Cette thèse expose les résultats d’une recherche praticienne inédite menée pendant plusieurs décennies auprès de psychologues du travail exerçant une fonction de sélection-orientation, dans un organisme public, auprès d’une population d’adultes dans des conditions professionnelles et techniques strictement identiques. Toute évaluation d’un potentiel intellectuel réalisée selon la méthode des tests psychométriques n’est pas réductible aux résultats obtenus. Ceux-ci doivent nécessairement être interprétés par le psychologue pratiquant l’examen. C’est une exigence méthodologique inhérente à la pratique des tests. Dans cette phase d’interprétation se trouve à l’œuvre un processus décisionnel que l’on peut supposer d’autant plus opaque qu’il est sous l’emprise d’un pouvoir discrétionnaire : celui du praticien en charge de l’évaluation. Cette nécessité du processus d’interprétation d’une performance obtenue à un test pourrait être de nature à contrarier, voire contredire, les règles de rigueur et de stricte objectivité de la méthode expérimentale à laquelle se référent les tests psychométriques. Il est donc légitime d’avancer l’hypothèse que la conclusion émise par l’évaluateur ne peut échapper pour une part à sa subjectivité. Ne résulte-t-il pas alors un hiatus induisant une rupture épistémologique ? L’ampleur des données recueillies à partir de près de 40.000 dossiers psychotechniques permet une étude différentielle de la « production » de ces psychologues du travail. Par une approche statistique, nous avons analysé la variabilité des interprétations et des décisions associées au sein de l’échantillon des évaluateurs. Il ressort des analyses des données qu’est confirmée l’hypothèse initiale d’un défaut, intrinsèquement lié à leurs mise en pratique, des techniques de tests psychométriques pour parvenir à un niveau d’objectivité satisfaisant permettant d’appuyer l’orientation des sujets candidats. Ces travaux de recherche qui réunissent en définitive les caractéristiques et les conditions d’une approche docimologique apportent une preuve supplémentaire que ces techniques d’évaluation ne sauraient prétendre au niveau d’objectivité scientifique dont elles se réclament. Ils mettent en évidence l’empreinte subjective liée à toute évaluation à base de tests psychométriques conduisant à s’interroger sur la pertinence des discours habituellement tenus sur l’utilité sociale de celle-ci. / This thesis presents the results of unprecedented practitioner research conducted for several decades with work psychologists holding a position of selection and work orientation, in a public organization, in a population of adults in strictly identical professional and technical conditions.Any assessment of intellectual potential realized according to psychometric testing method is not reducible to the results obtained. These must necessarily be interpreted by the psychologist doing examination. This is an inherent methodological requirement to conducting tests. In this phase of interpretation there is a decision-making process that we can assume even more opaque for it is under the influence of discretion: that of a practitioner in charge of the evaluation.This necessity of the interpretation process of a test performance might be likely to impede or even contradict the rules of rigor and of strict objectivity of the experimental method to which the psychometric tests refer. It is therefore legitimate to advance the hypothesis that the conclusion issued by the evaluator can not avoid in part his subjectivity. Does not it follow then a hiatus inducing an epistemological break?The extent of data collected from nearly 40,000 psychotechnical records allows a different study of the "production" of these work psychologists. With a statistical approach, we have analyzed the variability of interpretations and associated decisions within the sample of evaluators. It appears from the data analysis that was confirmed the initial assumption of a flaw, intrinsically bound to their implementation, psychometric testing techniques to achieve a satisfactory level of objectivity that will support the orientation of candidates.This research project that ultimately brings together the characteristics and conditions of a docimological approach provides an additional evidence that these assessment techniques can not assert the level of scientific objectivity which they claim. They highlight the subjective mark of any assessment based on psychometric tests leading to wonder about a relevance of position usually held on the social utility of assessment.

