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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
451

Extraction de composés phénoliques à partir d’une bio-huile de lignine / Extraction of phenolic compounds from lignin bio-oil

Cesari, Laëtitia 09 October 2017 (has links)
La biomasse ligno-cellulosique est principalement constituée de cellulose, d’hémicellulose et de lignine. Par conversion thermochimique, la lignine se transforme en bio-huile riche en composés phénoliques. Ces composés phénoliques sont généralement récupérés à l’aide de plusieurs étapes d‘extractions liquide-liquide consécutives impliquant des solvants aqueux et organiques. À l’aide d’une approche multi-échelle, nous avons étudié, la faisabilité et l’efficacité d’un liquide ionique, la [Choline][NTf2], pour l’extraction liquide-liquide de ces composés. En effet, l’utilisation de ce solvant permettrait d’améliorer l’efficacité d’extraction, tout en diminuant la toxicité et les coûts liés à l’utilisation de solvants organiques classiques. Des calculs quantiques ont été effectués afin de mieux comprendre les interactions régissant les systèmes clés de ces extractions. Les structures des composés phénoliques dans leur état isolé ou en présence de solvant montrent que les conformations sont stabilisées par la présence de liaisons hydrogène. De plus, la détermination des énergies d’interaction indique que la [Choline][NTf2] est efficace pour l’extraction de composés phénoliques présents en solution aqueuse. Par ailleurs, la détermination des diagrammes de phases des systèmes binaires {eau-composé + phénolique} et des systèmes ternaires {eau + composé phénolique + [Choline][NTf2]} montre que l’extraction des composés est également possible à une échelle macroscopique. Les paramètres NRTL issus de ces expériences ont permis de simuler l’extraction de trois composés phénoliques majoritairement présents dans les bio-huiles, i.e. le phénol, le guaiacol et le syringol, et ce, à moindre coût. Enfin, l’extraction de ces composés à partir d’une bio-huile obtenue par pyrolyse rapide de lignine a également été particulièrement efficace avec le liquide ionique [Choline][NTf2]. De ce fait, cette étude multi-échelle a permis de montrer que la [Choline][NTf2] est un excellent solvant pour la récupération des composés phénoliques. Enfin, l’étude des propriétés anti-oxydantes témoigne de la valeur ajoutée de ces composés, notamment à travers leur pouvoir réducteur et leur propriété anti-radicalaire / The lignocellulosic biomass is mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Upon thermal conversion of lignin, a bio-oil rich in phenolic compounds is obtained. These latter are then generally recovered through several liquid-liquid extraction involving aqueous and organic solvents. In this work we investigated, by a multi-scale study, the feasibility and the efficiency of the ionic liquid [Choline][NTf2] for the extraction of these phenolic compounds by liquid-liquid extraction. Indeed, such a solvent could improve the extraction efficiency and at the same time, reduce the toxicity and the cost of the classic organic solvents. Quantum calculations were performed in order to better understand the interaction governing the key systems of these extractions. The structures of the phenolic compounds in their isolated forms and in contact with solvents show that the conformations are stabilized by the presence of hydrogen bonds. More, the determination of the interaction energies indicates that the [Choline][NTf2] ionic liquid is efficient for the extraction of phenolic compounds present in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the study of phase diagrams of binary systems {water-phenolic compound} and ternary systems {water-phenolic compound-[Choline][NTf2]} show that the extraction of these compounds is also possible at a macroscopic scale. Then, the NRTL parameters coming from these experiments allowed the simulation of the extraction of three compounds mostly present in the bio-oils, namely phenol, guaiacol and syringol, as so at low cost. Finally, the extraction of these compounds from bio-oil obtained from lignin fast pyrolysis was also particularly efficient with the [Choline][NTf2] ionic liquid. Therefore, this multi-scale study demonstrated that [Choline][NTf2] is an excellent solvent for the recovery of phenolic compounds. Lastly, the study of the antioxidant properties testify the added-value of these compounds, especially through their reducing power and their radical scavenging capacity
452

Hydrodésoxygénation de composés phénoliques modèles. Évaluation de phases actives : sulfures, oxyde, métallique et phosphure / Hydrodeoxygenation of model phenolic compounds. Evaluation of active phases : sulfide, oxide, metallic and phosphide

Gonçalves, Vinicius Ottonio Oliveira 24 May 2017 (has links)
Dans une bioraffinerie, la biomasse peut être transformée par différents procédés (thermiques, chimiques et biochimiques) en carburants et en produits chimiques à haute valeur ajoutée. Plus spécifiquement, le procédé catalytique d'hydrodésoxygénation (HDO) devrait permettre de valoriser à la fois les bio-huiles obtenues par pyrolyse en biocarburants, ainsi que les composés aromatiques oxygénés issus de la dépolymérisation de la lignine en aromatiques simples.Afin de modéliser la désoxygénation de ces fractions, les isomères du crésol (ortho-, méta- et para-crésol) ont été choisis comme molécules oxygénés modèles. Les réactions ont été effectuées sous haute pression (2-4 MPa) et à des températures comprises entre 250 et 340° C. Plusieurs phases actives à base de molybdène (sulfures et oxyde) et de nickel (métallique et phosphure) ont été étudiées. L'influence du support des phases oxydes de molybdène (SiO2, SBA-15, Al2O3) et des phases à base de nickel (SiO2 et ZrO2) a également été examinée.Dans ces conditions expérimentales, les composés phénoliques sont désoxygénés selon deux voies de transformations parallèles. La voie de désoxygénation directe (DDO) conduit uniquement au toluène par hydrogénolyse de la liaison C-O. La voie hydrogénante (HYD), quant à elle, conduit à un mélange de produits obtenus après hydrogénation du cycle aromatique, impliquant des réactions d'hydrogénolyse, d'hydrogénation, de déshydratation et d'isomérisation. L'activité des catalyseurs ainsi que la contribution de chaque voie de désoxygénation sont dépendantes de la phase active étudiée, du support choisi ainsi que des conditions opératoires utilisées. / In a biorefinery, biomass can be converted by different process (thermal, chemical and biochemical) into fuels and valued-added chemicals. More specifically, the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process could upgrade both bio-oils obtained from pyrolysis into biofuels and oxygenated aromatic compounds from the depolymerization of lignin into aromatics.In order to model the deoxygenation of these fractions, the cresol isomers (ortho, meta and para-cresol) were chosen as model oxygenated molecules. The reactions were carried out under high pressure (2-4 MPa) and temperatures between 250 and 340° C. Several active phases based on molybdenum (sulphides and oxide) and nickel (metal and phosphide) have been studied. The influence of the support of the molybdenum oxide phases (SiO2, SBA-15, Al2O3) and of the nickel-based phases (SiO2 and ZrO2) was also examined.Under these experimental conditions, phenolic compounds are deoxygenated by two parallel pathways. The direct deoxygenation (DDO) route only leads to toluene by hydrogenolysis of the C-O bond. The hydrogenating route (HYD), on the other hand, leads to a mixture of products obtained through the hydrogenation of cresol aromatic ring, involving hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, dehydration and isomerization reactions. The activity of the catalysts as well as the contribution of each deoxygenation pathway are dependent on the active phase studied, on the support chosen as well as on the operating conditions used.
453

Etude de la production de biomolécules d'intérêt (phlorotannins, pigments, lipides) d' algues brunes modèles par des approches combinées de profilage métabolique et d'écophysiologie / Production of interesting biomolecules (phlorotannins, pigments, lipids) in brown algal model, by combined approaches : metabolic profiling and ecophysiology

