[pt] A presente tese se debruça sobre a passagem das danças de orixá do terreiro para as artes cênicas, no intuito de pensar a relação entre arte e sagrado através de trabalhos em dança de coreógrafos brasileiros. Para isto, no entanto, parte de uma revisão crítica da perspectiva simbólico-representativa que guia as análises de textos canônicos sobre o candomblé, oriundos das disciplinas de antropologia e etnologia, sobretudo. Com este movimento inicial, se propõe a questionar esta perspectiva como um pressuposto ou um paradigma das análises que não leva em consideração uma crítica à tradição do pensamento por representação, ao passo que o candomblé teria seus próprios pressupostos filosóficos e cosmológicos, como uma visão de mundo que não necessariamente opera pela função simbólicorepresentativa. Em seguida, dedica-se a uma releitura da questão da biopolítica a partir do paradigma imunitário, que relaciona o saber científico sobre o corpo a uma concepção de política e democracia, interessante para se pensar a relação de uma sociedade fundada sob o regime colonial e escravista com os modos de vida e as visões de mundo não europeias no Brasil, uma vez que o candomblé foi se constituindo como uma religião à qual estas questões confluíam, tendo em vista o dinamismo inerente à tradição em que se fundamenta o culto. Por fim, a dança surge como campo de pensamento e de saber no qual as contradições se encontram e se resolvem a partir de um trabalho com o corpo, ressaltando positivamente sua multiplicidade - e não, como no projeto biopolítico, no intuito de confiná-lo mediante concepções dicotômicas. Isto se dá, primeiramente, a partir de uma reflexão acerca da importância do som e da música como modos de pensar as organizações políticas, econômicas e sociais, numa desierarquização dos sentidos a partir da qual emergem racionalidades e visões de mundo. Finalmente, o trabalho de coreógrafos e bailarinos brasileiros que tomam como técnica não só as danças de matriz europeia, como o balé clássico, as danças moderna e contemporânea, mas também as danças de matriz africana, mais especificamente, os pés de dança de orixá. Essa passagem dos terreiros para o palco vem a levantar uma discussão sobre a relação entre o sagrado, o ritual e a arte, como campos que, segundo uma visão de mundo do candomblé, se pudermos chamar assim, não estão separados. / [en] This thesis aims to think about the passage of the dances of the orishas from the religious context of Brazilian candomblé to the stage, taking as an issue the relation between art and the sacred trough the works on dance of Brazilian choreographers. For this purpose, however, the thesis begins with a critical review of the symbolic and representative perspective that guides most of the canonic texts about Brazilian candomblé, mainly in the fields of anthropology and ethnology. This initial movement aims to put in question this perspective as a presupposition of the analyses that doesn t consider a critique to the representative paradigm that guide the western thought, once candomblé has its own philosophical and cosmological presuppositions, as a world view that not necessarily operates through this same symbolic and representative logic. Following this first movement, it dedicates to a rereading of the biopolitics issue from the immune paradigm that relates the scientific knowledge about the body to a political and democratic conception, which is interesting to think about the colonial and slavery system relations to the non-European ways of living and world views in Brazil that shaped the construction of candomblé as a religious body to which these issues flows, considering the inherent dynamism of the tradition in which it is based upon. The dance arises as a field of thought and knowledge in which the contradictions get together and are solved through the work with and from the body, emphasizing its multiplicity in a positive way - and not as in the biopolitical project that aims to confine it in opposite conceptions. This comes, first, through a consideration about the sound and the music as ways to think political, economic and social organizations, in order to undo the hierarchy of senses from which emerge different rationalities and world views. Finally, the works of Brazilian choreographers that take as a dance technique not only the European dances, but also the African dances and, more specifically, from the orishas that belongs to the religious tradition of candomblé. This passage from the terreiros (the temples) to the stage brings forward the relation between the sacred, the ritual and art as fields that, according to a world view founded in candomblé, if we can refer like that, are not aparted.