New application versions may contain source code changes that decrease the application’s performance. To ensure sufficient performance, it is necessary to identify these code changes. Peass is a performance analysis tool using performance measurements of unit tests to achieve that goal for Java applications. However, it can only be utilized for Java applications that are built using the tools Apache Maven or Gradle. This thesis provides a plugin for Peass that enables it to analyze applications built with Apache Ant. Peass utilizes the frameworks Kieker and KoPeMe to record the execution traces and measure the response times of unit tests. This results in the following tasks for the Peass-Ant plugin: (1) Add Kieker and KoPeMe as dependencies and (2) Execute transformed unit tests. For the first task, our plugin programmatically resolves the transitive dependencies of Kieker and KoPeMe and modifies the XML buildfiles of the application under test. For the second task, the plugin orchestrates the process that surrounds test execution—implementing performance optimizations for the analysis of applications with large codebases—and executes specific Ant commands that prepare and start test execution. To make our plugin work, we additionally improved Peass and Kieker. Therefore, we implemented three enhancements and identified twelve bugs. We evaluated the Peass-Ant plugin by conducting a case study on 200 commits of the open-source project Apache Tomcat. We detected 14 commits with 57 unit tests that contain performance changes. Our subsequent root cause analysis identified nine source code changes that we assigned to three clusters of source code changes known to cause performance changes.:1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Objectives 1.3. Organization 2. Foundations 2.1. Performance Measurement in Java 2.2. Peass 2.3. Apache Ant 2.4. Apache Tomcat 3. Architecture of the Plugin 3.1. Requirements 3.2. Component Structure 3.3. Integrated Class Structure of Peass and the Plugin 3.4. Build Modification Tasks for Tomcat 4. Implementation 4.1. Changes in Peass 4.2. Changes in Kieker and Kieker-Source-Instrumentation 4.3. Buildfile Modification of the Plugin 4.4. Test Execution of the Plugin 5. Evaluative Case Study 5.1. Setup of the Case Study 5.2. Results of the Case Study 5.3. Performance Optimizations for Ant Applications 6. Related Work 6.1. Performance Analysis Tools 6.2. Test Selection and Test Prioritization Tools 6.3. Empirical Studies on Performance Bugs and Regressions 7. Conclusion and Future Work 7.1. Conclusion 7.2. Future Work / Neue Versionen einer Applikation können Quelltextänderungen enthalten, die die Performance der Applikation verschlechtern. Um eine ausreichende Performance sicherzustellen, ist es notwendig, diese Quelltextänderungen zu identifizieren. Peass ist ein Performance-Analyse-Tool, das die Performance von Unit-Tests misst, um dieses Ziel für Java-Applikationen zu erreichen. Allerdings kann es nur für Java-Applikationen verwendet werden, die eines der Build-Tools Apache Maven oder Gradle nutzen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Plugin für Peass entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, mit Peass Applikationen zu analysieren, die das Build-Tool Apache Ant nutzen. Peass verwendet die Frameworks Kieker und KoPeMe, um Ausführungs-Traces von Unit-Tests aufzuzeichnen und Antwortzeiten von Unit-Tests zu messen. Daraus resultieren folgende Aufgaben für das Peass-Ant-Plugin: (1) Kieker und KoPeMe als Abhängigkeiten hinzufügen und (2) Transformierte Unit-Tests ausführen. Für die erste Aufgabe löst das Plugin programmbasiert die transitiven Abhängigkeiten von Kieker und KoPeMe auf und modifiziert die XML-Build-Dateien der zu testenden Applikation. Für die zweite Aufgabe steuert das Plugin den Prozess, der die Testausführung umgibt, und führt spezielle Ant-Kommandos aus, die die Testausführung vorbereiten und starten. Dabei implementiert es Performanceoptimierungen, um auch Applikationen mit einer großen Codebasis analysieren zu können. Um die Lauffähigkeit des Plugins sicherzustellen, wurden zusätzlich Verbesserungen an Peass und Kieker vorgenommen. Dabei wurden drei Erweiterungen implementiert und zwölf Bugs identifiziert. Um das Peass-Ant-Plugin zu bewerten, wurde eine Fallstudie mit 200 Commits des Open-Source-Projekts Apache Tomcat durchgeführt. Dabei wurden 14 Commits mit 57 Unit-Tests erkannt, die Performanceänderungen enthalten. Unsere anschließende Ursachenanalyse identifizierte neun verursachende Quelltextänderungen. Diese wurden drei Clustern von Quelltextänderungen zugeordnet, von denen bekannt ist, dass sie eine Veränderung der Performance verursachen.:1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Objectives 1.3. Organization 2. Foundations 2.1. Performance Measurement in Java 2.2. Peass 2.3. Apache Ant 2.4. Apache Tomcat 3. Architecture of the Plugin 3.1. Requirements 3.2. Component Structure 3.3. Integrated Class Structure of Peass and the Plugin 3.4. Build Modification Tasks for Tomcat 4. Implementation 4.1. Changes in Peass 4.2. Changes in Kieker and Kieker-Source-Instrumentation 4.3. Buildfile Modification of the Plugin 4.4. Test Execution of the Plugin 5. Evaluative Case Study 5.1. Setup of the Case Study 5.2. Results of the Case Study 5.3. Performance Optimizations for Ant Applications 6. Related Work 6.1. Performance Analysis Tools 6.2. Test Selection and Test Prioritization Tools 6.3. Empirical Studies on Performance Bugs and Regressions 7. Conclusion and Future Work 7.1. Conclusion 7.2. Future Work