Tanniou, Anaëlle 28 January 2014 (has links)
Notre étude s’inscrit dans un processus de recherche de nouveaux composés d’origine naturelle à activités biologiques avérées à partir de macroalgues brunes, avec d’éventuelles perspectives d’exploitation industrielle. Ainsi, dans un premier volet nous avons testé des méthodologies innovantes en matière d‘extraction en utilisant trois espèces d’algues brunes comme modèles. Nous avons optimisé le protocole d’extraction solide/liquide en estimant divers paramètres cruciaux qui influent sur le rendement d’extraction et sur les activités antiradicalaires des composés extraits. Soucieux de trouver une méthodologie innovante d’extraction plus « verte » répondant aux normes européennes, nous avons donc testé des méthodes d’extraction utilisant des solvants dans leur état supercritique ou sous forme pressurisés. La comparaison avec le procédé d’extraction solide/liquide nous a permis de sélectionner l’extraction par fluides pressurisés (PLE) employée avec un mélange Ethanol-Eau pour l’extraction de composés antiradicalaires avec une haute efficacité. Dans une deuxième partie nous nous sommes intéressés aux variations quantitatives et qualitatives des principales macromolécules présentes chez l’espèce invasive Sargassum muticum en Europe. L’emploi de deux techniques analytiques, RMN HR-MAS et spectroscopie IR, nous a permis d’avoir une vue d’ensemble des compartiments susceptibles de subir des variations selon la position géographique d’une même espèce à large répartition. Cette étude nous a montré comment une espèce est capable de changer sa composition biochimique en fonction de son environnement et ainsi s’acclimater à des milieux assez différents. Ce travail a mis en évidence les effets de différents paramètres environnementaux sur les compartiments lipidique (analysés en GC), protéique ainsi que sur les quantités de carbohydrates et de pigments (analysés en HPLC). L’influence de ces paramètres sur la taille des individus de Sargassum muticum a également été discutée. La dernière partie de cette étude nous a permis de décrire les variations quantitatives et qualitatives des phlorotannins chez l’espèce invasive Sargassum muticum sur une grande échelle spatiale, le long d’un gradient latitudinal (Norvège-Portugal). Dans un premier temps cette variabilité a été appréhendée grâce à un suivi temporel et spatial des teneurs en phlorotannins. L’étude des variabilités intra-spécifiques et intra-individuelles nous a permis de mettre en évidence un effet du stade de développement et de la partie de l’algue considérée : les teneurs et activités des phlorotannins sont plus importantes dans les crampons et chez les individus matures. Après la recherche d’un protocole simple pour la semi-purification des composés phénoliques présent chez Sargassum muticum, nous avons pu mettre en évidence la présence de composés de type phlorethol au moyen de techniques de RMN à deux dimensions (2D). Ces fractions semi-purifiées possèdent des activités antiradicalaire et antibactérienne notoires. Enfin, l’utilisation de plusieurs techniques de séparation membranaires nous a permis d’estimer le poids moléculaire des différents composés présents dans le pool de composés phénoliques extrait. Enfin, suite aux constats effectués sur les populations, l’effet de l’intensité lumineuse et de la température de l’eau a pu être apprécié isolément : les radiations UVA et UVB boostent la production de CP alors qu’une augmentation de la température fait chuter la production de CP chez S. muticum. / Our study is part of the research process for new compounds of natural origin with biological activities and possible industrial perspectives. In a first part, we tested innovative extraction methodologies using three brown algae species as model. We optimized the solid/liquid extraction protocol by estimating diverse crucial parameters which influence the extraction yield and radical scavenging activities of extracts. In order to find an innovative and more "green" extraction methodology answering the European standards, we thus tested more recent extraction methods using solvents in their supercritical state or under pressure. The comparison with the solid/liquid process allowed us to select pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using an ethanol-water mixture for the extraction of active compounds with a high efficiency, but also to select Sargassum muticum as an interesting model for further investigations. In a second part, we were interested in the quantitative and qualitative variations of the main macromolecules present in the invasive species S. muticum in Europe. The employment of two analytical techniques (NMR HR-MAS and IR spectroscopy), allowed us to have an overview of biochemical parts of the algae, which vary according to the geographical position of this wide spread species. This study showed how a species is able to modify its biochemical composition, and then to acclimate, according to the environment. We then focused on molecules, which showed important variations along the latitudinal range of S. muticum. This work highlighted the effects of environmental parameters on lipid (GC analysis) and protein compartments as well as on carbohydrates and pigments quantities (HPLC analysis). The influence of these parameters on the size of individuals was also discussed. The last part of this study allowed us to describe the quantitative and qualitative variations of phlorotannins in S. muticum on a large spatial scale, along a latitudinal gradient (Norway-Portugal). At first this variability was measured thanks to temporal and spatial follow-up of the phlorotannins contents. The study of intra-specific and intra-individual variabilities allowed us to highlight an effect of the development stage and of the seaweed part: phlorotannins contents and activities are more important in holdfast and in mature individuals. After the research of a simple protocol for the phenolic compounds semi-purification present in Sargassum muticum, we were able to highlight the presence of compounds of only phlorethol type in this species by means of 2D RMN techniques. These semi-purified fractions possess notorious radical scavenging and antibacterial activities. Finally, the use of several membrane separation techniques allowed us to consider the molecular weight of the various compounds present in the extracted pool of phenolic compounds. Finally, under controlled conditions, the effects of the light quality and the seawater temperature were tested: UV-A and UV-B radiations boost the production of CP while an increase of the temperature makes the phlorotannins production decreasing in S. muticum.
454

Valorisation des fruits et des sous-produits de l'industrie de transformation des fruits par extraction des composés bioactifs / Valorisation of fruits and by-products from fruits industry by bioactive compounds extraction

Grigoraş, Cristina-Gabriela 24 September 2012 (has links)
Les fruits et les sous-produits de l’industrie de transformation des fruits sont obtenus chaque année en quantités importantes partout dans le monde. Les cerises et les résidus de pommes sont parmi les sources végétales les plus riches en composés bioactifs qui sont reconnus pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur l’organisme humain. Des méthodes appropriées d’extraction (macération, extraction par solvant pressurisé, extraction assistée par ultrasons, extraction assistée par microondes), d’analyse (HPTLC, HPLC-UV-DEDL, HPLC-MS, SFC) et de fractionnement (CPC, HPLC semi-préparative, extraction liquide-liquide) ont été mises au point pour la récupération, l’identification et la purification des composés bioactifs de cerises (Prunus avium) et de résidus de différentes variétés de pommes (Royal Gala, Golden, Granny Smith, Pink Lady). Les résultats obtenus au cours des travaux de recherches indiquent le fait que ces sources végétales contiennent des composés phénoliques (cerises, résidus de pommes) et des composés triterpéniques (résidus de pommes) qui peuvent être valorisés par incorporation dans différentes formulations alimentaires, pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques etc. / Fruits and by-products of fruit processing industry are produced annually in large quantities worldwide. Cherries and apple pomace are among the richest plant sources in bioactive compounds that are recognized for their beneficial effects on the human body. Appropriated methods of extraction (maceration, pressurized solvent extraction, ultrasoundassisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction), analysis (HPTLC, HPLC-UV-ELSD, HPLC-MS, SFC) and fractionation (CPC, HPLC semipreparative, liquid-liquid extraction) have been developed in order to extract, to identify and to purify bioactive compounds of cherry (Prunus avium) and pomaces of different apple varieties (Royal Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Pink Lady). The results obtained during the research work indicate that these plant sources contain phenolic compounds (cherry, apple pomace) and triterpenic compounds (apple pomace) that can be used as ingredients for various food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations etc.
455