In the Model-Driven Software Engineering (MDSE) context, software production can be performed by defining models. Despite the advantages of this methodology, different domains require specific support tools and modeling languages, which, in turn, must be developed along with the final software. Because of this, developers face problems when applying the method. The objective of this work is twofold: 1) to identify the most critical problems when developing with this method; 2) discuss and provide possible solutions to those problems. The critical problems were identified by performing a systematic mapping, empirical studies, collaborations and interviews with specialists. It has been identified that MDSE, according to basic literature, has an excessively high abstraction level which leads to a lack of adequate processes and developer training, besides the need for modeling tools. A new method is necessary to allow developers to treat models and source-code differently. Therefore, in this thesis, the need for evolving MDSE processes is discussed. In this manner, this work introduces a new development method described as a possible concrete evolution of MDSE that defines a paradigm for software development. This method is defined along with domain specific languages, a tool-chain and sample software systems. After conducting analytic and experimental studies, it has been concluded that these applications also represent a valuable contribution for implementing service-oriented systems which can be employed in real world applications. / No contexto da Engenharia de Software Dirigida por Modelos (MDSE), a produção de software pode ser realizada por meio de definições de modelos. Apesar dos benefícios desse método de desenvolvimento, diferentes domínios exigem a especificação de linguagens de modelagem e ferramentas específicas, que, por sua vez, precisam ser desenvolvidos em conjunto com o software final. Desta forma, desenvolvedores encontram problemas ao utilizar este método. Este trabalho possui duplo objetivo: 1) identificar os problemas mais críticos deste método; 2) discutir e fornecer possíveis soluções aos problemas. A identificação de problemas foi realizada por meio de um mapeamento sistemático, estudos empíricos, colaborações e entrevistas com especialistas. Foi identificado que MDSE, de acordo com a literatura básica, possui um nível de abstração excessivamente alto, acarretando em carência de processos adequados e de treinamento de desenvolvedores que vão além de problemas de necessidade de ferramentas de modelagem. Portanto, nesta tese, discute-se a necessidade de evoluir processos de MDSE que permita aos desenvolvedores uma nova forma de tratar modelos e código-fonte. Para tanto, neste trabalho também é descrito um novo método de desenvolvimento, descrito como uma possível evolução concreta do MDSE, o qual define um paradigma para desenvolver software. Este método é exemplificado em várias aplicações dentro deste trabalho. Após conduzir estudos analíticos e experimentais, concluiu-se que estas aplicações também possibilitam uma contribuição significativa no domínio de software orientado a serviços que podem ser empregadas em software do mundo real.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o projeto de Nancy Fraser de pacificar a chamada guerra de paradigmas na teoria feminista, ou seja, o confronto entre teorias feministas pós-modernas e modernas. Essa análise é feita a partir do debate entre Judith Butler, Seyla Benhabib e Nancy Fraser acerca dos problemas teóricos que emergem das exclusões no movimento feminista, ou seja, da dificuldade de o movimento representar as várias formas de viver a condição feminina, levando em conta as intersecções entre a identidade de gênero, racial, de classe, etc. A intenção de Nancy Fraser é combinar a concepção de sujeito moderno e pósmoderno a fim de somar a desconstrução do sujeito, ou seja, a desnaturalização da identidade feminina com as concepções de igualdade e autonomia que estão presentes no argumento de Benhabib. Essa discussão remete a três tensões conceituais: autonomia e contextualização do sujeito; identidade e reconhecimento da diferença e igualdade e pluralidade. Por fim, concluo que a conciliação entre modernidade e pós-modernidade é problemática porque a concepção de sujeito pós-moderno apresenta desafios teóricos profundos a uma autonomia suficientemente forte para justificar a crítica social. No entanto, isso não significa necessariamente ter de escolher entre poder e autonomia, entre sujeito abstrato e determinado pelo meio. Na concepção de self narrativo de Benhabib, que ela concebe sob a influência do modernismo relutante de Hannah Arendt, encontra-se um modelo de conciliação de poder e autonomia mais promissor para vencer a exclusão no feminismo sem abandonar a identidade coletiva no movimento feminsita. / The subject of this thesis is Nancy Frasers attempt to overcome the tension between post-modernism and modernism in the feminist political theory, known as the paradigm war. This attempt is analysed though her debate with Judith Butler and Seyla Benhabib about the theoretical consequences of dealing with the problem of exclusion within the feminist movement. Nancy Fraser intends to combine Judith Butlers conception of the subject with Benhabibs conception of equality. For her, this is the only way to integrate power