Cette thèse traite de la classification analytique du déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires ayant une singularité irrégulière. Elle est composée de deux articles sur le sujet: le premier présente des résultats obtenus lors de l'étude de la confluence de l'équation hypergéométrique et peut être considéré comme un cas particulier du second; le deuxième contient les théorèmes et résultats principaux. Dans les deux articles, nous considérons la confluence de deux points singuliers réguliers en un point singulier irrégulier et nous étudions les conséquences de la divergence des solutions au point singulier irrégulier sur le comportement des solutions du système déployé. Pour ce faire, nous recouvrons un voisinage de l'origine (de manière ramifiée) dans l'espace du paramètre de déploiement $\epsilon$. La monodromie d'une base de solutions bien choisie est directement reliée aux matrices de Stokes déployées. Ces dernières donnent une interprétation géométrique aux matrices de Stokes, incluant le lien (existant au moins pour les cas génériques) entre la divergence des solutions à $\epsilon=0$ et la présence de solutions logarithmiques autour des points singuliers réguliers lors de la résonance. La monodromie d'intégrales premières de systèmes de Riccati correspondants est aussi interprétée en fonction des éléments des matrices de Stokes déployées. De plus, dans le second article, nous donnons le système complet d'invariants analytiques pour le déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires $x^2y'=A(x)y$ ayant une singularité irrégulière de rang de Poincaré $1$ à l'origine au-dessus d'un voisinage fixé $\mathbb{D}_r$ dans la variable $x$. Ce système est constitué d'une partie formelle, donnée par des polynômes, et d'une partie analytique, donnée par une classe d'équivalence de matrices de Stokes déployées. Pour chaque valeur du paramètre $\epsilon$ dans un secteur pointé à l'origine d'ouverture plus grande que $2\pi$, nous recouvrons l'espace de la variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, avec deux secteurs et, au-dessus de chacun, nous choisissons une base de solutions du système déployé. Cette base sert à définir les matrices de Stokes déployées. Finalement, nous prouvons un théorème de réalisation des invariants qui satisfont une condition nécessaire et suffisante, identifiant ainsi l'ensemble des modules. / This thesis deals with the analytic classification of unfoldings of linear differential systems with an irregular singularity. It contains two papers related to this subject: the first paper presents results concerning the confluence of the hypergeometric equation and may be viewed as a particular case of the second one; the second paper contains the main theorems and results. In both papers, we study the confluence of two regular singular points into an irregular one and we give consequences of the divergence of solutions at the irregular singular point for the unfolded system. For this study, a full neighborhood of the origin is covered (in a ramified way) in the space of the unfolding parameter $\epsilon$. Monodromy of a well chosen basis of solutions around the regular singular points is directly linked to the unfolded Stokes matrices. These matrices give a complete geometric interpretation to the well-known Stokes matrices: this includes the link (existing at least for the generic cases) between the divergence of the solutions at $\epsilon=0$ and the presence of logarithmic terms in the solutions for resonant values of $\epsilon$. Monodromy of first integrals of related Riccati systems are also interpreted in terms of the elements of the unfolded Stokes matrices. The second paper goes further into the subject, giving the complete system of analytic invariants for the unfoldings of nonresonant linear differential systems $x^2y'=A(x)y$ with an irregular singularity of Poincaré rank $1$ at the origin over a fixed neighborhood $\mathbb{D}_r$ in the space of the variable $x$. It consists of a formal part, given by polynomials, and an analytic part, given by an equivalence class of unfolded Stokes matrices. For each parameter value $\epsilon$ taken in a sector pointed at the origin of opening larger than $2\pi$, we cover the space of the variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, with two sectors and, over each of them, we construct a well chosen basis of solutions of the unfolded differential system. This basis is used to define the unfolded Stokes matrices. Finally, we give a realization theorem for the invariants satisfying a necessary and sufficient condition, thus identifying the set of modules.