Avaliação da capacidade antioxidante in vitro e in vivo contra radicais peroxila e hidroxila em amostras de plantas medicinais / Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity against peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals in medicinal plant samples

Hilgemann, Maurício 26 July 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present work reports the development of new methodologies to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity against peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals in five medicinal plant samples (Matricaria chamomilla L., Psidium guajava, Achyrocline satureoides, Baccharis genistelloides and Cymbopogon citratus) and seven phenolic compounds (rutin, quercetin, resveratrol, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid). The antioxidant capacity of the samples was analyzed by two independent methods. In the first one, a new approach was used to detect hydroxyl radicals indirectly using an electrochemical procedure, in which the radicals destroy a thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold electrode. This monolayer can block the electrochemical signal of a dissolved redox probe. When such an electrode with a SAM is exposed to free radicals, these radicals destroy the SAM and the electrochemical signal of a redox probe recovers to a degree proportional to the extent of dissolution of the SAM. In the second method, the evaluation of antioxidant capacity against peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals is based on the indirect detection of these reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorimetry (ex/em: 485/520 nm) employing 2 -7 -dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a fluorescent probe. After the deacetilation reaction of DCFH-DA, it can be oxidized by ROS to the fluorescent compound DCF. The peroxyl radicals were produced at 37ºC by thermal decomposition of 2,2 -azobis (2 methylpropianamidine) dihydrochloride (ABAP), while hydroxyl radicals were generated by the Fenton reaction. In vivo assays were evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) hepatocytes exposed to P. guajava and C. citratus extracts (better and worst in vitro results, respectively). The results obtained by the electrochemical and fluorimetric methods show that it is difficult to classify the tested plants according to their antioxidant capacity, since the results depended strongly on the extract concentration and composition as well as on the principle of the analytical method. However, there was a good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo assays for P. guajava and C. citratus extracts, since these results showed a reduction in the intracellular ROS concentration in the hepatocytes exposed to P. guajava extract. Furthermore, no antioxidant effect was observed in the assay with C. citrates extract, what is in agreement with the in vitro assays for this plant species. At last, the thesis intended to proof and to highlight the discrepant results obtained by independent methods for the same antioxidant species. Additionally, it aimed to compare the different methods according to the differences among the experimental procedures by using different ROS. Furthermore, the stability, reactivity and the half-life time of the free radicals are discussed. / O presente trabalho visa ao desenvolvimento de novas metodologias para a determinação da capacidade antioxidante in vitro e in vivo contra radicais peroxila e hidroxila em amostras de 5 plantas medicinais (Matricaria chamomilla L., Psidium guajava, Achyrocline satureoides, Baccharis genistelloides e Cymbopogon citratus) e sete compostos fenólicos (rutina, quercetina, resveratrol, ácido cafeico, ácido ferúlico, ácido gálico e ácido rosmarínico). A capacidade antioxidante das amostras foi determinada por dois métodos independentes. No primeiro, testou-se uma nova forma para a detecção de radicais hidroxila, usando-se um procedimento eletroquímico no qual os radicais destroem uma monocamada auto-organizada de hexanotiol sob um eletrodo de ouro. Esta monocamada consegue inibir o sinal eletroquímico de um par redox dissolvido, e, ao ser atacada por radicais livres, estes a destroem, e a recuperação do sinal eletroquímico do par redox se dá de forma proporcional à extensão de dissolução da monocamada. No segundo método, a determinação da capacidade antioxidante contra radicais peroxila e hidroxila ocorre através da detecção indireta destes radicais por fluorimetria (ex/em: 485/520 nm), empregando diacetato de 2 ,7 -diclorofluoresceína (DCFH-DA) como substrato. O DCFH-DA, após sofrer desacetilação, pode ser oxidado por espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), gerando fluorescência. Os radicais peroxila foram gerados através da termodegradação do reagente cloreto de 2,2 -azobis (2-metilamidinopropano) (ABAP) a 37ºC, enquanto os radicais hidroxila foram gerados pela reação de Fenton. Ensaios in vivo foram avaliados utilizando-se hepatócitos do peixe zebra (Danio rerio), expostos aos extratos das plantas P. guajava e C. citratus (melhor e pior desempenho in vitro, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos pelos métodos eletroquímico e fluorimétrico demonstram que é extremamente difícil classificar as plantas de acordo com sua capacidade antioxidante, uma vez que o resultado obtido depende fortemente da concentração e da composição química dos extratos, além do princípio do método analítico empregado. Entretanto, obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os ensaios in vitro e in vivo feitos para os extratos das plantas P. guajava e C. citratus, já que os resultados obtidos mostraram uma redução da concentração de ERO intracelular em forma dose-dependete nos hepatócitos expostos a P. guajava, sem se observar efeito antioxidante no ensaio com C. citratus, a exemplo dos ensaios in vitro realizados. O presente trabalho pretende chamar a atenção para esses diferentes resultados obtidos, e compara os diferentes métodos levando em consideração as diferenças existentes entre as metodologias, assim como as diferenças existentes entre os radicais testados. Além disso, discute-se a estabilidade, a reatividade e tempo de meia-vida destas espécies.
456

Obtaining, characterization and application of additives antioxidants derivatives of the main shareholders of the constituents of the bark cashew nuts / ObtenÃÃo, caracterizaÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo de aditivos antioxidantes derivados dos principais constituintes do lÃquido da casca da castanha de caju

