Orientador: Renato Passini Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T11:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lajos_GiulianeJesus_D.pdf: 13164683 bytes, checksum: 157ab3724e88a3aa83c69cd29bf06c06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: A prematuridade é um problema complexo de saúde pública, sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade neonatais, com tendência a aumento nas últimas décadas. Foi proposto um estudo com a participação de vários hospitais do Brasil, a fim de avaliar diversos aspectos envolvidos com a ocorrência do parto pré-termo. Objetivos: descrever os métodos de implementação do Estudo Multicêntrico de Investigação em Prematuridade no Brasil; avaliar a homogeneidade amostral dos casos incluídos; estimar a prevalência e analisar fatores associados à prematuridade espontânea. Métodos: estudo transversal multicêntrico, com componente caso-controle aninhado, em 20 hospitais de referência em três regiões geográficas do Brasil. Foram selecionadas as instituições participantes, elaborado o formulário de coleta de dados, escolhido o sistema eletrônico para inclusão de casos, desenvolvido um programa para a digitação dos dados, elaborados manuais de orientação e padronização da coleta de informações, seguidos de implantação do estudo e análise dos dados obtidos. Foi realizada vigilância prospectiva para identificação de partos pré-termo e estimada sua prevalência, subdividindo-os pelas condições determinantes: trabalho de parto espontâneo, ruptura prematura de membranas e parto terapêutico. Foram estimadas taxas de prevalência ou médias, coeficientes de correlação intraclasse, efeitos do desenho do estudo e média de tamanho de conglomerado para mais de 250 variáveis. O risco de parto pré-termo espontâneo foi estimado com Odds Ratio para vários preditores e a análise por regressão logística não condicional identificou fatores independentemente associados. Resultados: Foram incluídas 5.296 mulheres, sendo 4.150 com partos prematuros (casos) e 1.146 com partos a termo (controles), e avaliados 5.752 recém-nascidos. A taxa geral de prematuridade foi 12,3%. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse foram baixos (<0,1) na maioria das variáveis. Comparando 2.682 partos prematuros espontâneos com 1.146 partos a termo, a análise multivariada identificou como fatores de risco para o parto pré-termo: antecedente de parto prematuro, gravidez múltipla, suspeita de insuficiência cervical, malformação fetal, polidrâmnio, sangramento vaginal, número insuficiente de consultas de pré-natal, aborto anterior e infecção do trato urinário. Conclusões: A implantação do Estudo Multicêntrico de Investigação em Prematuridade no Brasil foi a primeira etapa de uma ampla avaliação da prematuridade no país. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse indicaram adequada heterogeneidade da amostra estudada. Seus valores poderão ser usados como referência no cálculo de tamanho amostral de estudos futuros na área. A prevalência de partos pré-termo nos centros terciários do Brasil foi alta. Antecedente de parto prematuro, gravidez múltipla, suspeita de insuficiência cervical, malformação fetal, polidrâmnio, sangramento vaginal, número insuficiente de consultas de pré-natal, aborto anterior e infecção do trato urinário foram considerados fatores de risco para parto prematuro espontâneo. A identificação desses fatores pode auxiliar no planejamento de medidas para reduzir a ocorrência de partos pré-termo / Abstract: Background: Preterm birth is the main cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, resulting in a high likehood of sequelae in surviving children, with a tendency to increase in last decades. A study intending to collect information from hospitals in Brazil on several aspects of preterm birth was proposed. Objectives: To describe the methods used in elaborating and implementing the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth; to evaluate the homogeneity of the sample included in the network; to assess the prevalence of preterm births in Brazil and to identify factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Methods: The project consisted of a multicenter cross-sectional study plus a nested case-control study in 20 reference hospitals of three regions of Brazil. The elegible hospitals were selected, forms for data collection were prepared, an electronic system for the inclusion of cases was selected, a program for entering data was developed and the implantation process and data analysis were performed. A prospective surveillance was implemented to identify preterm births, to estimate its prevalence, subdividing into determinats conditions: spontaneous labor, prelabor rupture of membranes or therapeutic birth. Estimated prevalence rates or means, intracluster correlation coefficients, design effects and mean cluster sizes were presented for more than 250 variables. The risk of spontaneous preterm birth was estimated with Odds Ratio for several predictors and a non-conditional logistic regression analysis was then performed to identify independently associated factors. Results: Overall, 5,296 women were included in the study, being 4,150 preterm births (cases) and 1,146 term births (controls), and the total number of studied newborns was 5,752. Overall rate of preterm birth was 12.3%. Intracluster correlation coefficients were low (<0.1) in most variables, showing intracluster heterogeneity. When comparing 2,682 spontaneous preterm births to a sample of 1,146 term