and autonomy in feminist political theory. This discussion leads to three theoretical tensions: contextualization of the subject and autonomy; identity and recognition of difference, and equality and plurality. My conclusion is that this combination is not possible because the post modern subjet challenges any conception of autonomy that is strong enough to explain and motivate social criticsm. Nevertheless, in Benhabibs conception of self narrative, inspired in the reluctant modernism of Hannah Arendt, we can find a theoretical model that is more adequate to fight the exclusion in feminist movement without abandoning its colletive identity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:49:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAQUELINE_DISSERTACAO_2011.pdf: 4393733 bytes, checksum: fe7f4c861e196210c0c97bc6a7d91d42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-24 / The present study is fruit of a research in which we investigated the comprehension that public school teachers have towards the use of computers in teaching. In this perspective we investigated the contexts, processes, factors, computational resources availability and the results of the educational computing introduction in schools. The data analysis and discussions were based on the theoretical contributions that subside the emergent educational paradigm, specially towards computers in teaching and teachers formation. It is a qualitative research which involved the practice and computer acquaintance of one pedagogic coordinator and eight elementary school teachers of a public school in the city of José Bonifácio, state of São Paulo. The research actions were developed in six two-hour meetings and eighteen hours of distant work (online), completing thirty hours. For this a distant teaching gallery called TelEduc was used. In order to collect the data we used structured questionnaires, reflexive meetings and the fulfillment of activities in the distant teaching environment. The analysis of the information led to the conclusion that the lack of ability with computers and the absence of a computational use planning characterized an obstacle in the application of the Computational Environment Room (CER). / O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa que investigou a compreensão que os professores de escola pública estadual têm da utilização da tecnologia da informação e comunicação na prática docente. Nesta perspectiva, foram estudados contextos, processos, fatores, disponibilidade de recursos computacionais e resultados da introdução da Informática educacional nas escolas. A análise e a discussão dos dados foram feitas à luz de contribuições teóricas que subsidiam o paradigma educacional emergente , especialmente relacionadas à tecnologia da informação e comunicação aplicada ao ensino e à formação de professores. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa fundamentalmente de caráter qualitativo que envolveu a prática e a familiaridade das ferramentas computacionais de um coordenador pedagógico e oito professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública estadual de ensino da cidade de José Bonifácio - SP. As ações elaboradas para esta pesquisa desenvolveram-se por meio de seis encontros presenciais de 2 horas cada e 18 horas de trabalho a distância (on-line), perfazendo-se um total de 30 horas, com a utilização da plataforma de Ensino a distância denominada TelEduc . Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados foram questionários estruturados, encontros presenciais reflexivos, realização das atividades propostas no ambiente de Ensino a distância. A análise das informações obtidas permitiu concluir que a falta de habilidade com equipamentos computacionais e a ausência de um planejamento para o uso dos recursos computacionais apresentam-se como entraves na utilização da Sala Ambiente de Informática (SAI).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAQUELINE_DISSERTACAO_2011.pdf: 4393733 bytes, checksum: fe7f4c861e196210c0c97bc6a7d91d42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-24 / The present study is fruit of a research in which we investigated the comprehension that public school teachers have towards the use of computers in teaching. In this perspective we investigated the contexts, processes, factors, computational resources availability and the results of the educational computing introduction in schools. The data analysis and discussions were based on the theoretical contributions that subside the emergent educational paradigm, specially towards computers in teaching and teachers formation. It is a qualitative research which involved the practice and computer acquaintance of one pedagogic coordinator and eight elementary school teachers of a public school in the city of José Bonifácio, state of São Paulo. The research actions were developed in six two-hour meetings and eighteen hours of distant work (online), completing thirty hours. For this a distant teaching gallery called TelEduc was used. In order to collect the data we used structured questionnaires, reflexive meetings and the fulfillment of activities in the distant teaching environment. The analysis of the information led to the conclusion that the lack of ability with computers and the absence of a computational use planning characterized an obstacle in the application of the Computational Environment Room (CER). / O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa que investigou a compreensão que os professores de escola pública estadual têm da utilização da tecnologia da informação e comunicação na prática docente. Nesta perspectiva, foram estudados contextos, processos, fatores, disponibilidade de recursos computacionais e resultados da introdução da Informática educacional nas escolas. A análise e a discussão dos dados foram feitas à luz de contribuições teóricas que subsidiam o paradigma educacional emergente , especialmente relacionadas à tecnologia da informação e comunicação aplicada ao ensino e à formação de professores. