Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate behavioral factors influencing investment intentions.   Design/methodology/approach – A descriptive quantitative study was conducted utilizing an online questionnaire with a total of 121 respondents.   Findings - The results of the study indicated that Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Perceived Consumer Effectiveness are positively related to Intention to Invest. Attitude and Perceived Risk did not reach statistical significance and no conclusions could therefore be drawn regarding the concepts.   Research limitations/implications - The greatest limitation of the study is that it measures intention and not actual behavior which could be of more value, both from a theoretical and managerial perspective. The implication of the study is that it contributes to the Socially Responsible Investment literature from the intentional perspective and that it considers Generation Y, two aspects that have previously been neglected. The study further provides companies operating in SRI industry with a framework to use when acquiring customers within Generation Y.   Originality/value - As recent Socially Responsible Investment research has focused almost exclusively on financial performance this study offers value in that it instead explains behavioral factors influencing the Intention to Invest. It further focuses on Generation Y which is the upcoming generation when it comes to investing that has to a large extent been neglected in the SRI literature.

The purpose of this research was to examine how the intervening variable of comparative well-being (which is how persons view their age, financial resources, and health compared to others of their own age) will enhance the significance of the relationship between selected demographic and psychographic variables and perceived risk. Specifically, the research investigated the structural relationship between comparative well-being in four different statistical models: (1) as an independent predictor of perceived risk; (2) as an intensifier of the psychographic and demographic predictors of perceived risk; (3) as a covariate of perceived risk; and (4) finally, as a jointly dependent variable with perceived risk. This approach was pursued in an effort to enhance the traditional marketing use of demographic and psychographic variables in predictingconsumer buying behavior. The data for this study were gathered as part of a national consumer-panel mail survey utilizing approximately 3,000 households. The research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire which collected demographic, psychographic, and perceived risk information from purchasers of apparel wear. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation analysis, factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The findings have identified the importance of how consumers position themselves in society, based on their locus of external involvement (community and social activity) and how satisfactory their position is in their social structure as measured by comparative well-being (perceived age, income, and health). The research results challenge the value of using only age and income as predictor variables for perceived risk, in that no significant relationships were found between age, income, and perceived risk. However, comparative well-being was found to intensify these relationships, in addition to functioning as an independent variable and a covariate in the perceived risk relationship. Also, it was found that respondents with higher degrees of comparative well-being perceived less risk, whereas, more socially active respondents were high-risk perceivers.

With increasing trust and utilization of the Internet, the sharing economy is emerging in the tourism and hospitality marketplace. This study focused on tourist non-purchase intention to use peer-to-peer accommodation. To explore the non-purchase intention, the relationship between perceived risk and tourist non-purchase intention to use peer-to-peer accommodation, as well as the relationship between impeding factors and perceived risk were tested. The study employed survey data (N = 280) gathered from active adult U.S travelers who have never used peer-to-peer accommodation before and have no intention to use peer-to-peer accommodation in future. The results showed that six impeding factors (i.e., lack of trust, perceived cognitive effort, perceived cost, perceived safety and security, perceived service quality, perceived cleanliness) had significant effects on tourists’ perceived risks. Two perceived risks (i.e., Performance Risk, Psychological Risk) had significant effects on tourist non-purchase intention. Based on the results. both academic and practical implications are provided.