births, the multivariate analyzes identified as risk factors for preterm birth: a previous preterm birth, multiple pregnancy, cervical insufficiency, fetal malformation, polyhydramnios, vaginal bleeding, inadequate number of prenatal care visits, previous abortion, and urinary tract infection. Conclusions: The implementation of the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth was the first step of a comprehensive assessment of prematurity in the country. Intracluster correlation coefficients for the outcome variables indicate adequate sample heterogeneity. Their values can be used to calculate the sample size of further studies in the area. The preterm birth rate in tertiary facilities in Brazil was high and the proportion of therapeutic preterm births was over one third. Previous preterm birth, multiple pregnancy, cervical insufficiency, fetal malformation, polyhydramnios, vaginal bleeding, inadequate number of prenatal care visits, previous abortion, and urinary tract infection were considered risk factors to spontaneous preterm birth. Identification of these factors can be worth for planning effective measures to reduce the occurrence of preterm births / Doutorado / Saúde Materna e Perinatal / Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

OBJETIVOS: Descrever os resultados obstétricos e perinatais em três grupos de gestações gemelares monocoriônicas diamnióticas (MCDA) conduzidas de forma expectante: com diástole zero (DZ) e/ou reversa (DR) fixas na Dopplervelocimetria de artérias umbilicais (AU) e restrição de crescimento fetal seletiva (RCFs) (tipo II de Gratacós); com DZ e/ou DR intermitente e RCFs (tipo III de Gratacós) e com DZ e/ou DR intermitente sem RCFs (Sem RCFs). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado no período de abril de 2007 a abril de 2017. Foram incluídas todas as gestações MCDA no período com DZ e/ou DR no Doppler de AU com IG < 26 semanas e ausência de Síndrome de Transfusão feto-fetal (STFF) ou malformações fetais e das quais foi possível obtenção dos dados obstétricos, fetais e dos recém-nascidos (RNs) até a alta hospitalar. Todas as variáveis foram analisadas descritivamente. Além disso, para as variáveis qualitativas foram calculadas as frequências absolutas e relativas. RESULTADOS: 33 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão; 6 no tipo II, 22 no tipo III e 5 no grupo Sem RCFs. A mediana da IG do diagnóstico foi semelhante em todos os grupos. As discordâncias entre os pesos dos fetos e RNs foram maiores no tipo II. Quando a DZ e/ou DR eram intermitentes (tipo III e Sem RCFs), a latência entre o diagnóstico e o óbito fetal (OF) foi superior. Quanto aos resultados obstétricos, a IG mediana do parto foi de 29; 32,71 e 30,78 semanas nos tipos II, III e Sem RCFs, respectivamente, e as indicações foram, em sua maioria, por deterioração dos parâmetros ultrassonográficos ou biofísicos fetais. A taxa de OF foi maior no tipo II (33,3%), ocorreu em 20% no Sem RCFs e 11,36% no tipo III. Em relação aos dados perinatais gerais, o pior resultado ocorreu no tipo II, em que nenhuma paciente levou 2 RNs vivos para casa, sendo que isso sucedeu em 72,7% no tipo III e 60% no Sem RCFs. No que concerne à morbidade neonatal, o peso de nascimento foi menor no tipo II. Já, a HIV mostrou-se mais comum no tipo III (30,3%), porém, no tipo II, a ocorrência foi similar (28,57%), não acometeu nenhum RN no grupo Sem RCFs. CONCLUSÃO: A prematuridade foi preponderante. O acompanhamento da vitalidade dos fetos é de suma importância, uma vez que a piora de seus parâmetros indica a resolução da gestação em considerável parcela desses casos. O tipo II foi o que apresentou os desfechos perinatais mais desfavoráveis, além da maior discordância de peso entre os fetos e os RNsAbsent and/or reversed end-diastolic flow in the umbilical arteries / OBJECTIVES: To describe obstetric and perinatal outcomes in three groups of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies under expectant management: with absent and/or reversed end-diastolic Doppler flow (AREDF) in the umbilical arteries (UA) and selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) (Gratacós\' type II); with intermittent AREDF (iAREDF) and sIUGR (Gratacós\' type III) and with iAREDF without sIUGR (Without sIUGR). METHODS: This was a retrospective study, from April 2007 to April 2017. All the MCDA twin pregnancies presenting AREDF or iAREDF in the UA at less than 26 weeks of gestational age (GA), without signs of Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) or fetal anomalies and of whom it was possible to obtain obstetrical data and information of the fetuses and neonates until hospital discharge were included. All the variables were descriptively analysed. Furthermore, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the qualitative variables. RESULTS: 33 patients were included; 6 in type II, 22 in type III and 5 in the group Without sIUGR. Median GA at diagnosis was similar among the groups. Fetal and neonate\'s weight discordances were greater in type II. The groups with iAREDF (type III and Without sIUGR) had the longest latency between diagnosis and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). Regarding obstetric outcome, median GA at delivery were 29, 32.71 and 30.78 weeks for type II, III and Without sIUGR respectively and sonographic and biophysical parameters deterioration was the main reason to indicate deliveries. IUFD was also more frequent in type II (33,3%), occurred in 20% of type III and 11,36% in the group Without sIUGR. As far as general perinatal outcome is concerned, type II had the worst result, in which no patient took 2 neonates home; it happened in 72.7% in type III and 60% in the group Without sIUGR. In relation to perinatal morbidity, type II neonates presented the lowest weight at birth. Type III and II had the highest, but similar proportions of intraventricular hemorrhage (30.3% and 28.57% respectively), it didn\'t happen in the group Without sIUGR, though. CONCLUSION: Prematurity was preponderant. It is of the highest importance to monitor fetal wellbeing, since the great majority of deliveries were indicated by the deterioration of its parameters. Type II sIUGR showed the most unfavorable perinatal outcome and additionally, the greatest fetal and neonatal weight discordances

