This research of distance learning in singing study provides some historical framework of long-distance singing study, including research on three former distance singing courses, which exemplify the "best practices" of their time: Siegel-Myers Correspondence School of Music, the Perfect Voice Institute, and the Hermann Klein Phono-Vocal Method: Based Upon the Famous School of Manuel Garcia. I also discuss current trends in long-distance singing study, including interviews and insights from current long-distance singing teachers using cutting edge technology in their virtual studios. Lastly, I make predictions and projections, based on analyses of past "best practices," where this information may have impact upon future methods of distance singing lessons, including conceivable distance singing course components of online degree programs offered at universities.

Temporal constructions in Afrikaans are ambiguous with respect to aspectual meaning. The past tense construction with het ge-, for instance, can be interpreted as progressive, perfective or anterior. In the same vein, the unmarked present tense construction can be interpreted as a construction with a progressive or a perfective meaning. This aspectual ambiguity of the Afrikaans verbal system has a significant effect on the way in which Afrikaans grammar is described or understood. The observation by native speakers, linguists, literary specialists and writers that the temporal constructions in Afrikaans are vague or ambiguous with regard to aspectual meaning has led to certain views about the expression of tense in the language. In Afrikaans literature, for example, there is a tradition to write prose primarily in the present tense, because of the perception that the past tense is not adequate to convey particular semantic nuances. Furthermore, certain speakers of Afrikaans and linguists believe that Afrikaans grammar has been simplified and just does not have aspect. However, Afrikaans possesses alternative strategies to specify aspectual meaning. The five prototypical ways of expressing aspectual meaning in Afrikaans are i) lexical constructions (such as adverbs and conjunctions); ii) constructions with affixes, iii) reduplication constructions; iv) passive constructions; and v) periphrastic constructions. Aspectual meaning in Afrikaans is an almost entirely unexplored research field. In my opinion, the literature on the expressions of aspectual meaning in Afrikaans contains two shortcomings. First, Afrikaans aspect needs to be described theoretically. Second, more research is needed concerning the specific ways in which aspectual meaning is expressed in Afrikaans. The scope of this entire research field is too large for a single study. For that reason, the present study aims to reveal the way in which periphrastic constructions are used to convey progressive meaning. As far as temporal meaning is concerned, it is possible to make a distinction between tempus meaning, which stands for deictic temporal meanings (i.e. past, present and future tense), and aspectual meaning, which stands for non-deictic temporal meanings such as duration, point of view and the internal structure of the situation. One can also distinguish between lexical and grammatical aspect. Lexical aspect has to do with the conceptual properties of a situation or, in other words, with the question whether it is static or dynamic, telic or atelic and durative. There are five situation types: states, activities, achievements, accomplishments and semelfactives. Grammatical aspect concerns the point of view from which the situation is perceived. One can make a distinction between perfective and imperfective grammatical aspect. The latter can be subdivided into imperfectives conveying habitual meaning and imperfectives conveying progressive meaning. Grammaticalisation theory is useful and a relevant tool to provide answers to the afore-mentioned research questions. First, it offers insight into the manner in which the ambiguous tempus constructions of Afrikaans came into being. Second, it can be used to show how the alternative aspectual constructions have developed and how they are currently employed in the language. For the purpose of this study, grammaticalisation is regarded as language change in which a construction loses its lexical meaning and comes to express grammatical meaning. Grammatical constructions can be used in more contexts than their lexical counterparts, as grammaticalised uses have been generalized contextually. Grammatical constructions lose the morphosyntactic properties typical of their lexical counterparts and assume grammatical properties. Grammaticalisation is a typological phenomenon and the lexical origin of a