This investigation examined the ability of the self-reported Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) and the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) to predict an individual’s performance on a timed walking assessment. Twenty subjects 65 years of age and older (73.5 ± 4.8) volunteered for the study. There were 13 women and nine men. Subjects participated in an individual interview in which the VSAQ and the YPAS were administered. The subjects then participated in a timed 25 meter walking test (16.5 ± 2.5). The 25 meter walking test was given twice and the times for each individual was averaged. Descriptive analysis of the YPAS demonstrated that the predominant reported level of energy expenditure was used for work activities (50% ± 18.4). The least amount of calories for the entire group was expended in caretaking with a mean percentage of 3.3% (± 6.1). Exercise was the second highest calorie expending category with 21.9% (± 14.0) of total calories. However, recreational activities were a close third with a mean of 17% (± 19.0). Yard work represented 7.8% (± 7.8) of total calories. The mean score for the VSAQ was 7.4 (± 3.4). The regression analysis demonstrated that age, gender, and VSAQ score were significant predictors of physical performance on the walking test (p<0.05) (Time= -1.78 +0.274 Age +2.22 Gender - 0.366 VSAQ). The r-squared value for this was 62.5%. Performance time was significantly predicted by adding the selected values from the YPAS (exercise and work) and the value from the VSAQ (Time= 18.5 - 0.566 VSAQ +0.0568 %Exer + 0.0350 %Work). The r-squared value for this was 52.6%. There was also a significant correlation (p<0.05) between age, time, and performance (r²=0.5). Therefore, the VSAQ appears to be an alternative assessment tool for physical activity in this selected elderly population. / Master of Science

In recent decades, many manufacturing industries have globalized their operations and the Canadian manufacturing sector has experienced dramatic downsizing. For a manufacturing company to succeed therefore, it is necessary for them to operate with a global perspective. In the area of fire safety, this requires understanding of, and compliance with, global regulatory requirements. This research develops a systematic approach that can be utilized to analyze and compare the complex fire safety regulatory requirements that are stipulated for a selected topic in various countries. The approach developed is sufficiently general that it can be leveraged to compare and contrast global standards in any field or discipline. The methodology outlines six aspects of the regulatory environment that must be considered in sorting standards and then uses spreadsheets and a mind mapping program to elucidate the many relationships that exist amongst the current standards. In this work, flammability test requirements for public transportation seating are studied, with a major emphasis on seating for railway applications. Requirements for seating in aviation, automotive (both cars and buses) and military vehicles are included in the discussion for comparative purposes. Fire is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to characterize. The legislated testing protocols reflect this complexity with some geographic jurisdictions mandating as many as six different types of fire testing for rail seating. This work looks in depth at two of the main types of fire testing: flame spread testing and toxic effluent testing. Flame spread testing was chosen because it is widely required, and toxic effluent testing was chosen because of the many complexities and ambiguities present amongst these standards. Eleven flame-spread tests are compared on a semi-quantitative basis, and eight fire effluent toxicity tests are discussed on a qualitative basis. The technique developed was useful to elucidate the relationships, similarities and differences amongst the fire safety requirements for transportation seating. There are large differences in requirements among transportation sectors as well as on a geographical basis. Using this technique, it was possible to categorize the flame spread tests into two groups and to compare the relative intensity of the tests within each of these subsets. The fire effluent toxicity tests varied so much in approach that only qualitative comparisons were possible.