Francisco Jonas Nogueira Maia 23 June 2015 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Organic substrates derived from petroleum such as gasoline, diesel, lubricants, polymers and natural organic products, such as biofuels are, in most cases, susceptible to oxidation process that occurs initially through formation of free radicals, which modifies the chemical characteristics and alters the properties of these materials. Aiming the inhibition or reduction of the oxidative process, many works have been directed to the development of additives that prevent the formation and the action of radical species, called antioxidant additives. From this perspective, the studies carried out in this work relates the application of phenolic compounds obtained from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (cardanol and cardol), as well as their alkylated, nitrated and phosphorated derivatives in the inhibition of the oxidation processes of organic substrates and the investigation of the mechanism of action these compounds, providing useful information about the relationship between antioxidant activity and the structural composition of these substances. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of cardanol, cardol and tert-butylated cardanol was initially developed by electrochemical study and accelerated oxidation tests, which allowed, respectively, the determination of the anodic peak potential (Epa) and induction time (IT). In these experiments, special emphasis was given to cardol and tert-butylated derivative of cardanol, which had the lowest values of Epa (0,66 e 0,68 V, respectively) and provide higher IT values (7,87 e 7,02 h respectively), characterized as the best phenolic antioxidants tested. These tests also showed that unsaturated compounds exhibit antioxidant action superior to their saturated analogues (cardol, cardanol, and tert-butylated cardanol unsaturated had mean values of IT approximately 0.42 hours higher than its analogs saturated). The superiority of cardol and tert-butylated cardanol was also observed in comparison to nitro compounds derived from saturated cardanol, showing that groups donor of electrons has a positive effect on the action of these compounds as antioxidants. The performance of phosphorous compounds derived from cardanol was, in turn, confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, obtained from biodiesel samples doped with these compounds in ratios ranging from 500 to 2000 ppm. In this study, it was observed that the phosphorous compounds promoted a maximum increase of 18,5 ÂC in the initial degradation temperature of the tested biodiesel sample. Thermogravimetric analysis of cardanol, cardol, tert-butylated cardanol and phosphorus compounds also showed that these compounds exhibited thermo-oxidative resistance larger than commercial antioxidants as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In general, the results, presented in this work, demonstrated the antioxidant activity of compounds derived from the CNSL, presenting useful means of determining its performance and practical application as antioxidant additive for biodiesel. / Substratos orgÃnicos derivados do petrÃleo como a gasolina, o diesel, lubrificantes, polÃmeros e, produtos orgÃnicos de origem natural como os biocombustÃveis, sÃo, na sua maioria, suscetÃveis ao processo de oxidaÃÃo, o qual ocorre, inicialmente, pela formaÃÃo de radicais livres, que atuam modificando as caracterÃsticas quÃmicas e provocando alteraÃÃes nas propriedades desses materiais. Com o objetivo de inibir ou retardar a oxidaÃÃo, muitas pesquisas tÃm se dedicado ao desenvolvimento de aditivos que combatem a formaÃÃo e a atuaÃÃo das espÃcies radicalares, chamados de aditivos antioxidantes. Nessa perspectiva, os estudos desenvolvidos nesse trabalho referem-se à aplicaÃÃo de compostos fenÃlicos obtidos a partir do LÃquido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (cardanol e cardol), bem como de seus derivados alquilados, nitrados e fosforados, na inibiÃÃo do processo oxidativo de substratos orgÃnicos e na investigaÃÃo do mecanismo de aÃÃo desses compostos, oferecendo informaÃÃes sobre a relaÃÃo entre a atividade e a composiÃÃo estrutural dessas substÃncias. A avaliaÃÃo da capacidade antioxidante do cardanol, cardol e do cardanol terc-butilado foi inicialmente desenvolvida a partir de estudos eletroquÃmicos e testes de oxidaÃÃo acelerada, que permitiram a determinaÃÃo do potencial de pico anÃdico (Epa) e do tempo de induÃÃo (TI), respectivamente. Nesses experimentos, destaque especial foi dado ao cardol e ao derivado terc-butilado do cardanol, que apresentaram os menores valores de Epa, (0,66 e 0,68 V, respectivamente) e proporcionaram os maiores tempos de induÃÃo (7,87 e 7,02 horas, respectivamente), caracterizando-se como os melhores antioxidantes fenÃlicos testados. Esses testes mostraram tambÃm que os compostos insaturados apresentam aÃÃo antioxidante superior aos seus anÃlogos saturados (cardol, cardanol terc-butilado e cardanol insaturados apresentaram valores mÃdios de TI cerca de 0,42 horas superior a seus anÃlogos saturados). A superioridade do cardol e do cardanol terc-butilado foi tambÃm observada em comparaÃÃo aos compostos nitrados derivados do cardanol saturado, mostrando que grupos doadores de elÃtrons tem efeito positivo na aÃÃo desses compostos como antioxidantes. O desempenho dos compostos fosforados obtidos a partir do cardanol foi, por sua vez, comprovado por anÃlises termogravimÃtricas, pelo emprego de amostras de biodiesel dopadas com esses compostos em proporÃÃes que variaram de 500 a 2000 ppm. Nesse estudo, foi possÃvel observar que os compostos fosforados promoveram um aumento mÃximo de 18,5 ÂC na temperatura inicial de degradaÃÃo da amostra de biodiesel testada. As anÃlises termogravimÃtricas do cardanol, cardol, cardanol terc-butilado e dos compostos fosforados mostraram tambÃm que esses compostos apresentaram resistÃncia ao processo termo-oxidativo superior a antioxidantes comercias como o butilhidrixitolueno (BHT). De forma geral, os resultados apresentados nesse trabalho comprovam a aÃÃo antioxidante de compostos derivados do LCC, apresentando meios Ãteis para a determinaÃÃo de seu desempenho e aplicaÃÃo prÃtica como aditivo antioxidante para biodieseis.
457

Microencapsulação de própolis utilizando matrizes proteicas para aplicação como ingrediente funcional em alimentos / Microencapsulation of propolis uses protein matrices for application as a functional ingredient in foods.