grammatical construction is often the same in different languages. Grammaticalizing constructions exhibit an increase in frequency. Afrikaans and Dutch are closely related languages and possess cognate periphrastic progressive constructions, viz. i) the aan het- / aan die- ii) VPOS te / VPOS en-; en iii) bezig- / besig- progressive constructions. To examine the use of periphrastic progressive constructions in Afrikaans from a grammaticalisation perspective, I compare the results of a study of these constructions in an Afrikaans corpus to those of previous studies of the periphrastic progressive constructions in Dutch. The respective constructions are compared on the basis of four criteria, viz. i) frequency; ii) verb collocations; iii) transitivity; and iv) combinatorial possibilities with other aspectual periphrastic constructions. The lexical origins of the various constructions are also considered. The comparison of the constructions on the basis of the afore-mentioned criteria makes it possible to demonstrate how the periphrastic progressive constructions in Afrikaans came into being and how they have developed into grammatical constructions conveying aspectual meaning and in which way the different Afrikaans periphrastic constructions express progressive meaning. / PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Temporal constructions in Afrikaans are ambiguous with respect to aspectual meaning. The past tense construction with het ge-, for instance, can be interpreted as progressive, perfective or anterior. In the same vein, the unmarked present tense construction can be interpreted as a construction with a progressive or a perfective meaning. This aspectual ambiguity of the Afrikaans verbal system has a significant effect on the way in which Afrikaans grammar is described or understood. The observation by native speakers, linguists, literary specialists and writers that the temporal constructions in Afrikaans are vague or ambiguous with regard to aspectual meaning has led to certain views about the expression of tense in the language. In Afrikaans literature, for example, there is a tradition to write prose primarily in the present tense, because of the perception that the past tense is not adequate to convey particular semantic nuances. Furthermore, certain speakers of Afrikaans and linguists believe that Afrikaans grammar has been simplified and just does not have aspect. However, Afrikaans possesses alternative strategies to specify aspectual meaning. The five prototypical ways of expressing aspectual meaning in Afrikaans are i) lexical constructions (such as adverbs and conjunctions); ii) constructions with affixes, iii) reduplication constructions; iv) passive constructions; and v) periphrastic constructions. Aspectual meaning in Afrikaans is an almost entirely unexplored research field. In my opinion, the literature on the expressions of aspectual meaning in Afrikaans contains two shortcomings. First, Afrikaans aspect needs to be described theoretically. Second, more research is needed concerning the specific ways in which aspectual meaning is expressed in Afrikaans. The scope of this entire research field is too large for a single study. For that reason, the present study aims to reveal the way in which periphrastic constructions are used to convey progressive meaning. As far as temporal meaning is concerned, it is possible to make a distinction between tempus meaning, which stands for deictic temporal meanings (i.e. past, present and future tense), and aspectual meaning, which stands for non-deictic temporal meanings such as duration, point of view and the internal structure of the situation. One can also distinguish between lexical and grammatical aspect. Lexical aspect has to do with the conceptual properties of a situation or, in other words, with the question whether it is static or dynamic, telic or atelic and durative. There are five situation types: states, activities, achievements, accomplishments and semelfactives. Grammatical aspect concerns the point of view from which the situation is perceived. One can make a distinction between perfective and imperfective grammatical aspect. The latter can be subdivided into imperfectives conveying habitual meaning and imperfectives conveying progressive meaning. Grammaticalisation theory is useful and a relevant tool to provide answers to the afore-mentioned research questions. First, it offers insight into the manner in which the ambiguous tempus constructions of Afrikaans came into being. Second, it can be used to show how the alternative aspectual constructions have developed and how they are currently employed in the language. For the purpose of this study, grammaticalisation is regarded as language