Minskningen av miljöbelastningen är ytterst viktig för att värna om planeten för de kommande generationer. Tillsammans med den höga efterfrågan för hållbart arbete har Förenta nationerna, FN, framfört och utvecklat 17 globala mål för en hållbar utveckling, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Detta arbete kallas för Agenda 2030. Arbetet utreder Green Kaizen, eller Green Accelerator, metoden på Scania, hos en större produktionsenhet. Metoden avser att öka medvetenhet och engagemang, med målet att minska miljöpåverkan samt accelerera hållbarhetsarbetet på Scanias motormontering. Verktyget Green Performance Map, GPM, användes för att tydliggöra vilka aktiviteter som kan utföras direkt i monteringsstationerna med ändamålet att förbättra hållbarhetsarbetet. Syftet med studien var att utforska hur en produktionsenhet inom motormonteringen på Scania kan bidra till accelerationen av det totala hållbarhetsarbetet. Fallstudien skall besvara huruvida Green Kaizen metoden accelererar det miljömässiga hållbarhetsarbetet inom Scanias motormontering. Utöver det undersöktes även hur mer effektiv och tydlig kommunikation kan stimulera delaktigheten och sprida god arbetsmiljö hos samtliga medarbetare på den avsedda avdelningen miljöförbättring. Metoder som användes för att reda ut frågeställningarna var: observationer, enkäter samt intervjuer. Tjänstemän och montörer på Scanias motormontering var nyckelpersonerna som data grundades på. Resultatet visade brister i miljöförbättringsarbetet. Bristerna som identifierade svar inom följande områden: informationsöverföringen, involveringen av medarbetarna samt kunskap, verktyg och resurser. Detta kan behövas för att tillföra en kultur av kontinuerlig miljöförbättringsarbete på området och hela företaget. Åtgärder såsom att förbättra avfallshanteringen samt öka involveringen av medarbetarna genom diverse aktiviteter har framtagits för att gynna det undersökta området i Scanias motormontering. Slutsatsen visade att metoden Green Kaizen kan effektiviseras för att accelerera miljöförbättringsarbetet på Scanias motormonteringsenhet. Även vikten av ökad motivation, stöd, informationsspridning, utbildning och miljömässig kommunikation påvisades för kontinuerlig miljöförbättringsarbete på enheten. / Reducing the environmental impact is extremely important to protect the planet for future generations. Together with the high demand for sustainable work, the United Nations, the United Nations, has developed and developed 17 Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A project called Agenda 2030. The work investigates the application of Green Kaizen, which is a method that increases awareness and commitment, to reduce the environmental impact and accelerate the sustainability work of the case study that took place at Scania's engine assembly. The Green Performance Map tool, GPM, is used to process which activities that can be executed directly in the assembly line to contribute to the overall durability improvement in engine assembly. The purpose was to explore how a production unit in engine assembly at Scania can contribute to accelerating the overall sustainability work. Whether the method adds to the commitment of the employees by communicating the sustainability work was investigated within Scania's engine assembly. In addition, how clearer communication can stimulate participation and spread agood working environment around the environmental improvement work among all employees in the intended department. Observations, surveys, and interviews were conducted with fitters and key people at the assembly unit at Scania. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed the shortcomings in the environmental improvement work. These shortcomings included the transfer of information, the involvement of employees and knowledge, tools, and resources, performed by the employees. There is a need to add a culture of continuous environmental improvement work to the area and the entire company. Measures such as improving waste management and increasing the involvement of employees through activities have been developed based on the results in the area studied in Scania's engine assembly. The conclusion showed that the Green Kaizen method can be used to accelerate the environmental improvement work on Scania's engine assembly unit that was investigated. Furthermore, it was shown that increased motivation and support, dissemination of information and training can communicate the importance of continuous environmental improvement work at the unit.