In recent decades, many manufacturing industries have globalized their operations and the Canadian manufacturing sector has experienced dramatic downsizing. For a manufacturing company to succeed therefore, it is necessary for them to operate with a global perspective. In the area of fire safety, this requires understanding of, and compliance with, global regulatory requirements. This research develops a systematic approach that can be utilized to analyze and compare the complex fire safety regulatory requirements that are stipulated for a selected topic in various countries. The approach developed is sufficiently general that it can be leveraged to compare and contrast global standards in any field or discipline. The methodology outlines six aspects of the regulatory environment that must be considered in sorting standards and then uses spreadsheets and a mind mapping program to elucidate the many relationships that exist amongst the current standards. In this work, flammability test requirements for public transportation seating are studied, with a major emphasis on seating for railway applications. Requirements for seating in aviation, automotive (both cars and buses) and military vehicles are included in the discussion for comparative purposes. Fire is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to characterize. The legislated testing protocols reflect this complexity with some geographic jurisdictions mandating as many as six different types of fire testing for rail seating. This work looks in depth at two of the main types of fire testing: flame spread testing and toxic effluent testing. Flame spread testing was chosen because it is widely required, and toxic effluent testing was chosen because of the many complexities and ambiguities present amongst these standards. Eleven flame-spread tests are compared on a semi-quantitative basis, and eight fire effluent toxicity tests are discussed on a qualitative basis. The technique developed was useful to elucidate the relationships, similarities and differences amongst the fire safety requirements for transportation seating. There are large differences in requirements among transportation sectors as well as on a geographical basis. Using this technique, it was possible to categorize the flame spread tests into two groups and to compare the relative intensity of the tests within each of these subsets. The fire effluent toxicity tests varied so much in approach that only qualitative comparisons were possible.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_oab_me_jabo_prot.pdf: 1519067 bytes, checksum: 98437b3bc201f8ee82ba7715b0f41aed (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O esporte eqüestre vem exigindo um grau crescente de profissionalismo no mundo todo. Testes de desempenho, como a aferição do Limiar anaeróbio (LA), inserem-se neste contexto. Este trabalho comparou sete protocolos de mensuração do LA, cinco lactacidêmicos (V2, V4, LAI, LAI0,5, Lacmin) e dois glicêmicos (LGI e Glicmin). Todos foram comparados a Máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL), protocolo padrão de aferição do LA. Catorze eqüinos Puro Sangue Árabe foram utilizados, entre machos e fêmeas. As médias e desvios-padrão das velocidades associadas aos testes foram: V2 = 9,49 ± 0,83 m/s, V4 = 10,83 ± 0,71 m/s, VLAI = 9,62 ± 0,91 m/s, VLAI0,5 = 10,21 ± 0,80 m/s, VLacmin = 7,49 ± 0,55 m/s, VLGI = 7,69 ± 1,68 m/s, VGlicmin = 8,31 ± 1,64 m/s e VMFEL = 6,06 ± 0,51 m/s. Somente a VLacmin não diferiu da VMFEL, além de obter correlação significativa com a mesma de ρ = 0,76 (Correlação de Spearman). A Tendência e os Limites de Concordância entre a VLacmin e a VMFEL foram de 1,43; 0,79 e 2,05. Além de predizer velocidades diferentes da VMFEL, os limiares LAI, LGI e Glicmin apresentaram dificuldades operacionais. As diferenças entre as velocidades preditas pelos protocolos V2, V4, LAI e LAI0,5, LGI e Glicmin a VMFEL podem ser parcialmente explicadas por variações de composição de protocolo e dificuldades operacionais. Apesar de não diferirem estatisticamente, as VLacmin e as VMFEL apresentaram baixa concordância, o que provavelmente pode ser melhorado com ajustes finos no protocolo do Lacmin. / Equestrian sports are demanding a growing degree of professionalism all over the world. Performance tests, as Anaerobic threshold (AT) assessment, are inserted in that context. The present study compared seven protocols for anaerobic threshold assessment: five of them using the lactacidemia (V2, V4, IAT, IAT0.5 and Lacmin) and two glicemia (IGT and Glicmin). All of them were compared to the Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS), the gold standard for AT assessment. Fourteen Arabian horses, males and females were submitted to the protocols. Velocity means and standard deviation associated to each protocol were: V2 = 9.49 ± 0.83; V4 = 10.83 ± 0.71; VIAT = 9.62 ± 0.91; VIAT0,5 = 10.21 ± 0.80; VLacmin = 7.49 ± 0.55; VIGT = 7.69 ± 1.68; VGlicmin = 8.31 ± 1.64 e VMLSS = 6.06 ±0.51. Only VLacmin did not differ from VMLSS, moreover, they correlate significantly with ρ = 0.76 (Spearman correlation). Bias ant Limits of Agreement of the two methods were 1.43; 0.79 and 2.05. Besides they predicted different velocities when compared to VMLSS, IAT, IGT and Glicmin showed operational difficulties. The differences between the velocities associated with the several protocols and the VMLSS could be partially attributed to protocol components variations and some operational difficulties. Regardless the statistical equality, VLacmin and VMLSS revealed poor agreement, what could probably be improved with adjustments in the Lacmin protocol.