OBJETIVOS: Comparar resultados perinatais entre gemelares, com dopplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical (AU) com fluxo diastólico presente (FDP), discordantes (GD) e concordantes (GC) em relação ao peso estimado fetal (PEF) e de acordo com a corionicidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, caso-controle, desenvolvido na Clínica Obstétrica HCFMUSP entre janeiro 2005 e dezembro 2015. Para cada GD, foram selecionados 2 controles de GC, pareados pela idade gestacional do parto (IG) e corionicidade. Critérios de inclusão: discordância PEF >= 20%, Doppler da artéria umbilical (AU) com fluxo diastólico presente, ausência de malformação ou cromossomopatias, diamniótica, fetos vivos na primeira avaliação, ausência de complicações da monocorionicidade, parto na instituição. Resultados perinatais considerados: peso no nascimento, IG no parto, internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) neonatal, tempo de internação na UTI, suporte ventilatório (VM), hemorragia periventricular (HIPV), hipoglicemia (HG), icterícia (Ic), enterocolite necrosante (EN), sepse (Sp), óbito perinatal. Foram comparados os resultados perinatais dos fetos maiores e menores entre os grupos GD e GC. O resultado perinatal do feto menore foi comparado de acordo com a presença ou ausência de restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF). RESULTADOS: Selecionados 14 GD e 28 GC monocoriônicos (MC), e 38 GD e 76 GC dicoriônicos (DC). Fetos menores MC GD apresentaram maior TI (30,60 ± 20,19 vs 10,68 ± 11,64 dias, P<0,001), maior frequência de Ic (78,6% vs 28,6%; P=0,003; RC=9,17) e Sp (21,4% vs 0%; P=0,032; RC=23,42) em comparação com fetos menores GC. Nos DC, fetos menores GD apresentaram maior frequência de Sp (10,5% vs 1,3%; P=0,042; RC=8,82), HG (15,8% vs 3,9%; P=0,003; RC=4,56), EN (5,3% vs 0%; P=0,044; RC=20,63) e Ic (57,9% vs 28,9%, P=0,003; RC=3,38) comparado com fetos menores GC. Dentre os fetos menores MC, 10 (71,4%) tem RCF e dentre os DC menores, 21 (55,3%). Os gemelares menores sem RCF apresentaram frequência de morbidade neonatal similar entre os GD e GC, exceto pelo menor peso no nascimento do feto GD DC (2167,35 vs 2339,68g, P=0,026). CONCLUSÃO: Na presença do Doppler AU com FDP, o feto menor GD apresenta maior frequência de morbidades perinatais comparado aos fetos menores GC, independentemente da corionicidade. A presença da RCF, e não apenas a discordância de peso entre os fetos, parece ser responsável pela piora dos parâmetros de morbidade neonatal dentre os fetos GD / OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the perinatal outcome between fetal weight discordance (FwD) with fetal weight concordant (FwC) twins, with umbilical artery (UA) Doppler with positive end-diastolic flow, according to chorionicity. METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study of twin pregnancy over an 11-year period in a tertiary referral center. For each FwD, it was selected 2 controls of FwC matched for gestational age at delivery and chorionicity. The inclusion criteria were: estimated fetal weight (EFW) discordance >= 20%, UA Doppler with positive end-diastolic flow, absence of fetal malformation or chromosomal abnormalities, known chorionicity, diamniotic pregnancies, both fetuses alive at the first assessment, absence of monochorionic (MC) complications, delivery in our institution. The perinatal outcomes considered were: birth weigh (BW), length of hospital stay (LOS), admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), length of NICU stay, need for ventilator support, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), hypoglycemia (Hp), jaundice (JD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NE), sepsis (SP), intrauterine and neonatal death. Perinatal outcome of the smaller and larger twin comparisons between FwD with FwC were analyzed according to chorionicity. In addition, perinatal outcome from smaller twin was compared between FwD with FwC with and without fetal growth restriction (FGR). RESULTS: A total of 14 pregnancies with FwD and 28 with FwC of MC twin and 38 pregnancies with FwD and 76 with FwC of dichorionic (DC) twin were selected. According to chorionicity, in MC FwD group, the smaller twin presented presented longer LOS (30.60 ± 20.19 vs 10.68 ± 11.64 days, P < 0.001), higher frequency of SP (21.4% vs 0%; P=0.032; OR=23.42) and JD (78.6% vs 28.6%; P=0.003; OR=9.17) compared to smaller FwC twin; whereas in DC FwD group, smaller twin presented higher frequency of SP (10.5% vs 1.3%; P=0.042; OR=8.82), Hp (15.8% vs 3.9%; P=0.003; OR=4.56), NE (5.3% vs 0%; P=0.044; RC=20.63) and JD (57.9% vs 28.9%, P=0.003; OR=3.38) compared to smaller FwC twin. FGR in the smaller MC twin was observed in 71.4% (n=10) and in the smaller DC twin, 55.3% (n=21). Twin pregnancies without FGR had similar frequency of neonatal morbidity in discordant and concordant groups, excepted for the lower BW in FwD DC twins (2167.35 vs 2339.68g, P=0.026). CONCLUSION: Regardless chorionicity, perinatal morbidity is increased in the smaller discordant twin with UA Doppler with positive end-diastolic flow, compared to concordant smaller twin. Probably the FGR is responsible to complicate the perinatal outcome of smaller discordant twin