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa fundamentalmente de caráter qualitativo que envolveu a prática e a familiaridade das ferramentas computacionais de um coordenador pedagógico e oito professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública estadual de ensino da cidade de José Bonifácio - SP. As ações elaboradas para esta pesquisa desenvolveram-se por meio de seis encontros presenciais de 2 horas cada e 18 horas de trabalho a distância (on-line), perfazendo-se um total de 30 horas, com a utilização da plataforma de Ensino a distância denominada TelEduc . Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados foram questionários estruturados, encontros presenciais reflexivos, realização das atividades propostas no ambiente de Ensino a distância. A análise das informações obtidas permitiu concluir que a falta de habilidade com equipamentos computacionais e a ausência de um planejamento para o uso dos recursos computacionais apresentam-se como entraves na utilização da Sala Ambiente de Informática (SAI).

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-27T00:02:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaLigia_Disserta??o_completa.pdf: 3275012 bytes, checksum: 3fbf17a121f3ccc63ae9e4e137889710 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T00:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaLigia_Disserta??o_completa.pdf: 3275012 bytes, checksum: 3fbf17a121f3ccc63ae9e4e137889710 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / This dissertation deals an analysis of the cyclical changes of the design of industrial products, its relations with long cycles of economy and technology and its implications for local material culture. This research was conducted based on the model used by Langrish, work published in England in 1982. In his work, examine published magazines advertisements, with an emphasis on motivational spirit of society. We questioned if the Brazil, as a semi-peripheral country, has optimism cycles in design as it appears in England. The main objective is the analysis of how behaves the motivation of products design in the country, between the cyclical fluctuations of economy and technology. To achieve our goals was carried out an analysis of selected periods announcements in accordance with the variation of the national political-economic framework of the VEJA Magazine, between 1968 to 2015 years. After evaluating the results, this research reveals the perception of cyclical changes the products design in function of changes techno-economics paradigms and a heavy reliance of the design produced in the leading countries economically. In chapter one, the introduction to the survey is presented. The chapter two provides a brief historical and theoretical overview of the design, the economic cycles and technological changes. In the third chapter, we discuss the design changes opportunities and the economic situation of the peripheral countries. Analyzes and contributions is in the fourth chapter. In the fifth chapter are cited some final considerations of the research. / sta disserta??o faz uma an?lise sobre as mudan?as c?clicas do Desenho de produtos industrializados, suas rela??es com os ciclos longos de economia e tecnologia e o que isto implica como cultura material local. A pesquisa foi realizada com base no modelo utilizado por Langrish, em 1982, em seu artigo publicado na Inglaterra, que consiste em analisar imagens dos an?ncios de revistas ou peri?dicos publicados, com ?nfase no esp?rito motivacional da sociedade. Questionamos se o Brasil, como um pa?s semiperif?rico, possui Ciclos de otimismo em Desenho tal qual apresentado na Inglaterra. O objetivo principal ? a an?lise de como se comporta a motiva??o do desenho de produtos, no Pa?s, entre as oscila??es c?clicas de economia e tecnologia. Para atingir nossos objetivos foi realizada uma an?lise dos an?ncios de per?odos selecionados em conformidade com a varia??o do quadro pol?ticoecon?mico nacional, da Revista VEJA, entre os anos de 1968 a 2015. Ap?s os resultados auferidos, a pesquisa revela a percep??o das mudan?as c?clicas do desenho de produtos em fun??o das mudan?as dos paradigmas tecnoecon?micos no Pa?s e uma forte depend?ncia de desenhos produzidos em pa?ses l?deres economicamente. No cap?tulo um, encontra-se a parte introdut?ria da pesquisa. O cap?tulo dois traz um breve panorama hist?rico e te?rico sobre o Desenho, os Ciclos Econ?micos e as mudan?as tecnol?gicas. No terceiro cap?tulo, abordamos as oportunidades de mudan?as do Desenho e da situa??o econ?mica dos pa?ses perif?ricos. As an?lises e contribui??es, fruto da pesquisa, encontra-se no quarto cap?tulo. No quinto cap?tulo as considera??es finais da pesquisa.