change in which a construction loses its lexical meaning and comes to express grammatical meaning. Grammatical constructions can be used in more contexts than their lexical counterparts, as grammaticalised uses have been generalized contextually. Grammatical constructions lose the morphosyntactic properties typical of their lexical counterparts and assume grammatical properties. Grammaticalisation is a typological phenomenon and the lexical origin of a grammatical construction is often the same in different languages. Grammaticalizing constructions exhibit an increase in frequency. Afrikaans and Dutch are closely related languages and possess cognate periphrastic progressive constructions, viz. i) the aan het- / aan die- ii) VPOS te / VPOS en-; en iii) bezig- / besig- progressive constructions. To examine the use of periphrastic progressive constructions in Afrikaans from a grammaticalisation perspective, I compare the results of a study of these constructions in an Afrikaans corpus to those of previous studies of the periphrastic progressive constructions in Dutch. The respective constructions are compared on the basis of four criteria, viz. i) frequency; ii) verb collocations; iii) transitivity; and iv) combinatorial possibilities with other aspectual periphrastic constructions. The lexical origins of the various constructions are also considered. The comparison of the constructions on the basis of the afore-mentioned criteria makes it possible to demonstrate how the periphrastic progressive constructions in Afrikaans came into being and how they have developed into grammatical constructions conveying aspectual meaning and in which way the different Afrikaans periphrastic constructions express progressive meaning. / PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

「人觀」注重「人」與「社會」、「自然」與「自我」之間的互動關係，以及依據不同脈絡下，如何思考「人」的意義與定位，進以建構「社會人」、「自然人」或「自由人」命題，形成「人觀」的理論體系。當中特別凸顯「人」所具道德、藝術、宗教、文化的多向度事實，注重諸向度間的相互作用，抉發「人」於此關係迴環下呈現的「形象」蘊涵，依此可作為體現人物豐富生命義蘊的方法。 　　在儒家「人觀」視域下，「好學進德」的顏回形象，可視作「君子之學」典範，豁顯「仁」「禮」修身的「具體實踐」內涵。《莊子》則建構「心齋坐忘」的「體道」顏回形象，內容多與「至人」身心修養和主體轉化相關，故顏回實為深入莊子「人觀」的「思想符號」。漢代揚雄、王充依「用氣言性」態度，創構「氣化大賢」的顏回形象，由是發展出「潛心學聖未至」的說法，又用「未達一間」詮釋孔顏聖賢位階之分，甚至將顏回短命早亡視作「性善命凶」、「以才自殺」的必然結果。魏晉南朝綰合「玄理思辨」與「人物品鑒」，如講求天資、智愚、識量、言語的觀人識鑒情境，對照「本末」、「形神」、「言意」概念的玄學《論語》詮釋，反映出會通儒道、玄化孔顏的聖賢觀，故有「玄化顏回」的特殊形象面目。就「玄化顏回」現象的實踐面觀，如黃憲「顏子復生」或謝尚「年少一坐之顏回」稱譽，背後便以「淵粹玄遠」、「天才神悟」的顏回形象為品鑒依據。待及唐宋，退之、習之、伊川皆據《中庸》、《易傳》立義，闡發「體道學聖」的顏回形象命題和「聖學」理論。如濂溪將「顏回之學」提升至「體天明誠」的「證體」超越層次。「顏學」與「顏樂」互相包含，「聖學」踐履以「學顏回」、「求至樂」為目標。明道則匯流「識仁」與「觀氣象」命題，塑造「體之而樂，反身而誠」的顏回形象，發揚濂溪「尋顏樂」的體道美學與聖賢觀，「體道」即含「樂道」，更是「觀聖人氣象」和「觀天地生物氣象」前提，也是探討明道孔顏觀的關鍵線索。 　　要之，本文認為，顏回「好學進德」、「心齋坐忘」、「氣化」、「玄化」、「樂道」、「學聖」諸「形象」，彼此相互作用與轉化之際，組織成儒道「人觀」體系圖像的運行圓周，「形象」與「人觀」猶如珠網牽連相即的共生關係。依此脈絡，不管是如詩劇美趣的玄化顏回觀到向上超拔的理學「體天樂道」顏回觀，當中包含身體與社會間的關係互動，名教與自然間的調和抗爭，道德相與超道德相的工夫分際，都是學者試圖還原與建構顏回形象的珍貴線索。故本文所論，實與採取「類型化」或概念結構理解模式的顏回形象研究有別，望藉此對顏回於儒道思想、身體觀、工夫論及人物品鑒學具有的關鍵意義，提出不同的理解視域和詮釋路徑。 / The “idea of the person” is a concept that centers on the interrelationship between “man” and his interaction with “society” and “the self” and its relation to “nature”. Different philosophical thought systems have differing definitions of “man”`, and use their specific definition of “man” as a basis for the development of their unique concepts of “man in society” and “natural man” or “free man”. These concepts together construct the philosophical system for the “idea of the person”. These philosophical systems place a strong emphasis on the interaction between virtue, art, religion, culture and the multiple aspects of man’s existence. Through the interaction between these different aspects of life, thus emerges the significance of the classical “images” or paradigms that serve as a concrete example of how these concepts are used in life. In the Confucian “idea of the person” the “virtue through learning” portrayal of Yanhui conveys the Confucian paradigm of “learning to be a man of noble character” and through this it can be known that Yanhui in the Confucian tradition is portrayed as a concrete personification of the cultivation of the self through “ren” and “li”. In Zhuang zi ,Yanhui is portrayed as the model of Zhuang zi’s “purification of the mind” and having done so portrays Yanhui as an exemplar of the Zhuang zi’s”the perfect person”. Through this it can be known that Zhuang zi uses Yanhui as a symbol for the “idea of the person”, thus highlighting the fact that the image of Yanhui is deeply engrained in the symbolism contained in Zhuang zi, During the Han dynasty, Yang Xiong and Wang Chong’s thought incorporated “qi” and used “qi” in particular in describing “nature”. In light of this, thus developing the idea of using “qi” to describe the image of Yanhui, as being the paradigm for the man of virtue. They also gave commentary and description