Orientador: Antonio de Queiroz Neto / Banca: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Benedito Sérgio Denadai / Resumo: O esporte eqüestre vem exigindo um grau crescente de profissionalismo no mundo todo. Testes de desempenho, como a aferição do Limiar anaeróbio (LA), inserem-se neste contexto. Este trabalho comparou sete protocolos de mensuração do LA, cinco lactacidêmicos (V2, V4, LAI, LAI0,5, Lacmin) e dois glicêmicos (LGI e Glicmin). Todos foram comparados a Máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL), protocolo padrão de aferição do LA. Catorze eqüinos Puro Sangue Árabe foram utilizados, entre machos e fêmeas. As médias e desvios-padrão das velocidades associadas aos testes foram: V2 = 9,49 ± 0,83 m/s, V4 = 10,83 ± 0,71 m/s, VLAI = 9,62 ± 0,91 m/s, VLAI0,5 = 10,21 ± 0,80 m/s, VLacmin = 7,49 ± 0,55 m/s, VLGI = 7,69 ± 1,68 m/s, VGlicmin = 8,31 ± 1,64 m/s e VMFEL = 6,06 ± 0,51 m/s. Somente a VLacmin não diferiu da VMFEL, além de obter correlação significativa com a mesma de ρ = 0,76 (Correlação de Spearman). A Tendência e os Limites de Concordância entre a VLacmin e a VMFEL foram de 1,43; 0,79 e 2,05. Além de predizer velocidades diferentes da VMFEL, os limiares LAI, LGI e Glicmin apresentaram dificuldades operacionais. As diferenças entre as velocidades preditas pelos protocolos V2, V4, LAI e LAI0,5, LGI e Glicmin a VMFEL podem ser parcialmente explicadas por variações de composição de protocolo e dificuldades operacionais. Apesar de não diferirem estatisticamente, as VLacmin e as VMFEL apresentaram baixa concordância, o que provavelmente pode ser melhorado com ajustes finos no protocolo do Lacmin. / Abstract: Equestrian sports are demanding a growing degree of professionalism all over the world. Performance tests, as Anaerobic threshold (AT) assessment, are inserted in that context. The present study compared seven protocols for anaerobic threshold assessment: five of them using the lactacidemia (V2, V4, IAT, IAT0.5 and Lacmin) and two glicemia (IGT and Glicmin). All of them were compared to the Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS), the gold standard for AT assessment. Fourteen Arabian horses, males and females were submitted to the protocols. Velocity means and standard deviation associated to each protocol were: V2 = 9.49 ± 0.83; V4 = 10.83 ± 0.71; VIAT = 9.62 ± 0.91; VIAT0,5 = 10.21 ± 0.80; VLacmin = 7.49 ± 0.55; VIGT = 7.69 ± 1.68; VGlicmin = 8.31 ± 1.64 e VMLSS = 6.06 ±0.51. Only VLacmin did not differ from VMLSS, moreover, they correlate significantly with ρ = 0.76 (Spearman correlation). Bias ant Limits of Agreement of the two methods were 1.43; 0.79 and 2.05. Besides they predicted different velocities when compared to VMLSS, IAT, IGT and Glicmin showed operational difficulties. The differences between the velocities associated with the several protocols and the VMLSS could be partially attributed to protocol components variations and some operational difficulties. Regardless the statistical equality, VLacmin and VMLSS revealed poor agreement, what could probably be improved with adjustments in the Lacmin protocol. / Mestre

The Master thesis focuses on basic description of the theoretical and practical part of testing, agile development and online shopping. Aim of the paper is to specify requirements for testing scenario of online shopping and subsequently suggest suitable solution for easy integration testing process as a part of the development of online shopping within agile development.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-03-02T21:02:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Queiroz Arantes Prudente - 2015.pdf: 2676423 bytes, checksum: 95fa022b3853b805c569eb33d3d481e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T12:08:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Queiroz Arantes Prudente - 2015.pdf: 2676423 bytes, checksum: 95fa022b3853b805c569eb33d3d481e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T12:08:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Queiroz Arantes Prudente - 2015.pdf: 2676423 bytes, checksum: 95fa022b3853b805c569eb33d3d481e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Flexible or asphalt pavements compose the Brazilian highway network, which have to promote security on traffic on the highways, to support the effects of changes in climate and to resist the traffic of vehicles. By this reasons, the structure of the pavement is particularly important and must be constituted by layers, which can distribute the loads into the structure, reducing the vertical load produced by the action of traffic and, consequently, providing protection to the subgrade. In the middle western Brazil, in the state of Goiás, there is not advanced studies on asphalt mixtures used in highways and in urban pavements, and there is not a technical scientific proofing that the local aggregates available in the region, is the best option considering the local conditions. Forward better conditions of infrastructure, it is proposed to develop more efficient asphalt mixtures for pavements, by submitting the mixtures through analysis of mechanical strength