' death were explicable and helpful within their relevant contexts. It can also be seen that in its objectives, message and practice, mission correlates with the respective motifs prevalent at the time. In conclusion, after determining the proper place of the results within the concept of Missio Dei in mission theology, the study examines the relevance of these results for the Missio Christi, in order to offer a contribution to the debate and a potential perspective for explaining the significance of Jesus' death in the current German-speaking cultural context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Diese Dissertation ist motiviert durch die Finanzkrise im Jahre 2007-2009 und das Versagen der ökonomischen Methodologie die gestiegene Fragilität des Finanzsystems vor der Krise zu erkennen. Ich untersuche die Nützlichkeit von alternativen Ansätzen und fokussiere dabei auf methodologischen Defizite des Standardansatzes, die sich im Zuge der Finanzkrise offenbart haben. Insbesondere fokussiere ich auf ökologische Ansätze, da die Ökonomie und die Ökologie ähnliche phänomenologische Gemeinsamkeiten haben und dennoch viele gegensätzliche methodologische Doktrinen beherbergen, so dass sie sich ergänzen können. Die erste Studie betrachtet die Verbindungen zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie und setzt sich mit der historischen Fragestellung auseinander wie Analogie-Modelle, inspiriert durch unterschiedliche Forschungsparadigmen, zu einer Entwicklung von zwei gegensätzlichen methodologischen Sichtweisen innerhalb der Ökonomie geführt haben. Dabei finde ich, dass die Finanzkrise eine Veränderung in der ökonomischen Methodologie in Richtung von Ansätzen aus den Lebenswissenschaften verursacht hat. In den letzten zwei Studien wende ich ökologische Modelle auf die Finanzwissenschaft an, indem ich Netzwerk-Ansätze mit Agenten-basierten Simulationen kombiniere, um Contangion-Effekte in Bankensystemen zu studieren. In der ersten Simulationsstudie untersuche ich den Einfluss von Unsicherheit auf die Stabilität von Bankensystemen und finde, dass Informationsasymmetrien zu einem erstaunlichen Anstieg des Risikos eines Systemkollapses nach einem Finanzschock führen können. In der zweiten Simulationsstudie untersuche ich den Zusammenhang zwischen Konzentration und Resilienz von Bankensystemen. Ich finde, kontraintuitiv, dass ein Anstieg an Konzentration, wenn von Ungleichheit entkoppelt, die Systemresilienz erhöhen kann. Zusammengefasst, zeige ich in dieser Arbeit, dass ökologische Ansätze fruchtbar gemacht werden können, um ökonomische Probleme zu beleuchten. / This dissertation is motivated by the 2007-2009 financial crisis and the failure of the mainstream economic methodology to detect the increased fragility of the pre-crisis financial system. I explore the viability of alternative approaches focusing on the methodological blind spots that were revealed by the financial crisis. In particular, I focus on ecological approaches since economics and ecology share many phenomenological similarities but harbor many opposing methodological doctrines, which make them complementary. The collection of projects presented here is my attempt at facilitating crosspollination between the two disciplines dealing with similar problems. The first project considers the connections between ecology and economics, and provides a historical account of how analogical models inspired by different research paradigms led to the development of two contrasting methodological perspectives in economics, the classical physics worldview and the life sciences worldview. I find that the recent financial crisis precipitated a shift in economic methodology towards approaches inspired by life sciences. In the remaining two projects I apply ecological models to finance by combining network approaches with agent-based simulations to study contagion in banking systems. In the first simulation study I explore the impact of uncertainty on the stability of banking networks and show that information asymmetries lead to a striking increase in the risk of system collapse after a financial shock. In the second simulation study I investigate the relationship between concentration and resilience in banking systems. I find, counterintuitively, that an increase in concentration can be beneficial for system stability in certain conditions. Specifically, when concentration is decoupled from inequality, its increase can improve system resilience. Taken together, this thesis shows that ecological approaches can be fruitfully used to illuminate economic problems.