of the difference between the levels of Confucius and Yanhui, describing Yanhui as having a”partial actualization of sagelypotential” and being ”slightly lower than a sage”. Lastly viewing Yanhui’s early death as the eventual result of a man having a “good nature but bad fate” and his practice of “self sacrifice”. During the Han dynasty Yang Xiong and Wang Chong’s usage of “qi” in describing “nature” thus developing the idea of using “qi” to describe the image of Yanhui as the paradigm for the man of virtue. They also gave commentary and description of the difference between the levels of Confucius and Yanhui, describing Yanhui as having a”partial actualization of sagely potential” and being “slightly lower than a sage”. Lastly viewing Yanhui’s early death as the eventual result of a man having a “good nature but bad fate”and “self-sacrifice”. The WeiJin and Southern Dynasty philosophers combined “Speculative Mystical Philosophy”with the “Examination of the character of cultural Figures”. They used natural endowment, wisdom/ignorance, capacity to use one’s abilities and language to analyze a historical figure. Also using these idea in concert with ideas such as: “beginning/end”, “Form/Spirit” and “language/meaning” , which then formed the essential concepts used in Xuan Xue’s commentary on The Analects. In using Daoist concepts to comment on The Analects, they combined Confucian and Daoist thought and through this mergence, the images of Confucuis and became mystified and through this creating the “Mystical Yan Hui」portrayal of Yanhui. The practical aspect of the “Mystical Yan Hui” is portrayed in the praise given to Huang Hui and Xie Xiang. Huang Hui was praised as being “Yanhui Resurrected” and Xie Xiang was said to be a “young Yanhui”, using the “mystical” and “gifted student” Yanhui as the basus for the praise given to these two philosophers. During the Tang and Song dynasties the philosopher Yi Chuan used The Doctrine of the mean and Yi Zhuan to develop the philosophical treatise for the “Practice of Dao and learning to be a sage”, and in this treatise thus using the image of Yanhui to signify these concepts. He then used this treatise to develop the “Learning to be a sage” philosophical system. For example, Lian xi elevated the idea of “The learning of Yanhui” to “actualizing the way of heaven in the self”, giving the image of Yanhui a transcendental aspect which can be specifically seen in Yi Chuan ’s concept of the “actualizing the essence of all”. Thus in his philosophy he merged the ideas of the “learning of Yanhui” and the “contentment of Yanhui” and used them both in concert, making the “learning of Yanhui” and the “pursuit of contentment” the goals of one who seek to learn to be a sage. Ming Dao used the topics of “understanding ren” and “observation of the disposition of the sages ”, two ideas that in antiquity are associated with Yanhui, to construct his image of Yanhui. He portrays Yanhui as the paradigm of “using practice to find contentment, internalize this practice and actualizing virtue”. Thus developing Lian xi’s “pursuing the contentment possessed by Yanhui” and its aesthetic description of the practice of dao and the concept of the sage and the man of virtue. In his thought, the “learning of Yanhui” encompasses the “Dao of contentment” and serves as the basis for the “observation of the disposition of the sages” and “observing the qi of heaven, earth and all things” , which serves as the quintessence of Ming Dao's treatise on Confucius and Yanhui. “Virtue through learning”, “purification of the mind”, “qi approach” ,“mystical approach” , “dao of contentment”, “Learning to be a sage” are the major portrayals of Yanhui. Through the inter use and melding of these ideals they became the structure of the Confucian “idea of the person” , thus melding the relationship between “image” and the “idea of the person”. From the artistic and mystical Yanhui to the transcendental "actualization of heaven and contentment in Dao" Yanhui of the li xue philosophers and in between, all conceptions of Yanhui incorporate a few major themes: the body and its interaction with society, the harmonizing of the relationship between ethics and nature , the differentiation between the practice of virtue and transcendental virtue . These are all the attempts of philosophers to construct the importance of the image of Yanhui. Therefore this paper discusses the difference between the historical Yanhui and the conceptualized Yanhui portrayal in the hopes of offering a new research direction and a deeper understanding of Yanhui's role in Confucian and Daoist thought, philosophical treatises on the body, treatises on practice and the character analyses of ancient figures.