and performance test, analyzing if the most used asphalts mixtures are satisfactory or not. The hot asphalt mixture are composed by aggregates and asphalt binders that are design in order to attend the parameters set in the projects according to demand and traffic types. In this research, it was proposed the study of six asphalt mixture design with different types of asphalt binders with the same aggregates origin in a different grain size range (Bands B and C). The binders used in this study are the conventional cement asphalt in the region, CAP 30/45 e 50/70 (Brazilian penetration grade), with low and medium penetration, respectively, and the polymer modified asphalt (AMP). The CAP 50/70 is the most used conventional binder in the region, followed by CAP 30/45. Tha AMP binder is not often used. The characterization tests of the materials that composed the mixture are presented and their selection and characterization attended the standardized procedures and requirements by the brazilian department responsible for highway structures (DNIT). In a second stage, the design tests were performed, combining aggregates and binders in different rates, by the Marshall Mix Design Method using manual compression, until the great design was obtained The laboratory tests were realized with this great design to analyze the mass loss and obtain its mechanical properties, given by the tensile strength (RT). Performance tests were realized to obtain its resilient modulus (MR) and, using wheel tracking test, to obtain the permanent deformation (DP). The results showed that the common hot mixture asphalt used in the region (range C and CAP 50/70), is not a good option, because its performance is not satisfactory. Therefore, the range to be used, and the binder, must be analyzed for each traffic level. It is also recommended to evaluate the Marshall methodology for design mixtures, considering mainly the compression way and the determination of the maximum densities. / A malha rodoviária brasileira é composta, principalmente, por pavimentos do tipo flexível ou asfáltico, que devem, para promover a segurança ao tráfego nas rodovias, suportar os efeitos das mudanças de clima e resistir ao fluxo de veículos. Para isso, a estrutura do pavimento é particularmente importante e deve ser constituída por camadas que distribuam as cargas a que estão submetidas, minimizando os esforços verticais produzidos pela ação do tráfego e, consequentemente, oferecendo proteção ao subleito. Em busca de melhores condições de infraestrutura no estado de Goiás, propôs-se avaliar se as misturas asfálticas mais utilizadas na região são consideradas satisfatórias ou não, visto que inexistem estudos desenvolvidos sobre o assunto. As misturas asfálticas a quente são compostas de agregados e ligantes, que são dosados de forma a atender os parâmetros determinados nos projetos de acordo com a demanda e tipos de tráfego. Nesta pesquisa, foi proposto o estudo da dosagem de seis projetos de misturas, com diferentes tipos de ligantes asfálticos para agregados de mesma origem nas faixas granulométricas mais utilizadas na região (Faixas B e C). Foram utilizados ligantes convencionais CAP 30/45 e 50/70, com baixa e média penetração, respectivamente, e asfalto modificado com polímero (AMP). Dos ligantes convencionais, o CAP 50/70 é o mais utilizado na região, seguido do CAP 30/45, já o AMP ainda não é frequentemente utilizado. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização dos materiais que compõem as misturas, que seguiram os procedimentos e requisitos normatizados pelo Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT). Em uma segunda etapa, foram realizados ensaios de dosagem, combinando agregados e ligantes em diferentes taxas até que, por meio da metodologia Marshall com compactação manual, fosse obtida a dosagem considerada ótima para cada mistura estudada. Com essas dosagens, foram realizados ensaios em laboratório, para análise de desgaste, de desempenho das misturas e de suas propriedades mecânicas, por meio da determinação da resistência à tração por compressão diametral, do módulo de resiliência e da deformação permanente. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a mistura asfáltica mais comum de ser utilizada como camada de rolamento na região (Faixa C e CAP 50/70) não apresenta comportamento satisfatório. Dessa forma, a faixa granulométrica a ser utilizada deve ser repensada, bem como o tipo de ligante a ser utilizado para cada nível de tráfego. Recomenda-se, também, a reavaliação da utilização da metodologia Marshall para dosagem das misturas, principalmente na questão da forma de compactação e na determinação das densidades máximas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6251.pdf: 2137348 bytes, checksum: c2a00dd9baf672490949a036d79336a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Literature reports that genetic polymorphisms may determine important modulations on athletes phenotypes, such as height, cardiovascular adaptations, use of energy substrates as well as electrolyte and hormonal balance. It is possible that individuals who express the alpha actinin 3 gene (ACTN3; ancestral homozygous RR or heterozygous