This dissertation attempts to illuminate the significance of what has been called the "coworkers" for Paul's mission. At the same time it revises the traditional portrait of Paul as a "lone ranger", not properly understood and appreciated by others. Thus the focus is on the way in which Paul together with his co-workers as his missionary partners achieved the various tasks of early Chrisian mission, namely the proclamation of the gospel and the consolidation of churches. This phenomenon is best described with the German term Kollegialmission, i.e. a mission carried by a team of colleagues. A survey of research is followed by a detailed analysis of this phenomenon in the letters commonly recognised as written by Paul himself. In additon to explicit statements on the co-workers, attention is also given to implicit references, e.g. verb forms in the first person plural which appear in some letters and contribute to understanding this Kollegialmission. Then the same methodological procedure is applied to the disputed letters of Paul. A final chapter examines the portrait of Paul and his co-workers in the Book of Acts. This dissertation demonstrates that this understanding and practice of Kollegialmission was a central point in Paul's mission and self-understanding. His co-workers receive their commission and authority from God, to whom they are responsible. The gospel constitutes the foundation for this cooperation between Paul and his co-workers. Thus the co-workers perform the same duties as Paul himself, though his special apostolate remains in place. The picture of the Kollegialmission in the Deuteropauline letters differs only slightly from that of the letters generally recognised as Paul's own. As the author of Acts is mainly interested in the person of Paul, his co-workers appear increasingly on the backstage as the story unfolds. This examination closes with an application of some principles of Paul's Kollegialmission to present day congregational ministry and mission work. / Theology / M.Th.

1 Abstract The dissertation Theoretical tools for categorization and functional explanations of relations in language is focused on linguistic categorization from the perspective of empirical gram- matical research. The primary aim is to present the theoretical and practical potential for the investigation of grammatical categories, stressing functional explanations of why cer- tain language structures are the way they are. The text is divided into two parts. (i) The first two chapters are devoted to the theoretical and methodological foundations of empirical linguistic research (including issues of metalanguage, language comparison, discreteness and gradience). Particular emphasis is placed on functional-evolutionary approaches, which describe grammar in interconnection with language use, and more specifically on func- tional explanations by means of frequency. (ii) In the following three chapters, the potential of corpus-based research is demonstrated in accordance with the principles adopted in (i). It is applied to the linguistic categories of possession and adjective comparison in Czech. Possession in Czech is described with regard to hypotheses based on statistical tendencies in language use. The main results of the research revealed the relationship between frequency of use and the animacy hierarchy,...

School-based induction programmes largely focus on informing beginner teachers about the school culture and infrastructure, yet, the core business of education is teaching and learning. A consensus is, however, growing among educators and researchers that despite the positive experiences novice teachers experience during school-based induction programmes, they also experience challenges which affect their perceptions of school-based induction. Despite those challenges in the education sector, hope for the future, as guided by Vision 2030, still remains with one essential human resource: the teachers themselves. Therefore, if novice teachers are to impact profoundly on the learners’ academic achievement, then quality induction programmes must be in place in Namibian schools in order to support their instructional growth. A comprehensive nation-wide induction effort with high emphasise on mentoring will accelerate novice teacher efficacy and consequently learner learning. The purpose of this research study was to identify beginner teachers’ perceptions of school-based induction at selected primary schools in Windhoek and suggested a framework which may inform future research efforts and improve the application of school-based induction. To do this, a qualitative research methodology was preferred to assess the perceptions of novice teachers at the selected schools. Eight beginner teachers and four Heads of Departments participated in the study. The result draws attention to the professional enculturation of beginner teachers, but notably, compels practical reconsideration on how school-based induction is practised in light of beginner teacher growth and sustainability. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

L’interaction statique et dynamique entre une sonde locale et un film de liquide provoque la déformation de ce dernier. Ce phénomène a été décrit par des équations analytiques, qui ont été analysées et résolues numériquement. Les potentiels d’interaction sonde/liquide et liquide/substrat ont été déduits à partir de l’intégration des forces de dispersion. La différence de pression à travers l’interface air/liquide a été calculée avec une équation de Young-Laplace modifiée, qui prend en compte les effets de la gravité, de tension superficielle, ainsi que les potentiels d’interaction liquide/substrat et sonde/liquide. Pour le cas statique, l’équation modifiée de Young-Laplace en équilibre a été examinée. La théorie de la lubrification a été utilisé pour décrire l’évolution du film liquide, afin d’analyser le phénomène dynamique. Des simulations numériques de la forme de la surface d’équilibre et de l’évolution dynamique du film ont été réalisées. Des comportements stables et instables ont été discernés, et les résultats ont confirmé l’existence d’une distance de seuil, pour le cas statique, et d’une combinaison de paramètres