[pt] O número de consumidores que compram pela Internet no Brasil tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos, porém, ainda representa um percentual baixo da população de usuários. Uma das razões apontadas pela literatura para o baixo volume de vendas na Internet é a insegurança de comprar online, manifestada sob o risco que o consumidor percebe de formas distintas. Serviços, devido à intangibilidade, são percebidos como mais arriscados do que produtos que, entretanto, são também intangibilizados quando apresentados através de uma representação na tela do computador, não permitindo ao consumidor uma avaliação adequada. Este estudo pretendeu, através de um levantamento em uma amostra representativa da população de usuários de Internet no Brasil, comparar o risco percebido na compra pela Internet de um produto e de um serviço bem como determinar as dimensões mais relevantes do risco percebido em cada uma das duas situações. Os resultados apresentam evidências de que a compra de serviços pela Internet é percebida como mais arriscada do que a de produtos. A partir de uma análise de regressão multivariada surgiram evidências de que no caso da compra pela Internet de produtos as dimensões de risco mais relevantes são a financeiro e a de desempenho enquanto que para serviços sobressaem os riscos financeiro, de desempenho e psicológico. / [en] The number of online consumers has risen significantly in Brazil in the last few years, although it still corresponds to a small share of the general Internet users. One of the reasons mentioned in the existing literature for the low level of online sales is the uncertainty of the online trading, expressed through the various risks perceived by the consumers. Due to their intangible nature, services are perceived as more risky than products, which acquire an intangible character through when displayed over the screen and making it hard for the consumer to make a proper evaluation of the product. This study is intended, through a survey carried out with a typical group of online users in Brazil, to compare the perceived risks of buying a product or a service online, and to establish the most relevant risks perceived in either situation. The outcome expresses the evidence that buying services is seen as more hazardous than buying products online. From a multivariate regression analysis it became evident that the most relevant risks of buying products online have to do with financial and performance issues, while buying services online involve financial, performance and psychological risks.

知覺風險最早由Bauer(1960) 提出，認為消費者購買行為可視為一種風險 承擔，其後經多位學者不斷的研究及驗証。本文基於台灣汽車銷售量每年 均有穩定的成長，汽車消費者行為成為汽車業者必須正視的問題，特針對 汽車購買者的知覺風險進行研究。本文知覺風險值分由績效、財務、社會 、及身體風險四個構面加總，每個風險構面分數則就購買後產生不利結果 ，其主觀上所知覺的可能性及損失嚴重性兩項分數相乘而得。並依知覺風 險值分為低、中、高三個知覺風險群。結果發現：(1) 汽車購買者知覺風 險程度在性別、年齡、教育程度及全家月所得上有顯著差異；(2) 各知覺 風險群在產品涉入上有顯著差異；(3) 各知覺風險群的資訊搜集策略有顯 著差異。

Background: Because of the high-speed development of e-commerce, online group          buying has become a new popular pattern of consumption for Chinese consumers. Previous research has studied online group-buying (OGB) purchase intention in some specific areas such as Taiwan, but in mainland China. Purpose:    The purpose of this study is to contribute to the Technology Acceptance Model, incorporating other potential driving factors to address how they influence Chinese consumers' online group-buying purchase intentions. Method:     The study uses two steps to achieve its purpose. The first step is that I use the focus group interview technique to collect primary data. The results combining the Technology Acceptance model help me propose hypotheses. The second step is that the questionnaire method is applied for empirical data collection. The constructs are validated with exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis, and then the model is tested with Linear multiple regression.  Findings: The results have shown that the adapted research model has been successfully tested in this study. The seven factors (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, price, e-trust, Word of Mouth, website quality and perceived risk) have significant effects on Chinese consumers' online group-buying purchase intentions. This study suggests that managers of group-buying websites need to design easy-to-use platform for users. Moreover, group-buying website companies need to propose some rules or regulations to protect consumers' rights. When conflicts occur, e-vendors can follow these rules to provide solutions that are reasonable and satisfying for consumers.

Group buying is one dynamic pricing application and it is a mechanism permitting consumers to gather bargaining power in order to get a volume discount or other premiums. In group-buying, the price depends on the number of collected orders. Given a price curve shows the existing orders and current price, the consumer will have some expectation of value and uncertainty for future price. Previous literatures found both the positive participation externality effect and price-drop effect from the field data (Kauffman and Wang, 2001; 2002). Because there are no variable controls from the field study, we can not really know what reasons cause these phenomena in group-buying. Thus, this study will use experimental methodology to the existence of these two effects and understand why they happen. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether positive participation externality effect and price-drop effect exists in group-buying and to explore whether the two effects are related to consumers¡¦ perceived risk and perceived value, whether the intention to join group-buying is influenced by perceived risk and perceived value. The study shows that the two effects really happen in group-buying. Participation externality effect is caused by financial risk, time risk and perceived value. However, price-drop effect is generated from financial risk. Additionally, consumers have higher intentions to join group-buying when they perceive lower financial risk and more perceived value.

