What happens when one moves about in the city? In this essay I will explore how we through our movements create our own temporal cities. I base my investigation on Michel de Certeau's theories from his book The Practice of Everyday Life vol 1. De Certeau believes that by just walking in the city – a mostly unconscious and for many trivial activity – you write it, creating different types of spaces that can be understood using linguistic terms. In my essay, I develop de Certeau's theories about ordinary activities by applying them to two less ordinary – and between themselves quite different – spatial practices:  fare evasion on public transportation (plankning) and the urban activity of parkour. I also carry out a linguistic analysis of both parkour, fare evasion and walking, using the linguist Roman Jakobson's theory on the act of speaking together with de Certeau's theory on the rhetoric of walking. In my concluding discussion, I outline a theory regarding how these different spatial practices come together in the city and form a multiplicity of ever-changing spatial stories. I also discuss what one can say that this actually means, both practically and theoretically speaking.

Title: Effects of short-term parkour training programme on selected components of physical fitness in adolescents Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the influence of parkour on selected components of physical fitness - body composition, muscle fitness, aerobic fitness, flexibility - in a short-term programme. Methods: The ten-week experimental study dealt with the possibilities of using parkour to influence the parameters of physical fitness in boys age 16±2 years (N=10). Subjects went through measurement of bioelectrical analysis of body composition, muscle strength and endurance field tests, cardiopulmonary testing, sit-and-reach test. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. The strength of relationship between dependent and independent variables was expressed as unbiased effect size measure omega squared (ω2 ). Pearson two-tailed correlations were used to determine associations between measured parameters. Results: No significant changes in any body composition variables were observed with the parkour intervention. Fat mass increased by 0.18 %, fat free mass (FFM) decreased by 0.07 kg and the extracellular mass-body cell mass ratio (ECM/BCM) decreased by 0.02. Participants significantly improved standing broad jump distance (p <...

Parkour is a sport with a focus on overcoming obstacles. Parkour practitioners utilise specialised techniques relating to movements such as running, jumping, vaulting, climbing, swinging, rolling, and occasionally acrobatic manoeuvres in order to traverse a path through urban and rural environments. Parkour is a new sport, and as it continues to grow in popularity, there is an accompanying demand for parkour instructors. As a result, programmes to train parkour coaches have been created in various parts of the world. There has been minimal scholarly research conducted regarding parkour, and much of the current parkour research focuses either on parkour athletes, or the perceptions of parkour by non-parkour athletes. No research was discovered regarding parkour coaches. This exploratory study aimed to: (a) explore how parkour coaches learn to coach; and (b) explore the perceptions held by parkour coaches regarding parkour coach education programmes. In the first article, titled ‘How Parkour Coaches Learn to Coach: Coaches’ Sources of Learning in an Unregulated Sport’, participants’ responses related to the themes of: parkour coaching experience, previous leadership experience, experience as an athlete in parkour and other sports, other parkour coaches, non-parkour coaches, parkour coach education programmes, school, reflection, and the Internet. The second article, titled ‘What Does It Mean to be a Certified Parkour Coach? Parkour Coach Perceptions of Formal Coach Education Programmes’, shared participants’ perceptions of formal parkour coach education programmes, including: potential benefits and risks to participation in such programmes, modifications that could be made to the programmes, and parkour coach perceptions of coach education programmes for other sports.

Title: Problems of sportification of parkour Goals: The main aim of this thesis is to introduce the origin and development of parkour and to explain its changes caused by sportification. Partial goals were to describe historical development of parkour and freerunning in the world and in the Czech Republic, then to describe in detail and explain values of the parkour that changed with the development of this discipline, but also those values that have not changed. Further partial goal was to describe parkour as a subculture. Inclusion of parkour on the programme of Olympic Games caused its sportification, which is introduced together with the structure and evaluation of parkour and freerunning competitions. Methods: Collection of information, analysis and synthesis, deductive reasoning Keywords: parkour, freerunning, subculture, sportification, Olympic Games, values