Alves, Cristina Jansen 02 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-13T20:18:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Cristina Jansen Alves.pdf: 3092727 bytes, checksum: af2f693596976d2b32a708d78fe4713d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-17T12:16:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Cristina Jansen Alves.pdf: 3092727 bytes, checksum: af2f693596976d2b32a708d78fe4713d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:16:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Cristina Jansen Alves.pdf: 3092727 bytes, checksum: af2f693596976d2b32a708d78fe4713d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A própolis apresenta propriedades benéficas à saúde que são atribuídas a presença de compostos fenólicos, porém, devido ao forte sabor e odor e a baixa solubilidade em água, sua aplicação em alimentos é limitada. A técnica de encapsulação protege os compostos bioativos da degradação, além de tornar possível sua liberação sob condições específicas e aumentar a sua solubilidade. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada para minimizar as características indesejáveis da própolis e facilitar sua aplicação em produtos variados, mantendo sua atividade biológica. Com isto, este estudo teve como objetivo microencapsular extrato de própolis (EP) utilizando como material de parede as proteínas do arroz, da ervilha, da soja e da ovoalbumina, com a técnica de spray drying, para aplicação das micropartículas em alimentos. No capítulo I o EP foi caracterizado quanto aos compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante. As micropartículas de EP produzidas foram caracterizadas quanto à eficiência, capacidade antioxidante, morfologia, comportamento térmico, grupos funcionais, cristalinidade, rendimento, propriedades físicas, além de ser avaliada a digestão gastrointestinal in vitro após a aplicação das micropartículas em pudim e queijo minas Frescal. O EP apresentou alta concentração de apigenina e luteolina, e as micropartículas apresentaram eficiência de encapsulação superior a 70%. A atividade antioxidante da própolis foi mantida nas micropartículas. As técnicas de DSC, ATR-FTIR e difração de Raios-X confirmaram a encapsulação. As micropartículas variaram em forma, tamanho e características físicas, podendo serem armazenadas em um ambiente de baixa umidade. No queijo a micropartícula de proteína concentrada de ervilha (PCE) demonstrou os melhores resultados na liberação gastrointestinal, uma vez que apresentou maior liberação no intestino, enquanto que as outras micropartículas poderiam ser utilizadas para produção de pudim. No capítulo II foi utilizado como material de parede a PCE, a qual apresentou os melhores resultados no primeiro estudo, e por isso foi utilizada para continuação do trabalho. Micropartículas foram produzidas pelo método de spray drying utilizando diferentes concentrações de EP e de PCE como material de parede. Após, realizou-se a caracterização e a avaliação das atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana das micropartículas produzidas. A melhor concentração de EP foi de 5% (p/v) e de PCE foi de 2% (p/v), por apresentar a maior eficiência de encapsulação, maior atividade antioxidante e melhor rendimento. O aumento na concentração do EP e da PCE nas micropartículas não influenciou na morfologia das micropartículas, as quais apresentaram superfície arredondada com dobras e concavidades. O ATR-FTIR e a difração de Raios-X confirmaram a encapsulação do EP e demonstraram que a microencapsulação possibilitou uma proteção do EP. O EP apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente a bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, e as micropartículas com 2% de PCE, e com 2,5% e 5% de EP apresentaram efeito bacteriostático e bactericida contra Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes. No capítulo III, o uso de proteína concentrada de ervilha (PCE) em diferentes concentrações para a microencapsulação de EP foi analisado, juntamente com as propriedades físicas, morfológicas e de estabilidade térmica das micropartículas. Além disso, as micropartículas com maior eficiência de encapsulação foram incorporadas em bolo, o qual foi avaliado em diversos parâmetros sensoriais. Das três formulações testadas usando diferentes concentrações de PCE, as micropartículas com PCE 2% apresentaram a maior eficiência de encapsulação e maior estabilidade térmica em relação ao EP puro. Apesar do spray drying ter causado redução no total de compostos fenólicos analisados, a atividade antioxidante das micropartículas não foi afetada. Porém, ocorreu redução no teor de compostos fenólicos e na atividade antioxidante das micropartículas após o forneamento. A formulação PCE 2% foi adicionada na elaboração de bolo, sendo que as características de cor, sabor, odor e textura deste foram semelhantes as do bolo controle. / Propolis has health benefits that are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, but due to its strong taste and odor and low solubility in water, its application in food is limited. The encapsulation technique protects the bioactive compounds from degradation, in addition makes possible their release under specific conditions and increase their solubility. This technique was used to minimize the undesirable properties of propolis and its application in varied products, maintaining its biological activities. This study aimed at microencapsulate extract of propolis (PE) using as wall material rice, pea, soybean and egg albumin proteins, with a spray-drying technique, intending apply the microparticles in foods. In Chapter I the EP was characterized for the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The microparticles of EP produced were characterized in terms of efficiency, antioxidant capacity, morphology, thermal behavior, functional groups, crystal, yield and physical properties, and the gastrointestinal digestion was evaluated in vitro after application of the microparticles in pudding and cheese mines Frescal. The EP presented high concentration of apigenin and luteolin, and the microparticles presented encapsulation efficiency superior to 70%. The antioxidant activity of propolis was maintained in the microparticles. The DSC, ATR-FTIR and X-ray diffraction techniques confirmed the encapsulation. As the microparticles varied in shapes, equipment and physical characteristics, they could be stored in a low-unit environment. The microparticle of concentrated protein of pea (PCE) demonstrated the best results in the gastrointestinal release when it was incorpored in cheese, since they present a greater liberation without intestine, whereas like other microparticles would be for pudding production. In chapter II it was used as wall material PCE, which one presented the best results in the preliminary study (chapter I). Microparticles were produced by the spray-drying method, using different concentrations of EP and PCE as the wall material. Afterwards, it were characterized and evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the microparticles produced. The best EP concentration was 5% (w / v) and PCE was 2% (w / v), due to its higher encapsulation efficiency, higher antioxidant activity and better yield. The increase in the concentration of PE and PCE in the microparticles did not influence the morphology of the microparticles, as they presented a rounded surface with folds and concavities. ATR-FTIR and an X-ray diffraction confirmed encapsulation of PE and demonstrated that a microencapsulation protected the EP. The EP presented antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and as microparticles with 2% PCE and with 2.5% and 5% of EP presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. In Chapter III, the use of concentrated pea protein (PCE) at different concentrations for microencapsulation of PE was analyzed, along with the physical, morphological and thermal stability properties of the microparticles. In addition, microparticles with higher encapsulation efficiency were incorporated in cake, which was evaluated in several sensory parameters. Of the three formulations tested using different concentrations of PCE, the microparticles with PCE 2% presented higher encapsulation efficiency and greater thermal stability over pure EP. Despite spray drying caused reduction of phenolic compounds content, the antioxidant activity of the microparticles was not affected. However, there was a reduction in the content of phenolic compounds and in the antioxidant activity of the microparticles after cooking process. A 2% PCE formulation was added in cake making the color, flavor, odor and texture characteristics similar as for control cake.
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Aplicações de CE-DAD E HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS na determinação de compostos fenolicos, metilxantinas e acidos organicos em bebidas / Aplications of CE-DAD E HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in the determination of phenolic compounds, purine alkaloids and organic acids in beverages