The thermally-driven rotating annulus is a laboratory experiment used to study the dynamics of planetary atmospheres under controlled and reproducible conditions. The predictability of this experiment is studied by applying the same principles used to predict the atmosphere. A forecasting system for the annulus is built using the analysis correction method for data assimilation and the breeding method for ensemble generation. The results show that a range of flow regimes with varying complexity can be accurately assimilated, predicted, and studied in this experiment. This framework is also intended to demonstrate a proof-of-concept: that the annulus could be used as a testbed for meteorological techniques under laboratory conditions. First, a regime diagram is created using numerical simulations in order to select points in parameter space to forecast, and a new chaotic flow regime is discovered within it. The two components of the framework are then used as standalone algorithms to measure predictability in the perfect model scenario and to demonstrate data assimilation. With a perfect model, regular flow regimes are found to be predictable until the end of the forecasts, and chaotic regimes are predictable over hundreds of seconds. There is a difference in the way predictability is lost between low-order chaotic regimes and high-order chaos. Analysis correction is shown to be accurate in both regular and chaotic regimes, with residual velocity errors about 3-8 times the observational error. Specific assimilation scenarios studied include information propagation from data-rich to data-poor areas, assimilation of vortex shedding observations, and assimilation over regime and rotation rate transitions. The full framework is used to predict regular and chaotic flow, verifying the forecasts against laboratory data. The steady wave forecasts perform well, and are predictable until the end of the available data. The amplitude and structural vacillation forecasts lose quality and skill by a combination of wave drift and wavenumber transition. Amplitude vacillation is predictable up to several hundred seconds ahead, and structural vacillation is predictable for a few hundred seconds.

Perfect simulations are methods, which convert suitable Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms into algorithms which return exact draws from the target distribution, instead of approximations based on long-time convergence to equilibrium. In recent years a lot of various perfect simulation algorithms were developed. This work provides a unified exposition of some perfect simulation algorithms with applications to spatial point processes, especially to the Strauss process and area-interaction process. Described algorithms and their properties are compared theoretically and also by a simulation study.

En undermålig leveransprestation av maskiner och utrustning skapar problem i hela försörjningskedjan för ett byggprojekt. Ifall maskiner och utrustning inte levereras efter överenskommen tid, bidrar det till stillestånd och förseningar av byggprojektet. Bygget stannar upp om inte rätt maskiner, finns på rätt plats, i rätt skick och i rätt kvantitet. Syftet med studien är att identifiera vilka moment som tillsammans utgör orderprocessen i uthyrningsbranschen och vad som påverkar tillförlitligheten av leveranser för uthyrning av maskiner och utrustning till byggbranschen. En processkartläggning har identifierat fem moment i orderprocessen, kundkontakt, ordermottagning, orderhantering, leverans och returer. För att veta hur väl orderprocessen presterar behöver mätetal införas. Utan mätetal är det svårt att veta ifall maskiner och utrustning levereras efter vad som överenskommits med kund. Mätetal underlättar även för förbättringar i processer då det går att jämföra mot tidigare mätetal för att se ifall en förbättring har blivit en förbättring eller enbart en förändring. En kombination av mätetal på tillförlitlighet från Supply Chain Operations Reference Model samt tillämpningar och metoder från Supply Chain Management kan förbättra tillförlitligheten av leveranser i en försörjningskedja som förser byggbranschen med maskiner och utrustning. / A poor delivery performance of machines and equipment creates problems throughout the supply chain for a construction project. If machines and equipment do not arrive in compliance with agreed upon time, it will cause downtime and delays at the construction site. The construction site will come to a standstill if not the right machines is at the right place, at the right time, in the right condition and in the right quantity. The purpose of the report is to identify which elements constitute the order process for rental of machines and equipment, as well as provide suggestions on how the elements can be improved to increase the reliability