Mobila enheter är idag en stor del av våra liv och har förändrat hur vi gör många av våra vardagsaktiviteter, såsom att läsa en bok eller att se sitt favoritprogram. Detta har också lett till förändringar i våra utbildningar eller mer specifikt hur vi lär oss och lär ut till andra [1]. Den snabba tillväxten av teknologi har haft en stor påverkan på vår utbildning, vilket har lett till en anpassning av både strukturen av utbildningar och dess material [1, 2]. Teknologins utveckling har också möjliggjort den att kombineras med inlärningstekniker, som kollaborativ inlärning. Kollaborativ inlärning är baserat på konceptet att det naturliga sättet att lära sig är genom att kommunicera med varandra [4]. Kollaborativ inlärning är sammankopplat med de sociala aspekterna, där den stora uppgången av sociala plattformar har visat att de kan vara ett nytt och mer modernt utbildningsområde. Interaktionerna på dessa plattformarna har visat sig kunna skapa ett nytt digitalt område av kunskap [29].I denna uppsats så fortsatte utvecklingen av en Android-applikation kallad Vault. Vault är byggd på filosofierna mobile learning, relational learning och parkour. Mobile learning tillåter människor att lära sig var de än befinner sig [3]. I relational learning så existerar inte den traditionella student-lärarrelationen, där alla istället lär sig av varandra genom att dela med sig av sina idéer och erfarenheter [6]. Parkour, vilket även är känt som konsten av rörelse, är en filosofi där människor delar med sig av upplevelser medans de lär sig och hittar nya vägar att visa sina färdigheter [28]. Parkour har även ett fokus på att upprepa vad andra har gjort. Funktionerna som implementerades i Vault var baserade på en applikationsanalys där sociala och kollaborativa plattformar blev analyserade. Det undersöktes sedan hur dessa funktionerna kunde integreras med filosofierna som Vault är byggd på.Vault testades sedan av två idrottslärare under 10 dagar för att utvärdera applikationen med dess nya funktioner där de sedan intervjuades. Målet med intervjuerna var att få information om hur de nya funktionerna påverkade inlärningen samt användarupplevelsen jämfört med den gamla versionen som var producerad av Lindermans uppsats [5]. / Mobile devices is today a big part of our lives and it has changed how we do our everyday activities, such as reading a book or watching our favorite show. This has also caused changes in our education or more specifically how we learn and teach others [1]. The fast growth of technology has had a big effect on our education, which has led to the adaption of both the structure of education as well as the educational materials [1,2]. The development of technology has also allowed for it to combine with learning techniques, such as collaborative learning. Collaborative learning is based on the concept that the natural way to learn is by communicating with each other [4]. Collaborative learning is connected to the social aspects, where the big rise of social platforms have shown that they can be a new and more present-day education area. The interactions on these platforms have proved to be able to help create a new digital area of knowledge [29].In this thesis there was a continuation of development of the Android application Vault. Vault is built upon the philosophies of mobile learning, relational learning and parkour. Mobile learning allows for people to learn at any time wherever they are [3]. In relational learning the traditional student and teacher relationship doesn’t exist, where instead everyone learns from each other by sharing ideas and experiences [6]. Parkour, also known as the art of movement [27], is a philosophy where people share experiences as they learn and find different paths to display their skills [28]. Parkour also have a focus on repeating what other people have done. The features implemented in the further development of Vault was decided by an application analysis where social and collaborative platforms were analysed. It was then examined how these features could be integrated with the philosophies that Vault was built upon. Vault was later tested on two physical education teachers which both had ten days to test out the application with its new features after which a interview followed. The goal of the interviews were to get information about how the new features affected the learning and user experience compared to the old version produced by Linderman’s thesis [5].

I läroplanen (Lgr 22) framgår det inte specifikt att redskapsgymnastik ska ingå i undervisningen. Däremot i praktiken framgår det att redskapsgymnastik är ett vanligt tillvägagångssätt för att träna på och utveckla komplexa rörelser. Parkour är inte en lika populär träningsform men besitter liknande kvaliteter och därför syftar arbetet till att se ifall parkour kan fungera som ett komplement till redskapsgymnastiken. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och jämföra lärares upplevelser och erfarenheter av undervisning inom både parkour och redskapsgymnastik i ämnet idrott och hälsa.  Forskningen utgår från självbestämmandeteorin och pragmatismen som analysverktyg, och studien använder en fenomenologisk ansats. Metoden som tillämpas är av en kvalitativ metod med öppna, semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem idrottslärare. Resultaten av studien visar att idrottslärare anser att både parkour och redskapsgymnastik är bra aktiviteter för att träna kroppskontroll, balans och styrka. Dessutom visar resultaten att båda aktiviteterna också kan användas för att förmedla annan kunskap och lärande. En intressant observation är att lärare upplever att parkour, på grund av sin karaktär, är en mer anpassningsbar och lättillgänglig aktivitet jämfört med redskapsgymnastiken. Slutsatsen av studien är att parkour kan användas som ett komplement till redskapsgymnastiken inom undervisningen i skolan. Genom att inkludera parkour som en undervisningsaktivitet kan lärare erbjuda eleverna en alternativ och mångsidig lärandemiljö inom idrott och hälsa.