d’oscillation, pour la situation dynamique, pour lesquelles le saut du liquide vers la sonde se produit. Une analyse théorique a confirmé l’existence de conditions critiques qui séparent les régimes de comportement. Ces conditions critiques indiquent le rôle des paramètres physiques et géométriques dans la stabilité du système. Pour le cas dynamique, les résultats préliminaires sont rapportés et une interprétation qualitative du phénomène est formulée. En outre, des expériences de spectroscopie AFM de force et amplitude ont été effectuées et comparées avec les résultats numériques. / The static and dynamic interaction between a local probe and a liquid film provokes the deformation of the latter. This phenomenon has been described by means of analytical equations, which had been analyzed and numerically solved. Probe/liquid and liquid/substrate interaction potentials have been deduced from the integration of the dispersion forces. The pressure difference across the air/liquid interface has been calculated with a modified Young-Laplace equation, which takes into account the effects of gravity, surface tension, the liquid film/substrate and the probe/liquid interaction potentials. For the static case, the equilibrium modified Young-Laplace equation has been considered. The lubrication theory has been used to describe the liquid film evolution, in order to analyze the dynamic phenomenon. Numerical simulations of the equilibrium surface shape and the dynamic evolution of the film have been performed. Stable and unstable behaviors had been discerned, and results confirmed the existence of a threshold distance, for the static case, and a combination of oscillation parameters, for the dynamic situation, for which the jump of the liquid to contact the probe occurs. A theoretical analysis confirmed the existence of critical conditions separating the behavior regimes. This critical conditions indicate the role of the physical and geometric parameters in the system stability. For the dynamic case, preliminary results are reported and a qualitative interpretation of the phenomenon is formulated. In addition, AFM force and amplitude spectroscopy experiments had been performed and compared with the numerical results.

The thesis talks about free time as a space for self-fulfillment in the context with the value change and the change of life style and concretely it analyses free time of the age group of adolescents, it describes their psychological development. The background part describes the historical development of free time, value change, value orientation and life style; it further deals with the question of self-fulfillment, life quality and the needs of an individual. The thesis captures the increasing importance of free time in the present society. The goal was to capture the importance of purposeful use of free time for today{\crq}s individual and its influence on the life quality. It is the purposeful use of free time, which works as a prevention of its possible pathology.

Mechanical vibrations are inevitable in drilling operations. Torsional stick-slip vibrations are vibrations that occur in drilling columns, which are produced by periodic variations of torque and characterized by large fluctuations in the speed of the drill bit. These vibrations are dangerous, primarily by the cyclical characteristic of the phenomenon that by the amplitude of the same, which can cause fatigue of the pipe, failures in the components of the drill string, deformations in the walls of the well, excessive wear of the drill, low rate of penetration, and collapse of the drilling process. The frequency of these unwanted oscillations can be reduced by the application of automatic control techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate through numerical simulations, the application of conventional control techniques, such as proportional-integral control (PI), and nonlinear, as the sliding mode control (SMC) and the input-output linearization control (IOLC), to eliminate the presence of stick-slip oscillation in drilling columns. The controllers are designed primarily to maintain a constant speed of rotation system, by manipulating engine torque, thereby inferentially control the speed of the drill, thus providing optimum operation conditions, beyond preserving system stability. Results of simulations using drill string torsional models of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) and four degrees of freedom (4-DOF) show the performance of the proposed control systems, which are analyzed and qualitatively compared. / Vibrações mecânicas são inevitáveis nas operações de perfuração. Vibrações torcionais stick-slip são vibrações que ocorrem em colunas de perfuração, as quais são produzidas pelas variações periódicas de torque e caracterizadas por grandes oscilações da velocidade da broca. Estas vibrações são prejudiciais, mais pela característica cíclica do fenômeno que pela amplitude da mesma, podendo originar fadiga da tubulação, falhas nos componentes da coluna de perfuração, deformações nas paredes do poço, desgaste excessivo da broca, baixa taxa de penetração e, inclusive, colapso do processo de perfuração. A frequência destas oscilações indesejadas pode ser reduzida pela aplicação de técnicas de controle automático. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, mediante simulações numéricas, a aplicação de técnicas de controle convencional, como o controle proporcional-integral (PI), e não linear, como o controle por modos deslizantes (SMC) e o controle por linearização entrada-saída (IOLC) para eliminar a presença de oscilações stick-slip em colunas de perfuração. Os controladores são desenvolvidos principalmente para manter constante a velocidade do sistema de rotação, mediante a manipulação do torque do motor, para assim controlar inferencialmente a velocidade da broca, fornecendo desta maneira condições ótimas de operação, além de preservar a estabilidade do sistema. Resultados das simulações, usando modelos torcionais de uma coluna de perfuração de dois graus de liberdade (2-DOF) e de quatro graus de liberdade (4-DOF), mostram o desempenho dos sistemas de controle propostos, os quais são analisados e comparados qualitativamente.