Höga krav på energirapportering ställs på stora företag i Sverige och med hänsyn till de Globala Hållbarhetsmålen måste industrin ställa om till en mer hållbar produktion. I projektet LEDA-GRÖNT, ett samarbete mellan Chalmers och KTH, ska miljöförbättringsmetoden Green Performance Map spridas i syfte att inom industriella processer, genom minskad resursanvändning, bidra till en mer hållbar produktion. I detta arbete har metoden undersökts genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer i en jämförelse med miljöförbättringsmetoden Energikaizen1  för att få perspektiv på hur energiaspekten inom industriella processer kan undersökas ytterligare. Den förstnämnda miljöförbättringsmetoden undersöker användning av resurser såsom vatten, material och energi men syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka endast energiaspekten av metoden. Inget företag har besökts under detta arbete men intervjuer har genomförts med personer som på något sätt har arbetat med någon eller båda av dessa metoder och som arbetar på antingen Scania eller AstraZeneca. En viktig avgränsning som har gjorts inom arbetet var det faktum att endast energiaspekten av Green Performance Map undersöktes, trots att det finns flera andra aspekter som skulle kunna ge betydande resultat. Rapporten avgränsades även till att endast undersöka två miljöförbättringsmetoder för att hålla sig inom ramen för arbetets storlek. I detta arbete har tre huvudsakliga frågor besvarats, dessa berör metodernas användningsområden, kompletteringsmöjligheter och utmaningar. De främsta resultaten av arbetet är att det finns möjligheter för dessa metoder att kombineras, att metoderna har olika förutsättningar och utmaningar samt att metoderna överlappar varandra och har olika typer av fördelar under olika förhållanden. I resultatet presenteras två möjligheter att kombinera metoderna, två kombinationer som bygger på att de båda metoderna, i sin helhet, kan användas som en utbyggnad av varandra. I analysen diskuteras möjlig- heterna att kombinera metoderna samt hur de i sina styrkor kan överlappa varandras utmaningar. Betydelsen av dessa resultat är att det finns anledning och potential för vidare undersökningar, samt att liknande jämförelser kan göras med andra metoder för att hitta bästa möjliga sätt att hitta miljöförbättringsmöjligheter inom industriella processer. / Great demands in energy reporting are placed on large companies in Sweden and according to the Sustainable Development Goals, the industry must adapt to a more sustainable production. This report provides a short review of the project LEDA-GRÖNT [LEAD-GREEN , my translation], a cooperation between the Swedish universities Chalmers and KTH, in which the environmental improvement method Green Performance Map is an important part. Its purpose, which comes from a reduction of resource use in industrial processes, is contributing to a more sustainable production. In this report, the method has been analyzed with the help of literature studies and interviews in acomparison with the environmental improvement method Energy Kaizen to gain perspective on how energy aspects in industrial processes can be further investigated. The former environmental improvement method contains the use of the environmental aspects like water, materials and energy but the purpose of this report was to investigate only the energy aspect of the method. No company has been visited while writing this report but the respondents in the interviews were people with some kind of connection to one or both of these methods and they work at either Scania or AstraZeneca. Important delimitations that have been made within this report were the fact that only the energy aspect of the method Green Performance Map was analyzed, despite the fact that there are several other aspects that could give significant results. Also, the report was limited to only two environmental methods to stay within the frames for the size of this work. In this report, three major questions have been answered, and these concern areas of application for both methods, possibilities for complementation, and challenges in the methods. The main results are that there exist opportunities for these methods to be combined, but also that both methods have different prerequisites and challenges. Also, the methods overlap each other and have different types of advantages under different conditions. Two possible ways to combine the methods are introduced in the results. These suggestions were based on the idea that both methods, as a whole, can beused as an extension of the other method. In the analysis, the possibilities to combine the methods and how they can overlap the challenges of the other method were discussed. The significance of these results is that there are reasons and there is potential to investigate this type of study further, and that similar comparisons can be made with other methods to find the most efficient way of finding environmental improvement opportunities in industrial processes.