Title: Effects of short-term parkour training programme on selected components of physical fitness in adolescents Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the influence of parkour on selected components of physical fitness - body composition, muscle fitness, aerobic fitness, flexibility - in a short-term programme. Methods: The ten-week experimental study dealt with the possibilities of using parkour to influence the parameters of physical fitness in boys age 16±2 years (N=10). Subjects went through measurement of bioelectrical analysis of body composition, muscle strength and endurance field tests, cardiopulmonary testing, sit-and-reach test. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. The strength of relationship between dependent and independent variables was expressed as unbiased effect size measure omega squared (ω2 ). Pearson two-tailed correlations were used to determine associations between measured parameters. Results: No significant changes in any body composition variables were observed with the parkour intervention. Fat mass increased by 0.18 %, fat free mass (FFM) decreased by 0.07 kg and the extracellular mass-body cell mass ratio (ECM/BCM) decreased by 0.02. Participants significantly improved standing broad jump distance (p <...

The main task is to develop a proposal for an Activity Center in Sölvesborg with parkour and spontaneous athletics as the starting point. The intention is to create spaces that is suited for the needs of SSA. The goal is to enable the association to increase the amount of activities held as well as providing the participants with a custom designed training facility that increases the overall quality of each session.  Supporting services and logistics that make it possible to run daily activities will also be considered and designed in this assignment.

Förestående examensarbete syftar till att undersöka om det finns pedagogiska samband och metoder mellan parkour och Problembaserat Lärande (PBL) som kan bidra till ett lustfyllt lärande. Vi synliggör inledningsvis ett problem då vi anser att dagens idrottsundervisning är utformad efter en styrd undervisningsmodell. Vi har utgått ifrån frågeställningen: Vilka pedagogiska samband finns mellan PBL och parkour som bidrar till lusten att lära och kan vara användbara i skolans idrottsundervisning? Studien utgörs av kvalitativa observationer och intervjuer med parkourutövare samt lärare med erfarenhet av PBL. Vår studie är tillförlitlig då vi har tagit hänsyn till etiska aspekter samtidigt som informanterna har gett oss likvärdiga svar. Studien kan dock inte betraktas som allmängiltig då den endast utförts i liten skala. Resultatet av den insamlade empirin analyseras och diskuteras utifrån den neurodidaktiska forskningen. Studien visar att det finns samband mellan PBL, parkour och neurodidaktik som kan vara användbara för att skapa ett lustfyllt lärande. Sambanden har resulterat i ett antal användbara nyckelbegrepp: kreativitet, problemlösning, social interaktion, inre motivation och emotion. Samtliga begrepp kan nyttjas i undersvisningen för att bidra till en utvecklande och positiv lärandemiljö. / Impending thesis aims to examine how a joyful learning in physical education can be created in school. In the beginning of our research, we wanted to highlight a problem, as we believe that today's physical education is designed for a controlled teaching model. Our research question is: What pedagogical link exsists between PBL and parkour that contribute to a joyful learning and can be useful in the school's physical education? The study consists of qualitative observations and interviews with parkour practitioners and teachers with experience of PBL. Our study is reliable since we have taken into account the ethical aspects while informants have given us similar answers. The studie can not be regarded as generally applicable as it is only done on a small scale. The result of the collected empirical data was analyzed and discussed based on neuro-didactic research. This study shows that there is a correlation between PBL, parkour and neuro-didactics that can be useful for creating a joyful learning. The relationship has resulted in a number of useful key concepts: creativity, problem solving, social interaction, intrinsic motivation, and emotion. Our study illustrates that these key concepts can be usfull in teaching to achive a stimulating and positive learning environment.

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