of deliveries to and from construction projects. With process mapping five elements of the order process have been identified, customer support, receiving of orders, processing of orders, deliveries and returns. To know the performance of the order fulfillment, measurements need to be introduced. Without metrics, it is difficult to know if machines and equipment arrive at the construction site correctly. Metrics also facilitate improvements in processes as it is possible to compare to previous measures to see if an improvement has been an improvement or just a change. If metrics on reliability from the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model is combined with practices and methods from Supply Chain Management the reliability of deliveries in the supply chain that supplies the construction industry with machines and equipment can be improved.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a investigação da poética de Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão buscando entender o que é fala perfeita para a Autora. Analisamos minuciosamente o poema Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu, que é toda uma poética, e o relacionamos com sua obra, demonstrando assim uma coerência em seu projeto poético. O poema analisado faz parte da série Poéticas, do livro Cenas Vivas de 2000. Nesse poema há um desdobramento do sujeito poético que persegue sua voz desde seus balbucios. Podemos dizer que o sujeito da enunciação nos conta como sua voz poética apareceu, desenvolveu, adquiriu a fala perfeita e a ofereceu aos leitores. Desde a publicação de Morfismos, em 1961, que a Autora preocupou-se em resgatar a língua da estreiteza de seu uso comum e em dar autonomia à linguagem, buscando o que chamou de poesia/ substantivo, assim se filiando à tradição da modernidade e especificamente a Mallarmé. Seus poemas são testemunhos de tudo o que foi escrito e lido por ela, desde as grandes epopeias e a Bíblia, à tradição anglo-germânica, aos grandes poetas americanos e à tradição portuguesa. Fizemos um percurso em sua obra perseguindo poemas que são poéticas, ou seja, que o tema é a própria poesia para descobrir como se dá a visão e o conhecimento que Fiama tem do real e do poético. Constatamos que fez uma opção pela realidade. A matéria poética de Fiama pertence à terra, há uma preocupação em desvendar o real. Podemos constatar essas questões, a partir da nossa leitura dos poemas de Obra Breve Poesia Reunida. Selecionamos um percurso poético que desaguou em Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu, o que nos mostrou a intimidade que adquiriu com a realidade, além de nos revelar como sua voz poética desabrochou. / This study has its object of research the poetry of Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão, attempting the understanding of what the perfect speech means to the author herself. Detailed examination of the poem Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu (The Theory or Reality getting familiar with it), reflects the complete author´s poetic, embracing Fiama´s work as a whole. The poem analyzed makes part of the series Poetics (Poetics) from the Cenas Vivas (Living Scenes) book dated from the year 2000. There is in this poem the unfolded poetic subject that chases her muttering voice. We can say the enunciation subject tells us how the poetic voice had emerged, developed, acquiring the perfect speech thus offering it at last to its readers. Since the publication of Morfismos (Morphisms) in 1961, the Author worries about the language narrowness, rescuing from its ordinary use. Giving autonomy to it as well as searching what she had called the poetry/noun. This way Fiama´s poetry filiation relies on the modern tradition and specifically in Mallarmé. Her poems witness all the things that has been written and read by her. From great epics to the Bible, the Anglo-Germanic tradition to the great American poets also including in this list the Portuguese tradition as well. The path throughout her work has chased poems that are poetic, in other words, that the theme is the poetry itself, revealing the envisioning and the knowledge Fiama has from reality as well as poetry. It has been detected she opted for reality. The poetic material for her, belongs to the Earth where there is a concern to unveil what is real. These matters have been attested based on the reading of the poems of the Obra Breve Poesia Reunida (Brief Works). The poetic path selected ended up in the Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu (Theory of Reality- getting familiar with it), this has exposed us the intimacy that she has gained with reality, revealing at same the time how her poetic voice blossomed.