RX) may offer advantages in movements that require strength and fast twitch compared with individuals with XX genotype. ACTN3 is a sarcomeric Z line component, which is important for the actin filaments anchorage and myofibrillar arrangement maintenance. Regarding AMP deaminase (AMPD1) polymorphism, it has been reported that athletes with the mutant allele (allele T) may present disadvantages in intense and repetitive physical activities, since the enzyme encoded by this gene is responsible for the ATP resynthesis after intense muscle contractions. Polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE; deletion allele D) and angiotensinogen (AGT; mutated allele T) may favor athletes in activities requiring strength, due to the fact of higher Angiotensin (Ang) II circulating levels. The present study investigated whether polymorphisms in ACTN3, AMPD1, ACE and AGT genes, alone or in combination, may influence the hemodynamic and cardiac parameters as well as soccer players performance during physical tests such as jump, speed and endurance. Saliva from 220 young professional soccer players (14-20 years) from São Paulo Futebol Clube (Brazil) was collected. Then, total DNA was extracted from saliva and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping of athletes. To provide more reliability to the study, athletes were also separated according to their age. Before this separation, the athletes with the mutation in the ACTN3 gene jumped lower heights in Squat Jump test (SJ) (RR/RX = 33.64 ± 5.31 vs XX = 30.81 ± 4.51 cm, p = 0.007), as well as in the Under (U)-15 (RR/RX = 34.88 ± 5.39 vs XX = 30.59 ± 4.07 cm, p = 0.04) and U- 17 (RR/RX = 35.82 ± 4.35 vs XX = 30.24 ± 5.16 cm, p = 0.01) categories. In the Counter Movement Jump test (CMJ), RR/RX jumped 37.26 ± 5.72 cm and XX 34.12 ± 4.84 cm (p = 0.005). In the U-17 category, RR/RX jumped 38.56 ± 5.69 cm and XX 32.90 ± 6.06 cm (p = 0.02). In the Counter Movement Jump with arms (CMJb) test, with all athletes, RR/RX jumped 43.85 ± 6.38 cm and XX 40.61 ± 5.06 cm (p = 0.009). The speed test (30 m) showed in the U-17 category that RR/RX were faster than the XX athletes (RR/RX = 4.13 ± 0.13 vs XX = 4.27 ± 0 17 s, p = 0.04). Regarding AMPD1 gene, no significant difference was found in the jumps and endurance tests, but in the speed test (10 m), CC athletes were faster than those with CT/TT genotypes (CC = 1.53 ± 0.19 vs CT/TT = 1.62 ± 0.16 s, p = 0.04). Athletes with DD genotype (ACE) jumped significantly higher in CMJb test compared with ID/II (DD = 44.37 ± 6.22 vs ID/II = 42.35 ± 6.23 cm, p = 0.02). In the U-17 category, DD athletes jumped higher in SJ (DD = 38.04 ± 5.00 vs ID/II = 33.16 ± 4.11 cm, p = 0.01), CMJ (DD = 41.03 ± 5.64 vs ID/II = 35.76 ± 4.26 cm, p = 0.01) and CMJb (DD = 48.62 ± 5.98 vs ID/II = 42.42 ± 4.81 cm, p = 0.007). In the endurance test, athletes from U-16 category with genotypes ID/II, traveled greater distances compared with DD (ID/II = 1.467 ± 63.70 vs DD =1.244 ± 64.25 m, p = 0.04). The DD genotype also favored athletes in speed test (30 m), either for players from U-14 category (DD = 4.29 ± 0.19 vs ID/II = 4.40 ± 0.16 s, p = 0.02) or for the U- 17 category (DD = 4.07 ± 0.15 vs ID/II = 4.20 ± 0.13 s, p = 0.04). AGT gene polymorphism did not influence the performance in the tests, but athletes with the mutant genotype (TT) showed greater left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy (114.6 ± 105.2 g/m2 for TT, 92.16 ± 18.88 g/m2 for MT and 94.78 ± 21.08 g/m2 for MM, p = 0.04) without any change in cardiac and other hemodynamic parameters. Greater LV hypertrophy (DD = 96.95 ± 19.96, ID = 90.14 ± 21.58 and II = 91.67 ± 21.09 g/m2, p = 0.04) and higher ejection fraction (DD = 71.73 ± 7.71, ID = 69.48 ± 6.51 and II = 68.59 ± 5.72 %, p = 0.02) were also found in the athletes with the DD genotype. The analysis of genes combination on athletic performance, when characteristics of strength and muscle fast twitch in the ranking by score were taken into account, showed that athletes with the highest scores (5-8) jumped higher than those with lower scores (1-4) in SJ test (score 5 to 8 = 33.80 ± 5.16 vs score 1 to 4 = 31.60 ± 5.22 cm, p = 0.01) and CMJ test (score 5 to 8 = 43.90 ± 6.85 vs score 1 to 4 = 41.87 ± 5.98 cm, p = 0.04). The present results suggest that RR/RX (ACTN3), DD (ACE) and CC (AMPD1) genotypes may benefit soccer players in activities requiring strength and fast twitch. In addition, ID/II genotypes seem to provide more resistance to athletes in endurance activity. In the future, the organization, standardization and ethical responsibility will be required in the management of these genetic markers for use in athletes training process. / Há relatos na literatura de que os polimorfismos genéticos podem determinar importantes modulações nos fenótipos dos atletas, como por exemplo, estatura, adaptações cardiovasculares, utilização dos substratos energéticos bem como balanço eletrolítico e hormonal. É possível que indivíduos que expressem o gene alfa actinina 3 (ACTN3; genótipos RR para homozigotos ancestrais ou RX para heterozigotos) possam apresentar vantagens em movimentos que exijam força e rápida contração muscular quando