Turbocharger performance maps are vital components used in an engine-turbocharger matching process, a 1D engine performance development stage and a day-to-day operation of a turbocharged vehicle. The main aim of this thesis is the investigation of the turbocharger compressor performance when operating with an alternative to air substitute gas. This occurs, for instance, when turbocharging and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP EGR) technologies are combined. To conduct the experimental study of the turbocharger performance with substitute gas a steady-state turbocharger test facility with a compressor closed-loop mode has been designed and built within this thesis by the author. Also, for the most accurate performance map determination an uncertainty analysis of a selected turbocharger performance map and an extensive study on surge have also been carried out. The sensor based uncertainty analysis has been a key aspect to help to understand the links between the accuracy of measured quantities and the overall uncertainty of the performance parameters. Such knowledge allowed for a selection of sensors targeting the most accurate data measurement. While investigating the uncertainty of the turbocharger performance maps heat transfer related efficiency uncertainty was also studied. Namely, a series of a semi-adiabatic tests were performed in the low turbocharger speed region which highlighted the issues related to a work and heat transfer separation and uncertainty of the extrapolated performance data. Also, a contribution to the turbocharger heat transfer modelling has been made by supporting the in-house lumped capacitance thermal node model with the 3D CHT (conjugate heat transfer) simulations [1, 2]. Finally, a study of a literature based compressor heat estimation method was performed as an alternative way of separating work and heat transfer (with low speed adiabatic mapping). The experimental surge study was conducted in phases and included the analysis and comparison of the low and high frequency pressure data gathered at various locations downstream and upstream from the compressor and temperature data collected at close distance from impeller eye. It has been concluded that the post-compressor located pressure measurement is preferable (than the pre-compressor pressure measurement) as the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) magnitude of the peak frequency associated with surge is independent on the distance of the sensor from the compressor. The useage of the temperature sensor installed at the closest distance from the compressor entry allowed an observation of the near surge temperature rise (a result of the air recirculation). However, due to the inconsistent rate of the temperature rise across the various speed lines along with the poor response it offers no benefit from the surge avoidance point of view. The comparison of the available surge metrics revealed that the resultant surge lines were drawn at different operating points especially at the higher turbocharger speed lines where the surge development investigated by the rise of the low frequency FFT magnitude peaks was much more visible. The experimental tests performed in steady-state and pulsating flow conditions have indicated larger surge margin availability for the latter case [3]. Development of a turbocharger rig and gaining the confidence in turbocharger performance map generation allowed the author to carry out the investigation over compressor performance with a substitute gas. The study covered two cases of homogeneous and non-homogeneous gas introduction representing a well and a poorly mixed gases respectively. The substitute gas included various mixtures of CO2 and air and pure CO2. It has been highlighted that when comparing turbomachinery performance maps working with substitute gas non-dimensional speed and mass flow parameters shall be introduced. These parameters allow for the map corrections with respect to individual gas constant (R) and ratio of specific heats (γ). The experimentally obtained compressor performance maps with low CO2 concentration in CO2-air mixtures (3%, 5% and 10%) were successfully corrected with the use of non-dimensional speed and mass flow parameters. However, the compressor performance map obtained for the pure CO2 has revealed significant offsets in pressure ratio, efficiency, surge and choke flow locations. This is due to a significantly different γ. In the attempt of the further performance correction a method proposed by Roberts and Sjolander has been followed. As a result of such, a poor match between the measured and predicted values of compressor efficiency was achieved (n exponent = 0.8). A closer correlation was obtained if the n exponent was made a speed dependent variable. This observation has suggested that the measurement of compressor efficiency was affected by the heat transfer between the uninsulated turbomachinery components. Due to the time limitations this assertion has not been investigated experimentally. Realising this limitation, therefore, a series of adiabatic CFD simulations have been performed instead. These simulations have shown that for the case of pure CO2 a reasonable match between the simulated and predicted values of efficiency and pressure ratio was achieved. The experimental and numerical comparison of the compressor performance for homogeneously and non-homogeneously introduced substitute gas did not show any significant compressor performance changes. Finally, experimental study of selected configurations of the intake pipework and EGR mixing valve has shown that complex flow regimes can be developed within the LP EGR system affecting the compressor’s surge margin, efficiency and width of the map. This demonstrates that the aerodynamic disturbances of an EGR mixing valve may have the largest influence on the compressor map compared to all other factors.