Dans cette thèse, le comportement d'un modèle mathématique permettant de transcrire la dynamique neuronale est étudié : le système de FitzHugh-Nagumo. En particulier, nous nous intéressons au caractère aléatoire d'ouverture et de fermeture des canaux ioniques d'un neurone qui reçoit ou non un stimulus. Ce caractère aléatoire de la dynamique neuronale est considéré, dans notre modèle, comme un bruit. Dans un premier temps, le comportement du modèle de FitzHugh-Nagumo a été caractérisé au voisinage de la bifurcation d'Andronov-Hopf qui traduit la transition entre l'état d'activation et l'état de repos du neurone. Classiquement, un neurone positionné à l'état de repos ne produit aucun potentiel d'action. Cependant, il a été montré un phénomène pour lequel une quantité appropriée de bruit permet la production de potentiels d'action des plus réguliers : la résonance cohérente. Le deuxième effet observé lors de simulations numériques permet au neurone d'améliorer la détection et l'encodage d'un signal subliminal : il s'agit de la résonance stochastique. De plus, cette thèse s'inscrit dans un contexte électronique puisqu'en plus de simuler numériquement le système de FitzHugh-Nagumo, les résultats de simulations ont également été confirmés en réalisant un circuit électronique. En effet, nous avons reproduit la dynamique non linéaire du système de FitzHugh-Nagumo à l'aide de ce circuit électronique. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence expérimentalement les deux phénomènes de résonance cohérente et de résonance stochastique pour lesquelles le bruit peut avoir une influence constructive sur le comportement de notre circuit électronique. / We study the nonlinear FitzHugh-Nagumo model witch describes the dynamics of excitable neural element. It is well known that this system exhibits three different possible responses. Indeed, the system can be mono-stable, oscillatory or bistable. In the oscillatory regime, the system periodically responds by generating action potential. By contrast, in the mono-stable state the system response remains constant after a transient. Under certain conditions, the system can undergo a bifurcation between the stable and the oscillatory regime via the so called Andronov-Hopf bifurcation. In this Phd thesis, we consider the FitzHugh-Nagumo model in the stable state, that is set near the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation. Moreover, we take into account the contribution of noise witch can induces two phenomena coherence resonance and stochastic resonance. First, without external driving, we show the effect of coherence resonance since a critical noise level enhances the regularity of the system response. Another numerical investigation reports how noise can allow to detect a subthreshold deterministic signal applied to the system. In this case, an appropriate amount of noise maximizes the signal to noise ratio reveling the stochastic resonance signature. Besides this numerical studies, we have also built a non linear circuit simulating the FitzHugh-Nagumo model under the presence of noise. This circuit has allowed to confirm experimentally the numerical observation of stochastic resonance and coherence resonance. Therefor, this electronic circuit contributes a framework for further experimental investigation in the field of neural sciences to better understand the role of noise in neural encoding.