comparados aos indivíduos com genótipo XX. Isto pelo fato de a ACTN3 ser um componente da linha Z sarcomérica, o qual é importante para o ancoramento dos miofilamentos de actina e manutenção do arranjo miofibrilar. Com relação ao polimorfismo no gene AMP deaminase (AMPD1), tem sido relatado que os atletas que apresentam o alelo mutado (alelo T) possam apresentar desvantagens em atividades físicas intensas e repetitivas, uma vez que a enzima codificada por este gene é responsável pela ressíntese de ATP muscular após intensas contrações. Os polimorfismos nos genes da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA; alelo de deleção D) e angiotensinogênio (AGT; alelo T mutado) podem favorecer os atletas em atividades que requeiram força, isto por conta dos maiores níveis circulantes de Angiotensina (Ang) II. Este estudo investigou se os polimorfismos nos genes ACTN3, AMPD1, ECA e AGT, combinados ou não, podem influenciar nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, cardíacos e no desempenho de jogadores de futebol em testes físico-motores tais como saltos, velocidade e endurance. Foi coletada a saliva de 220 jogadores jovens (14 a 20 anos) das categorias de base profissional do São Paulo Futebol Clube, Brasil. Em seguida, o DNA total foi extraído a partir da saliva e ensaios de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foram utilizados para a genotipagem dos atletas. Para conferir mais fidedignidade ao estudo, os atletas foram também separados de acordo com a idade. Antes desta separação, os atletas com a mutação no gene ACTN3 saltaram menos no teste Squat Jump (SJ) (RR/RX = 33,64 ± 5,31 vs XX = 30,81 ± 4,51 cm, p = 0,007), assim como nas categorias Sub-15 (RR/RX = 34,88 ± 5,39 vs XX = 30,59 ± 4,07 cm, p = 0,04) e Sub-17 (RR/RX = 35,82 ± 4,35 vs XX = 30,24 ± 5,16 cm, p = 0,01). No teste Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) os RR/RX saltaram 37,26 ± 5,72 cm e os XX 34,12 ± 4,84 cm (p = 0,005). Na categoria Sub-17, detectou-se que os RR/RX saltaram 38,56 ± 5,69 cm e os XX 32,90 ± 6,06 cm (p = 0,02). No teste Counter Movement Jump com os braços (CMJb), com todos os atletas, os RR/RX saltaram 43,85 ± 6,38 cm e os XX 40,61 ± 5,06 cm (p = 0,009). O teste de velocidade de deslocamento (30 m) revelou, na categoria Sub-17, que os RR/RX foram mais velozes que os atletas XX (RR/RX = 4,13 ± 0,13 vs XX = 4,27 ± 0,17 s, p = 0,04). Com relação ao gene AMPD1, nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada nos testes de saltos e endurance, porém no teste de velocidade de deslocamento (10 m), os atletas CC foram mais velozes comparados àqueles com genótipos CT/TT (CC = 1,53 ± 0,19 vs CT/TT = 1,62 ± 0,16 s, p = 0,04). Atletas com o genótipo DD (ECA) saltaram significativamente mais alto no teste CMJb comparados aos ID/II (DD = 44,37 ± 6,22 vs ID/II 42,35 ± 6,23 cm, p = 0,02). Na categoria Sub-17, os atletas DD saltaram mais nos testes SJ (DD = 38,04 ± 5,00 vs ID/II = 33,16 ± 4,11 cm, p = 0,01), CMJ (DD = 41,03 ± 5,64 vs ID/II = 35,76 ± 4,26 cm, p = 0,01) e CMJb (DD = 48,62 ± 5,98 vs ID/II = 42,42 ± 4,81 cm, p = 0,007). No teste de endurance, atletas da categoria Sub-16 com os genótipos ID/II, percorreram maiores distâncias comparados aos DD (ID/II = 1.467 ± 63,70 vs DD = 1.244 ± 64,25 m, p = 0,04). O genótipo DD do gene da ECA também favoreceu os atletas no teste de velocidade (30 m), pois jogadores da categoria Sub-14 com o referido genótipo foram mais velozes comparados aos ID/II (DD = 4,29 ± 0,19 vs ID/II = 4,40 ± 0,16 s, p = 0,02). O mesmo pôde ser visto para a categoria Sub-17 (DD = 4,07 ± 0,15 vs ID/II = 4,20 ± 0,13 s, p = 0,04). O polimorfismo no gene AGT parece não influenciar o desempenho nos testes propostos, porém atletas com o genótipo mutado (TT) apresentaram maior hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE; 114,6 ± 105,2 g/m2 para TT; 92,16 ± 18,88 g/m2 para MT e 94,78 ± 21,08 g/m2 para MM, p = 0,04), sem qualquer outra alteração nos outros parâmetros cardíacos e hemodinâmicos. Maior hipertrofia do VE (DD = 96,95 ± 19,96; ID = 90,14 ± 21,58 e II = 91,67 ± 21,09 g/m2, p = 0,04) e maior fração de ejeção (DD = 71,73 ± 7,71; ID = 69,48 ± 6,51 e II = 68,59 ± 5,72 %, p = 0,02) também foram encontradas nos atletas com o genótipo DD. A análise da combinação dos genes no desempenho dos atletas, quando se privilegiaram as características de força e explosão muscular no ranqueamento por escore, revelou que os atletas com os escores mais altos (5 a 8) saltaram mais comparados àqueles com escores mais baixos (1 a 4) no teste SJ (Escore 5 a 8 = 33,80 ± 5,16 vs Escore 1 a 4 = 31,60 ± 5,22 cm, p = 0,01) e no teste CMJ (Escore 5 a 8 = 43,90 ± 6,85 vs Escore 1 a 4 = 41,87 ± 5,98 cm, p = 0,04). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os genótipos RR/RX (ACTN3), DD (ECA) e CC (AMPD1) podem beneficiar os jogadores de futebol em atividades que requeiram força e rápida contração muscular. Além disso, os genótipos ID/II parecem proporcionar mais resistência aos atletas em atividade de endurance. Para o futuro, serão necessárias organização, padronização e responsabilidade ética no manejo desses dados genéticos para a utilização no processo de formação de atletas.