Soldiers in the Unites States Army operate under uniquely demanding conditions with increasingly high performance expectations. Modern missions, including counter-insurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, are complex operations. The Army expects this complexity to continue to increase. These conditions affect Soldier performance in combat. Despite spending billions of dollars to provide Soldiers with better equipment to meet the demands of the modern battlefield, the U.S. Army has dedicated comparatively little resources to measuring and improving individual Soldier performance in real-time. As a result, the Army does not objectively measure a Soldier’s performance at any point in their active duty career. The objective of this report is to demonstrate the utility and feasibility of monitoring Soldier performance in real-time by means of visual 3D performance maps supported by a Bayesian network model of Soldier performance. This work draws on techniques developed at the University of Texas’ Robotics Research Group for increasing performance in electro-mechanical systems. Humans and electro-mechanical systems are both complex and demonstrate non-linear performance trends which are often ignored by simplified analytical models. Therefore, application of empirical Bayesian models with visual presentation of data in 3D performance maps enables rapid understanding of important performance parameters for a specific Soldier. The performance maps can easily portray areas of non-linear performance that should be avoided or exploited, while presenting levels of uncertainty regarding the assessments, thus empowering the individual to make informed decisions regarding control and allocation of resources. The present work demonstrates the utility of visual performance maps by structuring 19 relatively mature 3D performance maps based on published empirical research data and analytical models related to human performance. Based on a broad review of the literature, the present research evaluated 10 potential physiological indicators, termed biomarkers that correlate with human responses to a select set of stressors, referred to as impact parameters. The 10 evaluated impact parameters affect various components of Soldier performance. The present research evaluated the documentation of these relationships in the existing literature with regard to 9 general Soldier performance measures. Identifying the research supported relationships from biomarkers to impact parameters to Soldier performance measures resulted in a preliminary Bayesian Soldier Performance Model, from which it is possible to create 70 distinct 3D performance maps. Based on the quality of the relationships identified in the reviewed literature, and a contemporary evaluation of existing sensor technology for the related biomarkers, the present research assessed 26 of the potential 70 performance maps as being achievable in the near-term. Continuing development of the Soldier Performance Model (SPM) as proposed in this report has the potential to increase Soldier performance while simultaneously improving Soldier well-being, reducing risk of physical and mental injury, and reducing downstream treatment cost. / text

No description available.

The pharmaceutical sector is important for human health due to the increasing demand for medical products but is also a pollution and waste intensive industry. There is an urgent need for the industry to review its environmental footprints and simultaneously consider the industrial transformation called Industry 4.0. This is especially true for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). To achieve these objectives, it is presumed that artificial intelligence (AI) will have an important role.  This thesis sets out to identify barriers that pharmaceutical SMEs may encounter when implementing AI to improve environmental efforts. Furthermore, due to the lack of efficient tools the Green Performance Map is analyzed to see if additional value in the design phase and running of a production system can be obtained. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as this thesis is a case study and follows an inductive process. Other qualitative data and literature were used to investigate the research questions. The results indicate that organizational, resource, regulatory and knowledge specific factors can create barriers. Furthermore, there are indications that the Green Performance Map will be useful in both the design phase and running of a production system, this is however dependent on the resources. / Läkemedelssektorn är viktig för människans hälsa på grund av den ökade efterfrågan av medicinska produkter men bidrar även till stora mängder avfall och föroreningar. Det finns ett akut behov att industrin granskar sina miljöavtryck och samtidigt överväger den industriella omvandlingen som kallas Industri 4.0. Detta gäller särskilt för små och medelstora företag. För att uppnå dessa mål kan Artificiell Intelligens (AI) komma att ha en betydelsefull roll.  Detta examensarbete syftar till att identifiera de hinder som små och medelstora läkemedelsföretag kan stöta på när de implementerar AI för att förbättra sitt miljöarbete. På grund av brist på effektiva verktyg analyseras dessutom Green Performance Map för att se om ett mervärde i designfasen och under driften av produktionssystemet kan erhållas. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes då examensarbetet är en fallstudie och följer en induktiv process. Kvalitativa data och litteratur användes för att undersöka forskningsfrågorna. Resultatet indikerar att organisatoriska, resurs-, reglerings- och kunskapsspecifika faktorer kan skapa barriärer. Dessutom, finns det indikatorer på att Green Performance Map kommer vara användbart både i designfasen och när produktionssystemet är i drift, detta är dock beroende på nivån av resurser.