Bakgrund: En stadig växande e-handel har medfört förändringar hos konsumenternas beteende. Forskning inom detta blir därmed allt mer viktigare för onlinebutikerna, eftersom god insikt i beteendet hos konsumenterna genererar konkurrensfördelar. Konsumenternas beteende påverkas av flera faktorer och en av faktorerna är upplevd risk, som kan utgöra ett hinder i konsumenternas köpbeslut. Upplevd risk har en större inverkan på konsumenter vid e-handel än vid fysisk handel och det beror på att den fysiska interaktionen saknas vid e-handel. Därmed blir det allt viktigare för onlinebutikerna att skapa en förståelse över vad som får konsumenterna att uppleva en risk samt hur de kan reducera den upplevda risken hos konsumenterna. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka konsumenternas upplevda risker och förtroende inför onlineköp av skor genom att studera konsumenternas beteende. Metod: Denna studie bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv forskningsansats. Studiens empiriska material har samlats in via åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter mellan 22-27 år, bosatta i Stockholm. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visade att produktrisken, finansiella risken, psykologiska risken, tidsrisken samt den sociala risken förekommer hos konsumenter inför onlineköp av skor. Vidare visade studien att konsumenter med ett socialt konsumentbeteende har större tendens att uppleva en social risk samt att konsumenter med ett rationellt konsumentbeteende har större tendens att uppleva en psykologisk risk. Studien visar även på att förtroende är en viktig faktor för konsumenterna inför onlineköp av skor eftersom gott förtroende reducerar de upplevda riskerna. Onlinebutikerna bör därmed kräva BankID-verifiering vid betalning, ha ett gott rykte, erbjuda generös returpolicy samt ha bra produktbeskrivningar då dessa faktorer visade sig vara mest signifikanta för konsumenterna inför onlineköp av skor. / Background: An ever-increasing e-commerce has led to changes in consumer’s behavior. This means that research about this phenomenon is becoming increasingly central, as good insight into consumer behavior generates competitive advantages. Consumer behavior is influenced by several factors, and one of the factors is the perceived risk, which could constitute an obstacle to consumer purchasing decisions. A perceived risk has a greater impact on consumers in e-commerce than in physical commerce due to the lack of physical interaction in e-commerce. Thus, it becomes increasingly important for online stores to understand what causes consumers to experience risk and how they can reduce consumers perceived risk. Purpose: The purpose of this study is by examining consumer’s behavior to investigate consumer’s perceived risks and trust for online shopping of shoes. Methodology: This study is based on a qualitative research strategy with a deductive research approach. The empirical material of the study has been collected via eight semi-structured interviews with respondents between 22-27 years located in Stockholm. Conclusion: The study's empirical evidence shows that product risk, financial risk, psychological risk, time risk and social risk occur with consumers for online shopping of shoes. Furthermore, the study showed that consumers with social consumer behavior have a greater tendency to experience a social risk and that consumers with a rational consumer behavior are more likely to experience a psychological risk. The study also shows that trust is an important factor for consumers for online shopping of shoes as good faith reduces the perceived risk. Online stores should therefore require BankID-verification upon payment, have a good reputation, provide generous return policy, and have good product descriptions as these factors proved to be most significant to consumers for online shopping of shoes