Cette thèse porte sur la gestion du risque terroriste en France.En tant que droit fondamental, la sécurité publique est prise en charge par l’État qui a le devoir d’assurer la défense et la protection des personnes et des biens publiques. Afin de protéger le pays contre tout risque et toute menace terroriste, la France, un des pays du monde les plus ciblés par les terroristes, a dû s’adapter aux nouvelles formes de terrorisme qui sévissent. Pour ce faire, elle a mis en place un important dispositif d’outils et de moyens de prévention et de répression pour lutter contre le terrorisme, tels que les fichiers de police informatisés. Des outils dérogatoires de prévention du terrorisme ont ainsi été créés, d’autres ont été perfectionnés. Dans ce contexte de lutte contre le terrorisme, de nombreux acteurs interviennent, au niveau local, national, mais aussi européen et international, au sein des institutions.De leur côté, les législateurs, devant les diverses formes de terrorisme, mais également face à la fréquence de tels actes et à leur violence toujours plus grande, ont dû créer de nouvelles lois relatives à la répression et à la prévention des actions terroristes.Ils se sont aussi attachés à la répression du financement du terrorisme en incriminant les personnes qui seraient, directement ou indirectement liées à des réseaux criminels. Enfin, grâce à une collaboration efficace des acteurs sur les plans international, européen et national, ainsi qu’à des outils opérationnels et des moyens de plus en plus performants, la sécurité des personnes et des biens publics est assurée. / This thesis focuses on terrorist risk management in France.As a fundamental right, public safety is supported by the State, it has the duty to defend and protect people and public property. To protect the country against all risks and terrorist threat, France, one of the most targeted countries of the world by the terrorists, had to adapt to new forms of terrorism. To do this, it has established an important tool device and means of prevention and enforcement to fight against terrorism, such as computerized police files. Derogatory tools to prevent terrorism have also been created, others have been improved. In this context of fight against terrorism, many actors involved, at local, national as well as European and international, within the institutions.For their part, legislators, facing the frequency of such acts and their ever-increasing violence, had to create new laws for the repression and prevention of terrorism.They also committed to the suppression of terrorist financing by criminalizing those who would be directly or indirectly linked to criminal networks. Finally, through effective collaboration of actors on the international, European and national, as well as operational tools and means of increasingly effective, the safety of persons and public goods is assured.

Le phénomène d'instabilité de la structure de fluide se produit fréquemment dans le système d'écoulement polyphasé des régimes sous-critiques de Reynolds, et le phénomène de vibrations de câbles de sustentation de ponts provoquées par la pluie (sigle RWIV en anglais) est considéré comme un exemple en génie civil pour caractériser l'instabilité causée par les interactions fluide-structure. Le RWIV est supposée être un nouveau type de vibrations; régulièrement accompagné de deux phénomènes significatifs: le ruisseau supérieur vibre circonférentiellement et la fréquence du vortex de Von Karman se déplace vers une valeur beaucoup plus faible par rapport à la fréquence attendue. Les phénomène est observé habituellement sur les haubans du pont à hauban immobilisé. En raison des mécanismes de couplage complexes, le mécanisme de RWIV n'a pas été complètement décrit par les chercheurs précédents. La plupart ont mis l'accent sur les observations sur le terrain et les aspects expérimentaux en soufflerie, mais rarement sur la simulation numérique. Pour élaborer un cadre numérique systématique, nous abordons le modèle non couplé, le modèle faiblement couplé, le modèle couplé, et le modèle multiphasique multi-échelle (MMM). L'objectif est de mettre en place un modèle numérique avec une grande exactitude et précision pour RWIV, et de reconnaître et clarifier le mécanisme de RWIV, diverses enquêtes numériques ont été réalisés dans cette thèse.Pour simuler les effets de la pluie/l’eau pluviale (eng. rainwater) comme un ruisseau artificiel (fixé / solide mobile attaché / oscillé le long de la circonférence de hauban immobilisé) lorsque RWIV se produit, la méthode séparée est mise en œuvre sur la base des équations incompressibles de Navier-Stokes en combinaison avec la simulation monotone intégré des grandes échelles (MILES) pour évaluer les sous-grille termes de pression. Les effets des ruisseaux artificiels de différentes positions le long de la circonférence de hauban immobilisé sur la structure de formation de tourbillons derrière le hauban, la distribution de pression à travers le hauban, et la force aérodynamique fréquence dominante du hauban sont analysés. Cependant, les enquêtes indiquent