Introdução - A prematuridade, definida como nascimento antes de 37 semanas completas de gestação, ainda tem suas vias causais pouco explicadas. Objetivo - Analisar a prevalência de prematuridade e dos fatores do período pré-natal a ela relacionados, por meio de análise secundária dos dados da Região Sudeste, da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. Métodos - A regressão binária de Poisson foi empregada na seleção das variáveis e as que apresentaram valor de p<0,20 foram incluídas a seguir no modelo de regressão logística hierarquizado, divididas em blocos de acordo com a proximidade temporal em relação ao desfecho, utilizando critérios clínicos e as interações atualmente já mais bem estabelecidas entre as variáveis. A análise estatística do modelo foi feita com regressão linear múltipla de Poisson, com ajuste robusto da variância. As variáveis com valor de p<0,20 foram incluídas no nível seguinte, como fator de ajuste. A medida de efeito foi o Risco Relativo (RR), calculadas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95 por cento e, ao final da análise, as variáveis que apresentaram valores de p<0,05 dentro de cada nível foram consideradas fatores de risco para a prematuridade. Resultados - As variáveis estatisticamente significativas foram: no nível intermediário I (bloco 2.1), a idade materna entre 12 e 19 anos (RR: 1,23; IC: 1,05 - 1,46); no nível intermediário II (bloco 2.2), a decisão pelo parto cesáreo (RR: 1,47; IC: 1,20 - 1,80); no nível proximal (bloco 3), a idade materna maior que 35 anos (RR: 1,28; IC: 1,06 - 1,54), a não decisão da via de parto (RR: 1,34; IC: 1,11 - 1,61), realizar menos de 5 consultas de PN (RR: 2,57; IC: 2,20 - 3,01), realizar 12 ou mais consultas de PN (RR: 0,74; IC: 0,55 - 0,99), cor da pele preta ou parda (RR: 0,83; IC: 0,73 - 0,95), nenhuma gestação anterior (RR: 1,43; IC: 1,17 - 1,74), baixo peso ao nascer anterior (RR: 1,35; IC: 1,01 - 1,82), prematuro anterior (RR: 2,01; IC: 1,51 - 2,68), condições clínicas prévias maternas (RR: 1,31; IC: 1,05 - 1,63), condições obstétricas na gestação atual (RR: 1,58; IC: 1,18 - 2,12), condições clínicas diagnosticadas na admissão para o parto (RR: 1,81; IC: 1,50 - 2,18) e internação durante a gestação atual (RR: 2,07; IC: 1,78 - 2,41) Conclusões - Identificados como fator de proteção contra a prematuridade: a mãe apresentar cor da pele preta ou parda e realizar mais de 12 consultas de pré-natal. Condições de maior risco para prematuridade: mãe primípara, extremos de idade materna, decisão da via de parto cesáreo ou a não participação materna na mesma, realizar menos de cinco consultas no PN, antecedentes de baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, ter alguma complicação clínica diagnosticada na gestação atual ou na admissão para o parto, alguma complicação obstétrica diagnosticada, hipertensão arterial ou alguma internação durante a gestação. O nascimento prematuro ainda é a maior causa de mortes em RNs no mundo, com aumento progressivo da incidência nos últimos anos, por isso a pesquisa básica visando inovar sobre o tema é tão importante / Introduction: Prematurity is defined as a birth occurring before 37 complete weeks of gestation and its causal pathways are not entirely understood. Objectives: To analyse the prevalence of prematurity and risk factors related to it in a secondary analysis of data from the Brazils Southeast region in Birth in Brazil survey. Method: Binary Poisson regression was used to select the variables and those with p<0,20 were included in the hierarchical model. The blocks of variables in the model were then structured according to variables temporal relation to the outcome, clinical plausibility and current known interactions with each other. Statistical analysis was conducted with general linear model and Poisson regression, with robust adjustment of variance. Variables with p<0,20 were included in the next level as an adjustment factor. The outcome measure was Relative Risk (RR), calculated with confidence intervals of 95 per cent . In the final model, variables with p<0,05 were considered independent risk factors for preterm birth. Results: Variables with statistical significance were: in the intermediary level I (block 2.1): age between 12 and 19 years-old (RR: 1,23; IC: 1,05 - 1,46); in the intermediary level II (block 2.2): decision for caesarean delivery (RR: 1,47; IC: 1,20 - 1,80), in the proximal level (block 3): maternal age > 35 years-old (RR: 1,28; IC: 1,06 - 1,54); not having a decision for the mode of birth (RR: 1,34; IC: 1,11 - 1,61), >5 antenatal appointments (RR: 2,57; IC: 2,20 - 3,01), >12 prenatal appointments (RR: 0,74; IC: 0,55 - 0,99), maternal black/ brown skin colour (RR: 0,83; IC: 0,73 - 0,95), no previous pregnancies (RR: 1,43; IC: 1,17 - 1,74), previous low birthweight new-born (RR: 1,35; IC: 1,01 - 1,82), previous preterm birth (RR: 2,01; IC: 1,51 - 2,68), previous clinical complications (RR: 1,31; IC: 1,05 - 1,63), obstetric complications in the current pregnancy ((RR: 1,58; IC: 