Since the 2000s, India has emerged as one of the top recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) amongst the emerging markets. Yet, the international business (IB) literature on FDI flows into India is still nascent. Recent developments have not been adequately covered and a coherent theoretical framework guiding a contextualized discussion is rarely utilized. This three paper dissertation seeks to explore the idiosyncrasies of post-millennial India and how they connect to the current motivation of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) to invest into the Indian market. While the research is theory-driven, the empirical findings provide a new perspective to the IB debate by helping to better understand the sensitivity of FDI decisions to various phenomena in India’s economic, institutional and social fabric in the 2000s. Both the recent diversification within knowledge-intensive industries and the various pro-market reforms that are increasingly bearing fruits have created new opportunities for foreign MNEs – especially for those targeting India’s tertiary sector and its large specialized talent base.

This thesis aims to identify the principles that managers use in their work. The work of Stephen Covey "7 Habits of Highly Effective People" is used as an object of research. Primarily, a Covey's claim that the 7 habits are universal and timeless is analyzed, in an effort to identify universal principles of effectivity and their relationship to management. All of the habits are paraphrased and compared to the work of other popular authors from the area of social sciences. Subsequently, a comparison between the 7 habits and historical development of organization theory and its lessons is conducted. Further along, a description of critical reflection of the 7 habits from five standpoints is presented: post-modern, feminism, critical pedagogy, non-functionalism and exclusive representation. Finally, the author of the thesis presents his personal experience with implementing the 7 habits in his professional and personal life. From the findings, this thesis comes to the conclusion that Covey's system of 7 habits is possibly a quality source of information when searching for universal principles of effectivity. At the same time, it warns that it is possible that the habits are only universally applicable within the scope of the time and background of western thinking they were developed in. In the closing,...

To determine the situation concerning the scientific paradigms in archaeology, a study of literature was undertaken. This was appropriate to establish the most suitable paradigm for historical-archaeological research, as the paradigms were mainly applied to prehistorical archaeology in the past and could not be simply applied to historical archaeology. Other aspects that were studied were the dimensions of science, heritage resources management, the definition and state of historical archaeology, historiography and methodology. These were studied to define historical archaeology and to place it within the framework of the dimensions of science and historical research. In this way research and heritage resources management requirements were established. From the investigation it appeared that five paradigms could be applied to historical archaeology, namely the Cultural historical, Cultural process, Structuralist, Contextual and Neo-Marxist. The last three is sometimes jointly called the Post-process paradigm. The Contextual paradigm proved to be the most suitable and was applied to five case studies of historical-archaeological research to test its suitability. The other paradigms were judged with regard to the result of this application. The case studies, from northern Gauteng, reflect aspects of the lifestyle of whites between approximately 1840 and 1940. These are the Lucas Bronkhorst ruin, Church Street water furrow, Melrose House's footpaths, Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum's 1913 house and Pioneer Museum's Edwardian house. It became clear from the application that the majority of the paradigms could be utilized to an extent. One of the paradigms had a larger applicability, namely the Contextual paradigm. It was however clear that this paradigm had to be extended to address the requirements of heritage resources management. This extended paradigm, known as the Heritage Resources Management paradigm, is explained. Consequently the conclusion of the study is that the Contextual paradigm is the most suitable paradigm for use in historical-archaeological