在環境快速變遷的時代，對屬於公共組織的行政部門言，隨著社會進步及發展，不能以消極與被動角色因應變局，必須主動積極變革，迎頭趕上時代需求及民眾期望，故各國莫不以行政革新做為主要努力方向。在管理新典範下，透過系統思考模式所建構的學習型組織能為組織帶來前瞻、主動、積極、自我認知的能力，能夠駕馭變革。學者全鍾燮即建議行政革新最佳途徑在營造組織成為良好學習系統，能以廣博視野找出有效解決問題的方法。是以本研究的動機，即希望透過「組織學習」理論的應用，建構行政組織成為具有學習能力的組織，具有主動駕馭環境變革的能力，成為推動行政革新新方向。本研究流程如下：首先探討組織學習理論發展，分析學習與組織學習關係，指出組織學習理論概念分歧情形實源於對組織運作觀察不同。並研究有關組織學習領域中相關問題，從介紹「單圈學習」與「雙圈學習」的差異性，探討組織的學習系統型模到建構自我創生組織及全像圖組織的概念，導出符合自我指涉、自我成長的組織型模：學習型組織。其次探討行政革新的理論與經驗，從探討組織結構的特性著手，指出行政組織建構多以官僚型模為本，有制度及結構上的負功能，必須透過屬於組織變革下行政革新的過程，才能適應環境變遷及民眾需求。復分析各國及我國行政革新經驗，抽繹行政革新方案多以傳統科學典範效率及線性思考出發，只能順應環境變化，無法符合快速變遷的環境及廣大民眾要求。點出行政革新在傳統典範概念下，係行政組織以「單圈學習」方式被動學習適應環境，致成效不彰盲點處處。最後提出應用組織學習推動行政革新，探討行政組織在「單圈學習」特質下，形成組織學習障礙主因，並反思我國行政革新方案內容，是否亦受限於組織學習障礙，致推行不易；末討論以心智轉換模式，應用學習型組織五項修練過程，將行政組織轉換成為學習型組織，使具有「雙圈學習」主動駕馭環境變遷的能力，不致陷入傳統典範下行政革新方案不斷循環的困境。最後透過文獻探討，介紹學習型組織及學習型政府所具有的實例，及其對公共行政的意涵。

在現代外科實務中，我們今天認為是標準作業程序的手術，追溯到初期可能是激進創新。多年來，外科技術雖然已經有頻繁的修改，但往往是漸進式地。心臟和血管外科領域中的大多數創新並沒有導致日常實踐劇變。然而，在過去的幾年中，在我服務的醫院和全世界，我看到了治療腹主動脈瘤 (AAA) 的典範轉移，亦即主動脈腔內修復 (EVAR)。 相對於傳統開腹手術修復 （OSR），主動脈腔內修復較傳統開腹手術修復有顯著較低的手術死亡率。不過，長遠來說，總死亡率或動脈瘤相關死亡率並無差異；而主動脈腔內修復有較高的植入物相關併發症和必須再次手術的機率，且成本更高。然而，主動脈腔內修復還是成為腹主動脈瘤治療的支柱。這是為什麼？ 除了是激進的技術創新，主動脈腔內修復也是技術頓悟。傳統上，醫療服務是典型的技術輔助服務情境，其中包含兩個單獨的、然而是密切相關的溝通系統： 一個是產業與醫師之間，另一個是醫師與病人之間。醫師居於樞紐地位，不僅確保治療之執行，而且還要評估結果。由於現代資訊與通信技術的發達，病人可以方便地搜尋輔助醫療文獻資訊、線上資訊和個人社會網絡的意見。這就像是詮釋者的作用。這詮釋者的解釋對病人、外科醫生、和醫療產業界產生了實質上重大的影響，反之亦然。以前在這服務體系中互相分離的部分現在可以緊密地互相配合了，這與服務導向邏輯中價值共同創造的概念是不謀而合的。 總之，對多重利益相關者之意義提升是臨床醫療服務典範轉移的原因。在醫療行業中引入服務導向邏輯的概念的重要性，不論是在日常實務和創新策略上的意義都是不容忽視的。醫療服務中，多重利益相關者比以前更涉及共同創造價值的過程。未來的創新者除了專注在技術和科技上，更必須考慮該創新對多重利益相關者之意義提升。 / In modern surgical practice, what we consider as standard procedures today may be radical innovations dated back to the early days. Over the years, there has been frequent modification of surgical techniques, often incremental though, and most innovations in the field of cardiac and vascular surgery didn’t result in drastic changes in the daily practice. However, during the past several years, I have been witnessing a paradigm shift in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in my hospital and worldwide towards endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). In comparison to the traditional open surgical repair (OSR), EVAR was associated with a significantly lower operative mortality than OSR. However, no differences were seen in total mortality or aneurysm-related mortality in the long term, and EVAR was associated with increased rates of graft-related complications and reinterventions and was more costly. Nevertheless, EVAR is becoming the mainstay of AAA treatment. Why is this? Except for being a radical technology innovation, EVAR is also a technology epiphany. Traditionally, medical service is a typical technology-assisted service encounter, consisting of two separate, however, closely inter-related communication systems: one between the industry and the physician, and the other one between the physician and the patient. The physician is of the pivot role that not only ensures the execution of treatment but also evaluates the results.With modern information and communication technologies, patients caneasily search information from paramedical literatures, online information, and opinions from personal social network. This serves the emerging role of an interpretor. This interpretors’interpretation has substantial influence on patients, surgeons, industry, and payers and vice versa. Previously separated parts in the service system now can be closely inter-related. This is in concordance with the concept of co-creation of value in service-dominant logic. It is concluded that newly defined meanings to multiple stakeholders are the reasons for paradigm shift in clinical medical service. The importance of introduction of the concept of service-dominant logic into the medical industry, both in daily practice and in innovation strategy can never be over-emphasized. Multiple stakeholders are being involved much more than before in the process of co-creation of value in medical service.Future innovators must concentrate on meanings to multiple stakeholders as well on techniques and technologies.