Peres, Renato Garcia 28 September 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T23:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_RenatoGarcia_D.pdf: 1331591 bytes, checksum: dd871bdf16f75c9e9198ba86cdd4a2c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Considerando que os artigos de pesquisa desta tese já estão em inglês e na forma para serem enviados aos periódicos internacionais, nos quais os resumos estão restritos a 100 ou 200 palavras, nesta seção, os resumos estão apresentados com maiores detalhes para uma apreciação melhor dos trabalhos e dos seus resultados. Devido à grande abrangência dos trabalhos, e para facilitar a leitura, os resumos estão apresentados em parágrafos separados, em vez de um único parágrafo. Os chás verde e preto (Camellia sinensis) são bebidas muito consumidas mundialmente. Na última década, estas bebidas têm sido alvo de investigação intensa devido a seus possíveis efeitos benéficos à saúde, atribuídos aos compostos fenólicos. Catequinas e teaflavinas são os fenólicos mais importantes em chá verde e chá preto, respectivamente. Têm sido também atribuídas a infusões de chá mate (Ilex paraguariensis), bebidas bastante consumidas no Brasil, atividades biológicas promotoras da saúde, possivelmente devido aos compostos derivados cafeoilquínicos e outros fenólicos. Portanto, o Capítulo 1 é um artigo de revisão que discute os avanços na instrumentação e metodologia analítica aplicadas aos compostos fenólicos em chás. Técnicas analíticas modernas, como cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, espectrometria de massas e eletroforese capilar têm fornecido dados importantes sobre a composição destes compostos nas bebidas mencionadas. Compostos fenólicos ocorrem abundantemente em vinhos e têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas científicas nos últimos anos devido aos supostos benefícios à saúde. Ácidos orgânicos exercem influência direta na qualidade e propriedades sensoriais de vinhos, bem como na sua estabilidade e controle microbiológico. A determinação de ambos compostos é, portanto, de extrema importância. Uma revisão da literatura (Capítulo 2) mostra que a eletroforese capilar vem substituindo gradativamente a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com vantagens de baixo custo operacional, baixo consumo de solventes, rapidez, simplificação no preparo das amostras, etc. Com fenólicos, a eletroforese capilar tem sido utilizada com sucesso para a determinação de isômeros do resveratrol, ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides. Em ácidos orgânicos, sua utilização se dá nos modos de detecção direta e indireta. ¿Chimarrão¿ e ¿tererê¿ são infusões de erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis) largamente consumidas na América do Sul. O artigo do Capítulo 3 descreve a aplicação de HPLCDAD- ESI/MS na identificação e quantificação de ácidos cafeoilquínicos (CQA), glicosídeos de flavonóis e purina alcalóides nestas bebidas. Infusões foram preparadas de amostras comerciais de Ilex paraguarienses do Sul do Brasil. Os ácidos cafeoilquínicos, 4,5-diCQA, 3-CQA, 5-CQA e 4-CQA foram os principais compostos, 238-289, 153-242, 183-263 e 123-188 µg/mL, respectivamente, em chimarrão, e 206-265, 122-218, 164-209, 103-169 µg/mL, respectivamente, em tererê. Cafeína também foi encontrada em altas quantidades. Os glicosídeos de quercetina e kaempferol estavam presentes em níveis baixos. A atividade antioxidante individual foi determinada por um sistema ¿on-line¿ que mede a habilidade da substância sequestrar o radical ABTS.+, revelando que a capacidade antioxidante não foi proporcional às concentrações dos compostos fenólicos. 3-O-CQA, quercetina-3-O-ramnosilglucosídeo e quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo tiveram maior contribuição para a capacidade antioxidante, embora os glicosídeos de quercetina estavam em teores mais de 10 vezes menores que o 3-O-CQA. O Capítulo 4 teve dois objetivos: (1) comparar a quantificação de flavonóis nas formas glicosidicas e agliconas, e (2) comparar a composição de fenólicos e metilxantinas de mates retiradas em dois pontos da produção e entre as infusões chimarrão e tererê. O método quantitativo utilizado para as agliconas obtidas por hidrólise e aquele usado para glicosídeos, outros fenólicos e metilxantinas tiveram bom desempenho, medido em termos de linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, recuperação e repetitividade. Para as 13 amostras analisadas, nas duas infusões, resultados equivalentes foram obtidos para quercetina e kaempferol, nas formas glicosídicas e agliconas. Os teores dos analitos foram todos maiores no chimarrão em comparação ao tererê. Em ambas infuses, os níveis de fenólicos e metilxantinas foram significativamente maiores nos mates obtidos diretamente dos produtores que nas amostras comerciais, indicando que perdas ocorreram nas etapas adicionais do processamento e durante a estocagem das amostras obtidas diretamente dos produtores. Um método rápido por RF-MEKC modificado com ß-ciclodextrina sulfatada foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de cinco catequinas em chá verde (Capítulo 5). O eletrólito otimizado consistiu de 0.2% trietilamina, 50 mmol/L SDS e 0.8% s-ß-CD (pH=2,9). Os padrões e as amostras foram injetados em 0,6 psi por 5 segundos sob voltagem constante de -30 kV. O preparo da amostra envolveu a extração de 2g de chá com 200mL de água a 95oC sob agitação constante por 5 min. O método demonstrou excelente desempenho com limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,02 a 0,1 µg/L e 0.1 a 0,5 µg/mL, respectivamente, e recuperação de 94 a 101%. O método foi utilizado para analisar infusões de chás verdes comercializados no Brasil. Epigalocatequina galato (23,4-112,4 µg/mL) foi o principal componente, seguido por Epigalocatequina (18,4-78,9 µg/mL), Epicatequina galato (5,6-29,6 µg/mL), Epicatequina (4,6-14,5 µg/mL) e Catequina (3,2-8,2 µg/mL). Foi desenvolvido e avaliado um método para determinação simultânea da estilbeno resveratrol, quatro ácidos fenólicos e cinco flavonóides em vinhos por eletroforese capilar (CE) (Capítulo 6). A composição do eletrólito e as condições instrumentais foram otimizadas, usando um planejamento fatorial 27-3 e análise de superfície de resposta, mostrando TBS (tetraborato de sódio) / metanol como a variável mais influente. As condições eletroforéticas ótimas, minimizando os valores de CRS, consistiram de 17 mmol/L TBS com 20% MeOH como eletrólito, voltagem constante de 25 kV, injeção hidrodinâmica a 50 mBar por 3 segundos e temperatura de 25oC. Os valores de R2 para linearidade foram igual ou maior que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram de 0,01 a 0,03 e de 0,04 a 0,08 mg/L, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação para os tempos de migração e áreas dos picos, obtidos por 10 injeções consecutivas, foram menores de 2%. A recuperação variou de 97 a 102%. O método foi aplicado a 23 diferentes tipos e marcas de vinhos brasileiros. Um método por eletroforese capilar para os ácidos orgânicos mais importantes em vinho foi desenvolvido e validado (Capítulo 7). O eletrólito otimizado consistiu de 10 mmol/L de ácido 3,5-dinitrobenzóico (DNB) a pH 3,6, com 0,2 mmol/L de brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio para inversão de fluxo. O DNB foi escolhido porque tem mobilidade efetiva semelhante aos analitos, boa capacidade tamponante a pH 3,6 e características cromofóricas para detecção indireta. O preparo da amostra envolveu apenas diluição e filtração. O método demonstrou bom desempenho: linearidade (R2 > 0,99) na faixa de concentração avaliada (6 a 285 mg/L); limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,64 a 1,55 mg/L e de 2,12 a 5,15 mg/L, respectivamente; tempo de análise de 5,5 minutos. Os coeficientes de variação, em relação aos tempos de migração e as áreas dos picos, foram abaixo de 5%. As porcentagens de recuperação variaram de 95 a 102%. O método foi aplicado a 23 tipos e marcas de vinhos brasileiros, confirmando a boa repetibilidade e demostrando a grande variação nas concentrações dos ácidos orgânicos / Abstract: Green and black teas (Camellia sinensis) are widely consumed beverages in the entire world. In the last decade, these beverages have been the subject of intense investigations in relation to their possible beneficial effects on health. Catechins and theaflavins are the most important phenolics in green and black tea, respectively. Health promoting have also been attributed to the infusions of mate, beverages widely consumed in Brazil, probably due to caffeoylquinic derivatives and other phenolics. Chapter 1 reviews advances in instrumentation and analytical methodology applied to phenolic compounds in teas. Modern analytical techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS) and capillary electrophoreses (CE), have provided important data about the composition of these compounds in the above mentioned beverages. Phenolic compounds occur in abundance in wine and have been the object of intense research in recent years because of their potential benefits to health. Organic acids have a direct influence on the quality and sensory properties of wine, as well as in their stability and microbial control. The determination of phenolic compounds and organic acids of wine is, therefore, of paramount importance. A review of the literature (Chapter 2) shows that capillary electrophoresis is gradually substituting high performance liquid chromatography, with the advantages of low operational cost, low solvent consumption, short analysis time, minimal sample preparation, etc. With phenolics, CE has been successfully used for the determination of resveratrol isomers, phenolic acids and flavonoids. With organic acids, this technique has been employed in the direct and indirect mode. ¿Chimarrão¿ and ¿tererê¿ are mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions widely consumed in South America. This paper (Chapter 3) describes the application of HPLC-DADESI/ MS in the identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids (CQA), flavonol glycosides and purine alkaloids in these beverages. Infusions were prepared from commercial samples of Ilex paraguarienses from Southern Brazil. The cafeoylquinic acids, 4,5-diCQA, 3-CQA, 5-CQA, and 4-CQA were the major compounds, having 238-289, 153- 242, 183-263, and 123-188 µg/mL, respectively, in chimarrão and 206-265, 122-218, 164- 209, 103-169 µg/mL, respectively in tererê. Caffeine also had high amounts while glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol were found at much lower levels. The individual antioxidant activity was determined by an on-line system that measured their ABTS.+ radical scavenging activity, showing that the antioxidant capacity was not proportional to the concentrations of the phenolic compounds. 3-O-CQA, quercetina-3-Oramnosylglucoside, and quercetina-3-O-glucoside were the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, although the quercetin glycosides had concentrations less than 10 times that of 3-O-CQA. Chapter 4 had a two-fold objective: (1) compare quantification of flavonols in the glycosidic and aglycone forms, and (2) compare the phenolic and purine alkaloid composition of mate samples taken from two stages of industrial production and of hot and cold infusions. The HPLC quantitative method used for the quantification of the flavonol aglycones obtained by hydrolysis and that used for quantifying the glycosides, other phenolics and the purine alkaloids performed well. Both methods showed good linearity, limits of detection and quantification, recovery and repeatability. For all thirteen samples, analyzed as hot or cold infusion, equivalent results were obtained for quercetin and kaempherol, thus these flavonols are amenable to quantification either in the glycoside or aglycone form. The levels of all the analytes in all the samples were lower in the cold infusion. In both infusions the phenolic and purine alkaloid concentrations were significantly higher in the samples obtained from the producers than in the commercial samples, indicating that losses occurred in the additional processing step and during storage of the later samples. A fast RF-MEKC method modified by sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin was developed and validated for the determination of catechins in green tea (Chapter 5). The optimal electrolyte consisted of 0.2% triethylamine, 50 mmol/L SDS and 0.8% s-ß-CD (pH=2.9). The samples and standards were injected at 0.6 psi for 5 s under constant voltage of -30 kV. Sample preparation involved extraction of 2 g of tea with 200 mL water at 95oC under constant stirring for 5 min. The method demonstrated excellent performance, with LOD and LOQ of 0.02 to 0.1 and 0.1 to 0.5 µg/mL, respectively, and recovery percentages of 94 to 101%. The method was applied to six samples of Brazilian green tea infusions. Epigallocatechin gallate (23.4-112.4 µg/mL) was the major component, followed by epigallocatechin (18.4-78.9 µg/mL), epicatechin gallate (5.6-29.6 µg/mL), epicatechin (4.6- 14.5 µg/mL) and catechin (3.2-8.2 µg/mL). In Chapter 6, a method for simultaneously determining the stilbene resveratrol, four phenolic acids and five flavonoids in wine by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed and evaluated. The CE electrolyte composition and instrumental conditions were optimized using 27-3 factorial design and response surface analysis, showing TBS (tetraborate)/MeOH as the most influential variables. The optimal electrophoretic conditions, minimizing the chromatographic resolution statistic (CRS) values, consisted of 17 mmol/L TBS with 20% methanol as electrolyte, constant voltage of 25 kV, hydrodynamic injection at 50 mbar for 3s and temperature of 25oC. The R2 values for linearity were equal to or higher than 0.99; limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 to 0.03 and 0.04 to 0.08, respectively. Coefficients of variation for migration time and peak area obtained from ten consecutive injections were less than 2% and recoveries varied from 97 to 102%. The method was applied to 23 different samples of Brazilian wines. A capillary electrophoresis method for six organic acids in wine was developed and validated (Chapter 7). The optimal electrolyte consisted of 10 mmol/L 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB) at pH 3.6 with 0.2 mmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as flow reverser. DNB was chosen because it had effective mobility similar to the organic acids, good buffering capacity at pH 3.6 and good chromophoric characteristics for indirect detection. Sample preparation involved dilution and filtration. The method showed good performance characteristics: linearity at 6 to 285 mg/L (r> 0.99); detection and quantification limits of 0.64 to 1.55 and 2.12 to 5.15 mg/L, respectively; separation time of less than 5.5 min. Coefficients of variation for ten injections was less than 5% and recoveries varied from 95 to 102%. Application to 23 samples of Brazilian wine confirmed good repeatability and demonstrated wide variation in the organic acid concentrations / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
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Propriedades físicas, químicas, nutricionais e tecnológicas de feijões (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de diferentes grupos de cor / Physical properties, chemical, nutritional and technological beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of different color groups