1,18 - 2,12), clinical complications diagnosed at the hospital admission (RR: 1,81; IC: 1,50 - 2,18) and admission at the hospital in the current pregnancy (RR: 2,07; IC: 1,78 - 2,41). Conclusions: Variables identified as protection factors against prematurity were: maternal black or brown skin colour and >12 antenatal appointments. Variables identified as risk factors were: primiparity, maternal age 35, decision for caesarean as the mode of birth, non-participation of the mother in the decision of the mode of birth, <5 prenatal appointments, previous low birth weight new-born, previous preterm birth, having one or more clinical complication in the current pregnancy or at the admission for delivery, having one or more obstetric complications diagnosed during pregnancy, hypertension or a hospital admission at the hospital during the current pregnancy. Preterm birth is still the main cause of child death in the world, with increasing rate in the past years, which justificates the importance of basic and innovative research in this area of knowledge

Introdução: O presente estudo trata da evolução da mortalidade perinatal hospitalar do município de Fortaleza-Ceará em dois momentos: 1995 e 2005. O interesse para a realização desta pesquisa parte da relevância dos cuidados oferecidos à mulher grávida e ao recém nascidocomo importante indicador da saúde materno infantil.Objetivos: Avaliar a evolução dos indicadores de saúde perinatal referentes aos nascimentos hospitalares de Fortaleza, Ceará, ocorridos em 1995 e em 2005.Metodologia: Estudo epidemiológico, do tipo ecológico, que estuda a evolução da saúde perinatal em Fortaleza, de 1995 a 2005, a partir da análise dos dados de dois estudos de base hospitalar. Todos os nascimentos foram acompanhados desde o parto até a alta ou óbito em hospital.Fizeram parte da população, todos os nascimentos e respectivos óbitos perinatais ocorridos em hospitais/maternidades públicas e particulares, conveniados com o SUS, no município de Fortaleza, CE, em 1995 e em 2005, disponíveis em dois bancos de dados já existentes.Resultados: Os resultados evidenciaram que nos dez anos (1995-2005) houve melhoria nos indicadores de saúde perinatal em Fortaleza. Os coeficientes de mortalidade perinatal hospitalar, fetal e neonatal precoce tiveram redução de 29 por cento, 19,0 por cento e de 42 por cento respectivamente. Em crianças com baixo peso ao nascer,observou-se declínio na mortalidade perinatal, fetal e neonatal precoce em todas as categorias. Chama-se atenção para a redução do coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal no grupo de recém nascidos de muito baixo peso (< 1500g), que passou de 821,1/1000 NV em 1995 para 532,2/1000 NV em 2005, com um declínio de 35,2 por cento. Quanto ao coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal precoce, a redução foi de 53,8 por cento, passando de 703,0/1000 NV para 324,7/1000 NV. Foi possível evidenciar mudanças referentes à reorganização da atenção perinatal em Fortaleza, quando se detectou uma maior participação dos hospitais públicos, que realizou um maior número de partos nos dez anos em 121 por cento por cento. Em 1995 a proporção de partos foi de 32,4 por cento e em 2005 de 71,7 por cento. Quanto à idade materna, os coeficientes de mortalidade perinatal, fetal e neonatal precoce nos dez anos tiveram reduções, com ênfase entre os filhos de mães adolescentes (10 a 19 anos). Para este grupo, o coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal obteve declínio de 54,2 por cento o de mortalidade fetal de 16,2 por cento e o de mortalidade neonatal precoce de 36,8 por cento. Conclusões: A mudança nos indicadores da saúde perinatal no município de Fortaleza mostra que houve uma melhora da atenção ao longo dos dez anos, revelando um cenário favorável na atenção prestada à mulher grávida e ao recém nascido na capital. Contudo, sabe-se que aspectos relacionados com o processo de trabalho e a organização da rede, ainda permanecem em níveis inferiores em relação , quando compara-se com outras capitais brasileiras, sendo necessárias medidas governamentais para que estas lacunas sejam remediadas / Introduction: This study deals with the evolution of perinatal mortality hospital in Fortaleza, Ceara on two occasions: 1995 and 2005. The interest for this research part of the relevance of care offered to pregnant women and newborn care as an important indicator of maternal and infant health.Objectives: To evaluate perinatal health indicators relating to hospital births in Fortaleza, occurring in 1995 and 2005.Methodology: Epidemiological study of ecological type, which studies the evolution of perinatal health in Fortaleza, from 1995 to 2005, based on the analysis of data from two hospital-based studies. All births were followed from birth until discharge or death in hospital. The population was composed of all births and perinatal deaths occurred in their hospitals / public hospitals and private contracts with the SUS in the city of Fortaleza, in1995 and 2005, available in two databases that already exist.Results: The results showed that within ten years (1995-2005) found a reduction in perinatal health indicators in Fortaleza. The hospital perinatal mortality rates, fetal and early neonatal fell by 29 per cent, 19.0 per cent and 42 per cent respectively. As birth weight were obtained decline in perinatal mortality, fetal and early neonatal in all categories. Attention is drawn to the reduction of perinatal mortality rate in the group of infants with very low birthweight (<1500g), now 821.1 / NV in 1000 to 532.2 in 1995 / 1000 NV in 2005, with a declining 35.2 per cent. As for early neonatal mortality rate, the reduction was 53.8 per cent, from 703.0 / 324.7 for 1000 NV / NV 1000. The results showed changes related to the reorganization of perinatal care in Fortaleza, when it detected a greater involvement of public hospitals, which increased the number of births in the ten years 121 per cent per cent. In 1995 the proportion of births was 32.4 per cent and 71.7 per cent in 2005. As for maternal age, perinatal mortality rates, fetal and early neonatal ten years have had reductions, with emphasis among the children of teenage mothers (10-19 years). For this group, the perinatal mortality rate decline of 84.7 per cent was obtained, the fetal mortality of 46.8 per cent and early neonatal mortality rate of 88.7 per cent.Conclusions: The change in perinatal health indicators in Fortaleza shows that there was an improvement of attention over the ten years, revealing a favorable outlook on care provided to pregnant women and newborn in capital.Contudo, it is known that aspects related to the work process and organization of the network, are still inconsistent when it is compared with other Brazilian cities, requiring government measures to these deficiencies are remedied

OBJETIVOS: Descrever os resultados obstétricos e perinatais em três grupos de gestações gemelares monocoriônicas diamnióticas (MCDA) conduzidas de forma expectante: com diástole zero (DZ) e/ou reversa (DR) fixas na Dopplervelocimetria de artérias umbilicais (AU) e restrição de crescimento fetal seletiva (RCFs) (tipo II de Gratacós); com DZ e/ou DR intermitente e RCFs (tipo III de Gratacós) e com DZ e/ou DR intermitente sem RCFs (Sem RCFs). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado no período de abril de 2007 a abril de 2017. Foram incluídas todas as gestações MCDA no período com DZ e/ou DR no Doppler de AU com IG < 26 semanas e ausência de Síndrome de Transfusão feto-fetal (STFF) ou malformações fetais e das quais foi possível obtenção dos dados obstétricos, fetais e dos recém-nascidos (RNs) até a alta hospitalar. Todas as variáveis foram analisadas descritivamente. Além disso, para as variáveis qualitativas foram calculadas as frequências absolutas e relativas. RESULTADOS: 33 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão; 6 no tipo II, 22 no tipo III e 5 no grupo Sem RCFs. A mediana da IG do diagnóstico foi semelhante em todos os grupos. As discordâncias entre os pesos dos fetos e RNs foram maiores no tipo II. Quando a DZ e/ou DR eram intermitentes (tipo III e Sem RCFs), a latência entre o diagnóstico e o óbito fetal (OF) foi superior. Quanto aos resultados obstétricos, a IG mediana do parto foi de 29; 32,71 e 30,78 semanas nos tipos II, III e Sem RCFs, respectivamente, e as indicações foram, em sua maioria, por deterioração dos parâmetros ultrassonográficos ou biofísicos fetais. A taxa de OF foi maior no tipo II (33,3%), ocorreu em 20% no Sem RCFs e 11,36% no tipo III. Em relação aos dados perinatais gerais, o pior resultado ocorreu no tipo II, em que nenhuma paciente levou 2 RNs vivos para casa, sendo que isso sucedeu em 72,7% no tipo III e 60% no Sem RCFs. No que concerne à morbidade neonatal, o peso de nascimento foi menor no tipo II. Já, a HIV mostrou-se mais comum no tipo III (30,3%), porém, no tipo II, a ocorrência foi similar (28,57%), não acometeu nenhum RN no grupo Sem RCFs. CONCLUSÃO: A prematuridade foi preponderante. O acompanhamento da vitalidade dos fetos é de suma importância, uma vez que a piora de seus parâmetros indica a resolução da gestação em considerável parcela desses casos. O tipo II foi o que apresentou os desfechos perinatais mais desfavoráveis, além da maior discordância de peso entre os fetos e os RNsAbsent and/or reversed end-diastolic flow in the umbilical arteries / OBJECTIVES: To describe obstetric and perinatal outcomes in three groups of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies under expectant management: with absent and/or reversed end-diastolic Doppler flow (AREDF) in the umbilical arteries (UA) and selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) (Gratacós\' type II); with intermittent AREDF (iAREDF) and sIUGR (Gratacós\' type III) and with iAREDF without sIUGR (Without sIUGR). METHODS: This was a retrospective study, from April 2007 to April 2017. All the MCDA twin pregnancies presenting AREDF or iAREDF in the UA at less than 26 weeks of gestational age (GA), without signs of Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) or fetal anomalies and of whom it was possible to obtain obstetrical data and information of the fetuses and neonates until hospital discharge were included. All the variables were descriptively analysed. Furthermore, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the qualitative variables. RESULTS: 33 patients were included; 6 in type II, 22 in type III and 5 in the group Without sIUGR. Median GA at diagnosis was similar among the groups. Fetal and neonate\'s weight discordances were greater in type II. The groups with iAREDF (type III and Without sIUGR) had the longest latency between diagnosis and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). Regarding obstetric outcome, median GA at delivery were 29, 32.71 and 30.78 weeks for type II, III and Without sIUGR respectively and sonographic and biophysical parameters deterioration was the main reason to indicate deliveries. IUFD was also more frequent in type II (33,3%), occurred in 