The pharmaceutical sector is important for human health due to the increasing demand for medical products but is also a pollution and waste intensive industry. There is an urgent need for the industry to review its environmental footprints and simultaneously consider the industrial transformation called Industry 4.0. This is especially true for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). To achieve these objectives, it is presumed that artificial intelligence (AI) will have an important role.  This thesis sets out to identify barriers that pharmaceutical SMEs may encounter when implementing AI to improve environmental efforts. Furthermore, due to the lack of efficient tools the Green Performance Map is analyzed to see if additional value in the design phase and running of a production system can be obtained. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as this thesis is a case study and follows an inductive process. Other qualitative data and literature were used to investigate the research questions. The results indicate that organizational, resource, regulatory and knowledge specific factors can create barriers. Furthermore, there are indications that the Green Performance Map will be useful in both the design phase and running of a production system, this is however dependent on the resources. / Läkemedelssektorn är viktig för människans hälsa på grund av den ökade efterfrågan av medicinska produkter men bidrar även till stora mängder avfall och föroreningar. Det finns ett akut behov att industrin granskar sina miljöavtryck och samtidigt överväger den industriella omvandlingen som kallas Industri 4.0. Detta gäller särskilt för små och medelstora företag. För att uppnå dessa mål kan Artificiell Intelligens (AI) komma att ha en betydelsefull roll.  Detta examensarbete syftar till att identifiera de hinder som små och medelstora läkemedelsföretag kan stöta på när de implementerar AI för att förbättra sitt miljöarbete. På grund av brist på effektiva verktyg analyseras dessutom Green Performance Map för att se om ett mervärde i designfasen och under driften av produktionssystemet kan erhållas. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes då examensarbetet är en fallstudie och följer en induktiv process. Kvalitativa data och litteratur användes för att undersöka forskningsfrågorna. Resultatet indikerar att organisatoriska, resurs-, reglerings- och kunskapsspecifika faktorer kan skapa barriärer. Dessutom, finns det indikatorer på att Green Performance Map kommer vara användbart både i designfasen och när produktionssystemet är i drift, detta är dock beroende på nivån av resurser.