research. The application thereof in historical archaeology should provide a fundamental theoretical substructure to give historical archaeology its rightful place in the science of archaeology. By extending it (the Heritage Resources Management paradigm) it is possible to address the requirements and aims of heritage resources management, historical archaeology and research requirements. AFRIKAANS : 'n Literatuurstudie met betrekking tot wetenskapsdimensies, erfenishulpbronbestuur, die definiering van historiese argeologiese, die stand van historiese argeologie, wetenskaplike paradigmas in die argeologie, historiografie en metodeleer is onderneem, ten einde die stand daarvan te bepaal en om vas te stel watter paradigma toepaslik vir histories-argeologiese navorsing is. Sodanige ondersoek is van belang geag, daar die paradigmas hoofsaaklik op prehistoriese argeologie gefokus is en nie sonder meer op histories-argeologiese navorsing toegepas kon word nie. Die bykomende aspekte wat nagevors is, is bestudeer sodat historiese argeologie gedefinieer en binne die raamwerk van wetenskapsdimensies en historiese navorsing geplaas kon word. Navorsings- en erfenishulpbronbestuursbehoeftes is ook op hierdie wyse vasgestel. Uit die ondersoek het dit geblyk dat daar vyf paradigmas is wat moontlik in die historiese argeologie aangewend kan word, naamlik die Kultuurhistoriese, Kultuurproses-, Strukturalistiese, Kontekstuele en Neo-Marxistiese. Laasgenoemde drie word soms ook gesamentlik die Post-proses-paradigma genoem. Hiervan het die Kontekstuele paradigma die mees toepaslike geblyk te wees. Hierdie paradigma is op vyf gevallestudies van histories-argeologiese navorsing aangewend ten einde die toepaslikheid daarvan te toets. Die ander paradigmas is aan die hand hiervan gemeet. Die vyf gevallestudies kom almal uit noordelike Gauteng en weerspieel verskillende aspekte van die lewenswyse van blankes tussen ongeveer 1840 en 1940 in die gebied. Die gevallestudies is die Lucas Bronkhorstruine, Kerkstraat-watervoor, Melrosehuis se voetpaadjies, Willem Prinsloo Landboumuseum se 1913-huis en die Pionier Museum se Edwardiaanse huis en eendedam. Uit die toepassing was dit duidelik dat die meerderheid van die paradigmas slegs in 'n geringe mate benut kon word. Slegs een paradigma het 'n groter toepassingswaarde gehad, naamlik die Kontekstuele paradigma. Dit was egter duidelik dat hierdie paradigma uitgebrei moes word ten einde ook die behoeftes van erfenishulpbronbestuur aan te spreek. Hierdie uitbreiding, bekend as die Erfenishulpbronbestuursparadigma, is ten slotte verduidelik. Gevolglik is die slotsom waartoe geraak word: die Kontekstuele paradigma, word beskou as die mees geskikste paradigma waarbinne navorsing in die historiese argeologie aangepak behoort te word. Die toepassing hiervan in die historiese argeologie sal daaraan 'n fundamentele teoretiese onderbou voorsien en sodoende die historiese argeologie sy regmatige plek in die vakwetenskap argeologie laat inneem. Deur dit uit te bou (die Erfenishulpbronbestuurparadigma), is dit moontlik om die behoeftes van erfenishulpbronbestuur, bo en behalwe die doelwitte van historiese argeologie en die navorsingsbehoeftes aan te spreek. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

This diploma thesis examines the image of Hong Kong's pro-democracy protests in 2019 in the Czech and Chinese media. The framing of these protests in selected media is compared using the method of quantitative content analysis, with the aim of revealing similarities and differences both between the individual Czech media in the context of the Czech public debate on China and between the Czech and Chinese media. The theoretical part of this thesis presents the concepts of media theory such as framing, agenda setting and social construction of reality and characterizes the specifics of given media systems. Furthermore, the work describes the previous findings of the protest paradigm, which are then employed in analytical part of this study. At the same time, the concept of soft power with Chinese characteristics and its specific manifestations in the efforts of the People's Republic of China to influence the Czech public debate on China is introduced. The methodological part then presents the research goal, research questions and hypotheses, defines the research sample and the research method used, including the characteristics of individual variables. The analytical part of the work presents the results of the research, which are then discussed in the framework of previous findings of the protest...