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a investigação da poética de Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão buscando entender o que é fala perfeita para a Autora. Analisamos minuciosamente o poema Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu, que é toda uma poética, e o relacionamos com sua obra, demonstrando assim uma coerência em seu projeto poético. O poema analisado faz parte da série Poéticas, do livro Cenas Vivas de 2000. Nesse poema há um desdobramento do sujeito poético que persegue sua voz desde seus balbucios. Podemos dizer que o sujeito da enunciação nos conta como sua voz poética apareceu, desenvolveu, adquiriu a fala perfeita e a ofereceu aos leitores. Desde a publicação de Morfismos, em 1961, que a Autora preocupou-se em resgatar a língua da estreiteza de seu uso comum e em dar autonomia à linguagem, buscando o que chamou de poesia/ substantivo, assim se filiando à tradição da modernidade e especificamente a Mallarmé. Seus poemas são testemunhos de tudo o que foi escrito e lido por ela, desde as grandes epopeias e a Bíblia, à tradição anglo-germânica, aos grandes poetas americanos e à tradição portuguesa. Fizemos um percurso em sua obra perseguindo poemas que são poéticas, ou seja, que o tema é a própria poesia para descobrir como se dá a visão e o conhecimento que Fiama tem do real e do poético. Constatamos que fez uma opção pela realidade. A matéria poética de Fiama pertence à terra, há uma preocupação em desvendar o real. Podemos constatar essas questões, a partir da nossa leitura dos poemas de Obra Breve Poesia Reunida. Selecionamos um percurso poético que desaguou em Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu, o que nos mostrou a intimidade que adquiriu com a realidade, além de nos revelar como sua voz poética desabrochou. / This study has its object of research the poetry of Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão, attempting the understanding of what the perfect speech means to the author herself. Detailed examination of the poem Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu (The Theory or Reality getting familiar with it), reflects the complete author´s poetic, embracing Fiama´s work as a whole. The poem analyzed makes part of the series Poetics (Poetics) from the Cenas Vivas (Living Scenes) book dated from the year 2000. There is in this poem the unfolded poetic subject that chases her muttering voice. We can say the enunciation subject tells us how the poetic voice had emerged, developed, acquiring the perfect speech thus offering it at last to its readers. Since the publication of Morfismos (Morphisms) in 1961, the Author worries about the language narrowness, rescuing from its ordinary use. Giving autonomy to it as well as searching what she had called the poetry/noun. This way Fiama´s poetry filiation relies on the modern tradition and specifically in Mallarmé. Her poems witness all the things that has been written and read by her. From great epics to the Bible, the Anglo-Germanic tradition to the great American poets also including in this list the Portuguese tradition as well. The path throughout her work has chased poems that are poetic, in other words, that the theme is the poetry itself, revealing the envisioning and the knowledge Fiama has from reality as well as poetry. It has been detected she opted for reality. The poetic material for her, belongs to the Earth where there is a concern to unveil what is real. These matters have been attested based on the reading of the poems of the Obra Breve Poesia Reunida (Brief Works). The poetic path selected ended up in the Teoria da Realidade tratando-a por tu (Theory of Reality- getting familiar with it), this has exposed us the intimacy that she has gained with reality, revealing at same the time how her poetic voice blossomed.

[pt] Neste trabalho buscamos um melhor entendimento dos limites e das limitações de emprego de um tempo verbal português: o pretérito perfeito composto (PPC) do modo indicativo. Com base na Semântica Funcional e por meio de um questionário aplicado tanto a falantes de português-língua materna quanto a aprendizes de português-língua estrangeira, testamos, basicamente: a (im)possibilidade de intercâmbio entre o PPC e o presente contínuo, a influência do valor semântico de verbos principais e de adjuntos adverbiais, e ainda, as noções de iteratividade e continuidade expressas pelo PPC. / [en] In this study we set better limits for the uses of a specific verb tense in Portuguese: the present perfect indicative. We developed our work on the basis of the theoretical apparatus of Functional Semantics. Native Portuguese speakers and learners of Portuguese as 2nd language completed a questionnaire. We tested basically if the present perfect and the present continuous could be used interchangeably, but also the influence of the semantic value of main verbs and adjuncts, and the verb aspect expressed by the present perfect.