Pinto, Jennifer Vieira 25 August 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-02-14T16:31:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Vieira Pinto - 2016.pdf: 3207260 bytes, checksum: 75e3617cc1ca4e537ea4eb6d34fb3ef8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Érika, na citação a letra "M" de mestrado é maiúscula, assim, como, o "D" de doutorado. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2016. on 2017-02-15T09:28:57Z (GMT) / Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-02-15T15:56:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Vieira Pinto - 2016.pdf: 3207260 bytes, checksum: 75e3617cc1ca4e537ea4eb6d34fb3ef8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-02-15T15:57:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Vieira Pinto - 2016.pdf: 3207260 bytes, checksum: 75e3617cc1ca4e537ea4eb6d34fb3ef8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T15:57:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jennifer Vieira Pinto - 2016.pdf: 3207260 bytes, checksum: 75e3617cc1ca4e537ea4eb6d34fb3ef8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We aimed to characterize the physical, chemical, technological, nutritional and functional properties of beans from different color groups in order to feed the Embrapa Rice and Beans database, contributing with useful information to the scientific community and food industries. Carioca (Pérola - "PER" and BRS Estilo - "ETL"), black (BRS Esteio - "EST" and IPR Uirapuru - "IPR") and special beans (BRS Agreste - "AGR" and BRS Pitanga - "PIT") were grown in June (winter / 2014) in Santo Antônio de Goiás -GO, and analyzed for: the 100-seed weight, size, sphericity, color, moisture, water activity and density. Flours were analyzed for: granulometry, color, water absorption and solubility index, oil retention capacity, foam properties, emulsifiers, stabilizers, paste properties, kaempferol content, proximal composition, minerals, amino acid profile, protein in vitro digestibility and anti-nutritional factors. Black grains were lighter, and carioca, heavier. Grains of "PER" presented greater length and "AGR", greater sphericity; "ETL" tended to lighter grains; "PIT", "IPR" and "EST", darker. Flours of "EST" and "IPR" had greater uniformity; "ETL", "PER" and "AGR" presented lighter and more yellow flours; the "IPR" flour showed higher values of water absorption; "EST", higher values of oil absorption; the "PIT", better solubility; AGR, higher foaming (pH 2.5); the "IPR", the higher maximum viscosity. Grains of "PIT" presented higher concentration of kaempferol; "PIT" and "PER", higher protein levels; "EST" had more lipids; and "AGR", more carbohydrates. All flours had high mineral contents. Black beans showed higher levels of essential and non-essential amino acids, followed by special and carioca beans; "EST" had the lowest Essential Amino Acid Score (EAS) (1.20), and "ETL", highest EAS (1.40); "EST", lower protein digestibility; carioca and special beans, higher levels of phytic acid; "PIT" showed higher molar ratio (phytate: iron) and "AGR", higher molar ratio (phytate: zinc); "PER", lower tannin contents; "IPR", lower levels of trypsin inhibitors and "PIT", greater inhibition of α-amylase. The specialty beans presented excellent physical, chemical, technological, nutritional and functional characteristics, and can be used as ingredients of new products by the food industry. / Objetivou-se caracterizar propriedades físicas, químicas, tecnológicas, nutricionais e funcionais de feijões de diferentes grupos de cor, a fim de alimentar o banco de dados da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, contribuindo com informações úteis à comunidade científica e indústrias de alimentos. Feijões carioca (Pérola – “PER” e BRS Estilo – “ETL”), preto (BRS Esteio – “EST” e IPR Uirapuru – “IPR”) e especial (BRS Agreste – “AGR” e BRS Pitanga – “PIT”) foram cultivados em Junho (inverno/2014), em Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, e analisados quanto à/ao: peso de 100 grãos, tamanho, esfericidade, cor, umidade, aw e densidade. Farinhas foram analisadas quanto à/ao: granulometria, cor, índice de absorção e solubilidade em água, capacidade de retenção de óleo, propriedades espumantes, emulsificantes, estabilizantes, propriedades de pasta, teor de kaempferol, composição centesimal, minerais, perfil de aminoácidos, digestibilidade proteica in vitro, e fatores antinutricionais. Grãos pretos apresentaram-se mais leves, e carioca, mais pesados. Grãos de “PER” apresentaram maior comprimento e da cultivar “AGR”, maior esfericidade; ”ETL” tendeu a grãos mais claros; ”PIT”, “IPR” e “EST”, mais escuros. Farinhas de “EST” e “IPR” tiveram maior uniformidade; “ETL”, “PER” e “AGR” apresentaram farinhas mais claras e amareladas; farinha do “IPR” apresentou maiores valores de absorção de água; “EST”, maiores valores de absorção de óleo; a da “PIT”, melhor solubilidade; a da “AGR”, maior formação de espuma (pH 2,5); a do “IPR”, maior viscosidade máxima. Grãos da “PIT” apresentaram maior concentração de kaempferol; “PIT” e “PER”, maiores teores protéicos; “EST”, mais lipídeos; e “AGR”, mais carboidratos. Todas as farinhas tiveram altos teores de minerais. Feijões pretos apresentaram maiores teores de aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais, seguidos dos feijões especiais e carioca; “EST” teve o menor Escore de Aminoácidos Essenciais (EAE) (1,20), e “ETL”, maior EAE (1,40); “EST”, menor digestibilidade proteica; feijões carioca e especiais, maiores teores de ácido fítico; “PIT” apresentou maior razão molar (fitato:ferro) e “AGR”, maior razão molar (fitato:zinco); “PER”, menores teores de taninos; “IPR”, menores teores de inibidores de tripsina e “PIT”, maior inibição de α-amilase. Os feijões especiais apresentaram ótimas características físicas, químicas, tecnológicas, nutricionais e funcionais, podendo ser utilizados como matéria prima na elaboração de novos produtos pela indústria alimentícia.
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Composição química e capacidade sequestrante de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio de mel orgânico brasileiro / Chemical composition and Nitrogen and Oxygen Reactive Species scavenging activity of Brazilian organic honey