Fear of Crime remains a relevant theme in criminological research. Its associations include damage to psychological well-being, decreases in collective cohesion and trust, and populism. Located in the field of victimology, previous research found that significant predictors for Fear of Crime are: Previous Victimization, Previous Victimization with a Hate-Motive, Severity of Previous Victimization, Perceived Risk and Risk Control. This study will aim to investigate if the dynamics of Fear of Crime established by previous research are applicable in a LGBT population. Subsequently the sub-groups sexual minorities, bisexuals, and trans-people are compared, filling a literature gap. The sample consists of 353 self-identified LGBT people at Malmö University who filled out a self-report survey inquiring about previous victimization, fear of crime, perceived motives of previous victimization, perceived risk of victimization, and tactics to reduce risk of victimization. The predictors were entered into a block-wise multiple regression model as well as a path-analysis. Both Perceived Risk and Risk Control were entered after the other predictors. The results showed that Severity of Previous Victimization was significantly (p < .001) and positively (β = .267) predicting Fear of Crime. Additionally, Severity of Previous Victimization significantly (p < .01) and positively (β = .206) predicted Perceived Risk which in turn predicted (p < .001, β = .208) Fear of Crime. Risk Control did not have a statistically significant effect size (p > .05). In the sub-group comparison, Perceived Risk did not have a significant effect size (p > .05) among the trans-people. The study concludes that Severity of Previous Victimization both has a direct and indirect effect on Fear of Crime, in the LGBT population, but not among the trans-people sub-group, suggesting that future research as well as policy makers need to take such differences into account. Similar conclusions are drawn regarding Risk Control.

Det ständigt växande e-handelssegmentet ställer helt nya krav på transporter inom sista milenleveranser. Sista milen är ofta förknippad med negativa externaliteter som buller, trängsel ochutsläpp och dessutom låg kostnadseffektivitet. Sista milen är därför en del i logistikkedjan somhar stor förbättringspotential. Det har därför på senare tid uppkommit en del innovationer inomsista milen som ska kunna öka effektiviteten och minska de negativa externaliteterna.I denna studie har vi, med hjälp av virtuella fokusgruppsintervjuer, undersökt åtta individersinställning till tre olika innovativa leveransmetoder; crowdsourcing, paketskåp och smarta lås.Vi har även undersökt vad det är som påverkar denna inställning och antagandet av dem, samt vilka förväntningar som individerna har på nya leveranssätt. Till vår hjälp har vi bland annat haft teori kring hur individer antar nya innovationer, vad en tjänsteinnovation är samt tidigare forskning om våra undersökta leveranssätt. Fortsättningsvis har vi även haft teori kring upplevd risk och vad som skapar värde för kunder. Med hjälp av dessa teorier kunde vi i analysen besvara våra frågeställningar. Det visade sig att deltagarna generellt sett har en negativ inställning till crowdsourcing och smarta lås som leveranssätt. Beträffande paketskåp fanns en generellt sett positiv inställning. Det var också det leveranssätt som många deltagare provat tidigare. De är generellt sett nöjda med de leveranssätt som redan existerar och därför är intresset för innovativa leveranssätt inte så stort. Vid diskussioner gällande samtligaleveranssätt fördes resonemang kopplat till värde och risk. Beträffande både inställningen tillinnovationerna och förväntningarna på dem uppfattar vi det som att relativa fördelar,komplexitet och kompatibilitet spelar stor roll vid antagande av innovationer. Även recensioneroch “word of mouth” har visat sig spela in. / A continuously growing B2C e-commerce sector creates new challenges and a differentdemand in the transport sector, especially in the final step of a logistic supply chain - the lastmile delivery. Furthermore, the last mile is also known as the least cost effective part of alogistic chain as well as the part that is associated with negative externalities like congestion,air pollution and noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Considering this, the last mile is apart with high potential of improvement. This is also why last mile delivery innovations arestarting to show up on the market.With the help of virtual focus group methodology, we have in this study aimed to investigateeight people’s attitude towards three last mile delivery innovations; crowdsourcing, parcellockers and smart locks. We have studied things that can have an affect on this attitude and the adoption of innovations, but also what expectations the customers have on last mileinnovations in general. To be able to analyze our data, we have used a variety of theories,including Diffusion of innovations theory, and theories regarding customer value, risk andservice innovation. Regarding our three service innovations, we have also included previousresearch concerning those.Our research showed a negative attitude towards crowdsourcing and smart locks, and a positive attitude towards parcel lockers, which also was the innovation that a lot of our participants had tried. In general, all participants were satisfied with existing delivery methods, why the motivating factors for using the innovations are few. Discussions regarding customer value and risk were influential in our results. We also found mutual factors in what affects attitude and expectations, factors like complexity, compatibility and relative advantages. Furthermore, reviews and word of mouth also seem to have an affect on their attitude towards the innovations.