20% of type III and 11,36% in the group Without sIUGR. As far as general perinatal outcome is concerned, type II had the worst result, in which no patient took 2 neonates home; it happened in 72.7% in type III and 60% in the group Without sIUGR. In relation to perinatal morbidity, type II neonates presented the lowest weight at birth. Type III and II had the highest, but similar proportions of intraventricular hemorrhage (30.3% and 28.57% respectively), it didn\'t happen in the group Without sIUGR, though. CONCLUSION: Prematurity was preponderant. It is of the highest importance to monitor fetal wellbeing, since the great majority of deliveries were indicated by the deterioration of its parameters. Type II sIUGR showed the most unfavorable perinatal outcome and additionally, the greatest fetal and neonatal weight discordances

<p>The aim of the studies described in this thesis was to assess the association between certain perinatal factors and the risk of childhood lymphatic and myeloid leukemia and infant leukemia. </p><p>The five studies presented were all conducted in Sweden as population-based case-control studies. All cases were born and diagnosed between 1973-89 with leukemia up to the age of 16 years. A control was individually matched to each case. As Down’s syndrome entails a major risk for childhood leukemia, children with Down’s syndrome were excluded. The studies comprised a total of 652 cases, 47 of whom were diagnosed before the age of one year. Exposure data were extracted blindly from antenatal, obstetric, pediatric and other standardized medical records.</p><p>No association was found between prenatal exposure to ultrasound or diagnostic x-ray and childhood lymphatic or myeloid leukemia. Infant leukemia was associated with prenatal exposure to x-ray. A history of maternal lower genital tract infection significantly increased the risk of childhood leukemia, especially among children diagnosed at four years or older or in infancy. Factors such as young maternal age, and mothers working with children or in the health sector were associated with infant leukemia. Resuscitation with 100% oxygen with a face-mask and bag directly postpartum was associated with an increased risk of childhood lymphatic leukemia. The oxygen-related risk further increased if the manual ventilation lasted for three minutes or more. There was no association between lymphatic or infant leukemia and supplementary oxygen later in the neonatal period or other birth-related factors. Low Apgar scores at one and five minutes were associated with a non-significantly increased risk of lymphatic leukemia, and were significantly associated with infant leukemia.</p><p>Previously reported relations between childhood leukemia and exposures such as maternal diagnostic x-ray and birth related factors could not be confirmed by these studies. However, the present studies indicate that events during pregnancy or during the neonatal period are associated with increased risks of childhood and infant leukemia. These events can either be non-specific, such as exposure to maternal lower genital tract infection, or specific, such as the use of supplementary oxygen directly postpartum.</p>

The aim of the studies described in this thesis was to assess the association between certain perinatal factors and the risk of childhood lymphatic and myeloid leukemia and infant leukemia. The five studies presented were all conducted in Sweden as population-based case-control studies. All cases were born and diagnosed between 1973-89 with leukemia up to the age of 16 years. A control was individually matched to each case. As Down’s syndrome entails a major risk for childhood leukemia, children with Down’s syndrome were excluded. The studies comprised a total of 652 cases, 47 of whom were diagnosed before the age of one year. Exposure data were extracted blindly from antenatal, obstetric, pediatric and other standardized medical records. No association was found between prenatal exposure to ultrasound or diagnostic x-ray and childhood lymphatic or myeloid leukemia. Infant leukemia was associated with prenatal exposure to x-ray. A history of maternal lower genital tract infection significantly increased the risk of childhood leukemia, especially among children diagnosed at four years or older or in infancy. Factors such as young maternal age, and mothers working with children or in the health sector were associated with infant leukemia. Resuscitation with 100% oxygen with a face-mask and bag directly postpartum was associated with an increased risk of childhood lymphatic leukemia. The oxygen-related risk further increased if the manual ventilation lasted for three minutes or more. There was no association between lymphatic or infant leukemia and supplementary oxygen later in the neonatal period or other birth-related factors. Low Apgar scores at one and five minutes were associated with a non-significantly increased risk of lymphatic leukemia, and were significantly associated with infant leukemia. Previously reported relations between childhood leukemia and exposures such as maternal diagnostic x-ray and birth related factors could not be confirmed by these studies. However, the present studies indicate that events during pregnancy or during the neonatal period are associated with increased risks of childhood and infant leukemia. These events can either be non-specific, such as exposure to maternal lower genital tract infection, or specific, such as the use of supplementary oxygen directly postpartum.