This report is the result of a thesis work carried out on the Risifrutti production at the company Procordia Food AB. The thesis is at a master level and is the final work for the author to receive a Master of Science in Innovative production at Mälardalen University. The thesis comprises 30 credits and has lasted for 18 weeks. The thesis is mainly a research on whether it is possible to perform an Environmental Value Stream Map (E-VSM) in a food processing industry and an evaluation if the tools E-VSM and Green Performance Map (GPM) are useful in this type of industry. An extra part to this research is to use the results from the E-VSM and give Procordia Food AB information on improvement potentials in the Risifrutti production. The author has found it difficult to collect some of the quantitative data to the E-VSM, mainly regarding energy, but by using the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) tool and other Lean tools the author was able to identify and quantify several wastes in the Risifrutti production. Recommendations for improvements based on these wastes have been given to the company. In the research part of this report the utility of the Value Stream Map, Environmental Value Stream Map and Green Performance Map in a food processing industry have been analyzed. The author has found that the Value Stream Map has been a useful tool since waste and unevenness in the tact of the production has been identified. The Environmental Value Stream Map and the Green Performance Map are also great tools when a company wants to analyze their environmental impact and then invest in environmental improvements. However, no profound energy analyzes has been done in the Risifrutti production because of the lack of energy meters for steam, electricity and compressed air in the production lines. / Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete utfört på Risifruttiproduktionen hos företaget Procordia Food AB. Examensarbetet är på D-nivå och är det slutgiltiga arbetet för att författaren ska få en Civilingenjörsexamen inom Innovativ produktion vid Mälardalens Högskola. Examensarbetet omfattar 30 högskolepoäng och har pågått i 18 veckor.   Examensarbetet är i huvudsak en forskning av huruvida det är möjligt att utföra en Miljövärdeflödesanalys på en livsmedelsprocessindustri samt en utvärdering av om Miljövärdeflödesanalys och Green Performance Map verktygen är användbara i denna typ av industri. En bidel till denna forskning är att med hjälp av resultaten från Miljövärdeflödesanalysen ge Procordia Food AB information om vad som bör förbättras i Risifruttiproduktionen.   Författaren har haft det svårt att samla in vissa kvantitativa data till Miljövärdeflödesanalysen, främst beträffande energiåtgång i delprocesserna, men har ändå med hjälp av en Värdeflödesanalys och andra Lean verktyg kunnat identifiera och kvantifiera flera slöserier i Risifruttiproduktionen. Rekommendationer till förbättringar baserade på dessa slöserier har givits till företaget.   I forskningsanalysen har verktygen Värdeflödesanalys, Miljövärdeflödesanalys samt Green Performance Map användbarhet i en livsmedelsprocessindustri analyserats. Författaren har funnit att Värdeflödesanalys är ett användbart verktyg då slöserier och ojämnheter i produktionstakt har kunnat identifieras. Miljövärdeflödesanalys och Green Performance Map verktygen är också bra verktyg när ett företag vill analysera sin miljöbelastning för att sedan investera i miljöförbättringar. Dock har inga djupare energianalyser kunnat göras i Risifruttiproduktionen eftersom energimätare för el, ånga och tryckluft saknades i produktionen.

The thesis proposes an overall performance estimation procedure for a new turbo-rotary compound engine (TURC) and an associated novel thermodynamic cycle. In this engine, two or multiple spools are lined up in series within the engine. In the front spool, positive displacement rotary vane type turbines drive axial compressor the performance of which were estimated using stage stacking calculations. In the back spool, axial turbine stages drive positive displacement rotary vane type compressors, the performance of axial turbine was predicted by series matching of turbine stages. Two air streams feed separately the customary turbo components and the rotary vane components, respectively. Accordingly, the primary high mass flow through the axial compressors and turbines undergoes Bryton cycle, where as the secondary, low mass flow through the positive displacement rotary components is mainly undergoes Akmandor cycle, which is a novel thermodynamic cycle. The energy consumed internally by the engine is minimized because less input shaft power is needed for the rotary vane compressors and higher inlet temperatures and less cooling can be tolerated by the intermittent combustion rotary vane turbines. The result is a radical improvement in both efficiency and net power output. But this result can be estimated, since the novel engine is the combination of a high efficiency internal combustion engine and high performance gas turbine engine. Aerothermodynamics and spool matching calculations comparing a T56-A14 core with a TURC of similar size and compression ratio show that the new engine provides superior performance characteristics by increasing the net output work by 100% and decreasing the specific fuel consumption by 20%.

This work will be focused on issue of a jet engine. The thesis will be divided into search retrieval part and computational part. In the search retrieval part it will focus on different configurations of jet engines as well as areas of their use. The main part of the thesis will however focus on a calculations where a turbine, compressor and an exhaust nozzle will be designed in order to give a thrust of approximately 1kN. Next step will be determination of an engine charcteristic that will give us a preview on how the engine performance will look like in off-design modes.