Camila Furtunato da Silva 21 July 2017 (has links)
O Brasil apresenta grande potencial para a exploração da apicultura, dado ao seu vasto território e flora diversificada, o que permite diferentes variedades de méis com propriedades únicas. O estado do Paraná é um dos maiores produtores de méis do país e o investimento em produção que atenda aos mercados mais exigentes estimulou a produção do mel orgânico. O conhecimento desde a antiguidade sobre os efeitos benéficos à saúde pelo mel vem estimulando a pesquisa deste alimento nobre. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar méis orgânicos brasileiros certificados (MO) para a caracterização do perfil fenólico, volátil, além da avaliação da capacidade de sequestro das espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio. Os méis foram coletados nos apiários de apicultores com certificação orgânica de dois municípios do sul do Paraná, General Carneiro e Turvo-PR. Nos ensaios foram utilizados extratos fenólicos dos méis, obtidos por meio da utilização da resina Amberlite® XAD®2, bem como méis brutos in natura. Os extratos apresentaram conteúdo de compostos fenólicos significativo, sendo o melato (MO5), de General Carneiro, o de maior teor (117,68± 4,40 mg EAG/g). Para as análises de sequestro das espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, os extratos fenólicos foram sempre superiores aos méis brutos in natura. Os extratos fenólicos, de maneira geral, apresentaram alta capacidade de sequestro para o radical peroxila (ROOo), ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) e óxido nítrico (NOo). Em relação aos melatos, o extrato MO7 apresentou alta capacidade para o sequestro do HOCl (EC50= 4,83 ± 0,13 ?g/mL), enquanto que o MO5 foi melhor para o sequestro do NOo (EC50=2,16 ± 0,18 ?g/mL). Pelo método HPLC-ABTS on-line foi possível identificar e quantificar a contribuição para a atividade antioxidante do ácido ferúlico no extrato (MO1) e do flavonoide kanferol na amostra (MO4). O ácido ascórbico foi identificado e quantificado por HPLC somente nos melatos (MO3, MO5 e MO7). Pela técnica de LC-MS/MS foram identificados a presença dos seguintes compostos fenólicos: ácido caféico, rutina e hesperidina em todos os extratos. A análise de compostos voláteis por SPME-CG/EM mostrou a presença de dois compostos, encontrados apenas nos melatos, que foram o terpineno-4-ol, que possui ação antifúngica, antiparasitológica e anti-inflamatória; e o 3,4-dimetil-1-deceno, podendo assim serem utilizados como marcadores químicos destes méis. O conhecimento da composição química destes méis, bem como a composição fenólica bioativa, contribui para o fornecimento de antioxidantes naturais para a dieta, atenuando assim os efeitos negativos dos radicais livres / Brazil has a great potential to explore beekeeping due to its vast territory and diversified flora, what allows different varieties of honeys with unique characteristics. Parana state is one of the largest honey producers and the investment in production that meets the most demanding markets stimulated the organic honey production. The knowledge since early in history regarding the beneficial health effects promoted by honey is stimulating the scientific research of this noble food. Thus, this paper aimed to study certified Brazilian organic honeys (MO) in order to determine the phenolic and volatile profiles, and also the evaluation of radical scavenging capacity against Nitrogen and Oxygen Reactive Species (RNS and ROS, respectively). The honeys were collected from apiaries from beekeepers with the organic certification from two municipalities of southern Parana, General Carneiro and Turvo, PR. In the essays, phenolic extracts were obtained from honeys by using Amberlite® XAD®2 resin, as well as crude in natura honeys. The extracts showed a significant content in phenolic compounds, with honeydew (MO5), from General Carneiro, showing the highest content (117,68 ± 4,40 mg AGE/g). For the analyzes to determine the radical scavenging capacity against RNS and ROS, the phenolic extracts always showed up superior results in comparison to crude in natura honeys. Phenolic extracts showed, in general, great capacity to scavenge peroxyl radical (ROOo), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and nitric oxide (NOo). In relation to honeydews MO7 extract showed the highest capacity to scavenge HOCl (IC50= 4,83 ± 0,13 ?g/mL) while MO5 was the sample with better capacity to scavenge NOo (IC50=2,16 ± 0,18 ?g/mL). By using HPLC-ABTS on-line method it was possible to identify and to quantify the ferulic acid in MO1 extract, a compound with an important contribution to the antioxidant activity of this sample, as well as the flavonoid kaempferol in MO4 sample. Ascorbic acid was identified and quantified by HPLC only in the honeydew samples (MO3, MO5 and MO7). The analyzes developed by LC-MS/MS techniques indicated the presence of the phenolic compounds caffeic acid, rutin and hesperidin in all the extracts. The analysis of volatile substances developed by SPME-GC/MS promoted the identification of two compounds found only in the honeydew samples. The compounds were the terpinen-4-ol, which has antifungal, antiparasitological and anti-inflammatory activities; and 3,4-dimethyl-1-decene. Both compounds can be used as chemical markers of these honeys. The knowledge of the chemical composition of the studied honeys, as well as their bioactive phenolic composition, contributes to supply natural antioxidants to human diet, thus attenuating the negative effects of free radicals

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