En graviditet och förlossning är i de allra flesta fall en normal livshändelse. De senaste decennierna har andelen instrumentella- och kejsarsnittsförlossningar ökat på bekostnad av den normala förlossningen. Trots fler interventioner ses ingen skillnad i den maternella och perinatala morbiditeten och mortaliteten. I barnmorskans arbetsområde ingår att handlägga den normala graviditeten och förlossningen. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur barnmorskan kan främja en normal förlossning. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 13 vetenskapliga artiklar, med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats, analyserades. I resultatet framkom tre kategorier som beskriver hur barnmorskan främjar normal förlossning. Barnmorskan skapar genom närhet en god relation till kvinnan och ger vägledning. Genom att använda sig själv som kunskapskälla bidrar barnmorskans sinnen, erfarenheter av tidigare förlossningar och formell kunskap till att fatta korrekta beslut. Barnmorskan stödjer och bekräftar det normala individuellt efter kvinnans behov, vilket skapar en säker miljö runt kvinnan och förhindrar onödiga interventioner. Då det råder en medicinsk kultur inom förlossningsvården, behöver barnmorskans arbete kring normal förlossning stärkas. Forskning behövs på organisationsnivå, eftersom omgivande system inverkar på barnmorskans arbete med att främja den normala förlossningen. / Pregnancy and childbirth are in most cases a normal life event. Over the past decades the rate of instrumental birth and caesarean sections has increased at the expense of normal birth. Despite more interventions no difference is seen in the maternal or perinatal morbidity or mortality. The midwife’s work encompasses the normal pregnancy and labour. The aim of this study was to describe how the midwife can promote normal birth. The study was conducted as a literature study in which 13 scientific articles, with both quantitative and qualitative approach, were analyzed. Three categories emerged that explained how the midwife promotes normal birth. The midwife creates through closeness a positive relationship to the woman and gives guidance. By using herself as a source of knowledge, the midwife’s senses, experiences from previous labours and formal knowledge, contribute to make correct decisions. The midwife supports and confirms the normalcy, from the woman’s individual needs, and thereby creates a safe environment for the woman that prevents her from unnecessary interventions. As there is a medical culture within the maternity care, the midwife’s work with normal birth needs to be strengthened. Since the organization has an impact on the midwife’s promoting work, further research is needed in this area.

Sammanfattning Av: Frida Rönnbrink Föräldrar som har förlorat ett barn under perinatalperioden – en kvalitativ studie om föräldrars upplevelser av bemötande, stöd och hjälp Studien syftade till att utifrån sex föräldrars berättelser, nå en ökad förståelse om hur de upplever bemötandet, stödet och hjälpen då de förlorat ett barn under perinatalperioden. Studien hade följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever föräldrar, som har förlorat sina barn under perinatalperioden, det bemötande och det stöd och den hjälp de fått från professionella? Hur upplever de det sociala nätverkets bemötande och stöd? För att besvara frågorna utgick intervjun från tre teman, professionellt bemötande, professionellt stöd och hjälp samt det egna sociala nätverket. Studien gjordes med en fenomenologisk vetenskapsfilosofisk position. Resultatet analyserades manuellt och tolkades hermeneutiskt med hjälp av kristeori, systemteori samt Vaux teori om socialt stöd. Studiens resultat visade att de föräldrar som nyligen förlorat sitt barn var relativt nöjda med den professionella hjälpen. Däremot kunde man se klara brister i det egna sociala nätverkets stöd. Nyckelord: Föräldrars upplevelser, perinatal död, bemötande, professionellt stöd, nätverkets stöd. / Abstract By: Frida Rönnbrink Parents who have lost a child during the perinatal period - a qualitative study of parents' experiences of how they are treated, support and help The purpose of the study was to reach a better understanding of how six parents experience how they were treated, supported and helped when they lost a child during the perinatal period. This can then be used to customize the help offered them. The study had the following questions: How do parents who have lost a child during the perinatal period, experience how they are treated and the support and help they received from professionals? And, how do they experience the social network's treatment and support? In order to answer the questions, the interview was based on three themes, professional treatment, professional support and help and support from the network on their own. The study was conducted using a phenomenological philosophical position. The results were analyzed manually and were interpreted hermeneutic using crisis theory, systems theory and Vaux's theory of social support. The results showed that parents who recently lost their infant were relatively pleased with the professional help. However, you could see deficiencies in their own social network support. Keywords: Parents' experiences, perinatal death, treatment, professional support, network support.