les positions de ruisseau artificiel le long de la circonférence du hauban affectent très faiblement la fréquence du vortex de Von Karman proche le sillage du hauban.Pour capturer l'évolution dynamique de la morphologie de l’eau pluviale , le modèle semi-couplé simplifie les équations incompressibles de Navier-Stokes avec la théorie de lubrification sur l'hypothèse qu'un mince film d'eau environnante autour du hauban. Les enquêtes indiquent que l’eau pluviale rassemble aux endroits près des points de séparation, et forme deux ruisseaux symétriques le long de la circonférence du hauban. Cependant, la vibration circonférentielle du ruisseau supérieur et les phénomènes de décalage de fréquence accompagnant RWIV ne peuvent être résolus et expliqués clairement.Afin d'améliorer le modèle de semi-couplé à suivre l'évolution de la morphologie de l’eau pluviale, la méthode du Volume-de-Fluide (VOF) combinée avec les équations incompressibles de Navier-Stokes est utilisée dans le modèle couplé. L ‘évolution hautement non linéaire du ruisseau de la pluie le long de la circonférence du hauban immobilisé et les caractéristiques aérodynamiques du hauban de séjour peuvent être obtenus et analysés. Les résultats indiquent que le ruisseau de la pluie est formé près des points de séparation le long de la circonférence du hauban; la zone de pression négative le long de la circonférence du hauban est pré-requise pour la formation de ruisseau supérieur. / A fluid structure instability phenomenon frequently occurs in the subcritical Reynolds regimes multiphase flow system, and rain--wind-induced vibration (RWIV) is taken as an example in civil engineering to characterize the aeroelastic instability caused by fluid-structure interactions. RWIV is hypothesized to be a new type of vibration; regularly accompanied by two significant phenomena: the circumferentially vibrating upper rivulet and the Von Karman vortex shedding frequency shift to a much lower value compared with the convectional evaluation; and customarily observed from the stay cables of cable--stayed bridge. Due to the complicated interactions mechanisms in the liquid-gas-solid system, the mechanism of RWIV has not been thoroughly solved and recognized by the previous researchers. Most have focused on the research topic from the field observation, the analytical dynamic model, and the wind tunnel experiment aspects, but rarely on numerical investigation aspect. To develop a systematic numerical framework, including the separated model, the semi-coupled model, the coupled model, and the multiphase multi-scale model (MMM) distinguished by different ways to simulate the rain effects when RWIV occurs, to establish highly accurate and precise numerical model for RWIV, and to recognize and clarify the mechanism of RWIV, various numerical investigations have been made in this thesis.To simulate the rain effects as an artificial rivulet (fixed/moving solid attaching/oscillating along the circumference of stay cable) when RWIV occurs, the separated method is implemented based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in combination with the monotone integrated large eddy simulation (MILES) to evaluate the sub-grid stress terms. The effects of various artificial rivulet positions along the circumference of stay cable on the vortex shedding structure behind the cable, pressure distribution around the cable, and the aerodynamic force of the cable are analyzed. However, investigations indicate the positions of artificial rivulet along the circumference of cable extremely weakly affect Von Karman vortex shedding frequency near the wake of the cable.To capture the dynamic rainwater morphology evolution, the semi-coupled model simplifies the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the lubrication theory on the assumption that a thin water film surrounding around the cable. The investigations indicate the rainwater gathers at the locations near the separation points, and forms two symmetrical rivulets along the circumference of cable. However, both the circumferentially vibrating upper rivulet and the frequency shift phenomena accompanying RWIV cannot be solved and explained detailedly and clearly. To improve the semi-coupled model on tracking the rainwater morphology evolution, volume-of-fluid (VOF) method combined with incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is employed in the coupled model. Both the high-nonlinear rainwater rivulets evolution along the circumference of cable and the aerodynamic characteristics of stay cable can be obtained and analyzed. The results indicate rainwater rivulet are formed near the separation points along the circumference of cable; the negative pressure zone along the circumference of cable provides a prerequisite for the formation of upper rivulet. However, the computational efficiency is reduced due to the smaller droplets scatter in the surrounding air, furthermore, the assumptions, surrounding the stay cable with the constant volume of rainwater, cannot reflect the real physical conditions (i.e., rain infall process) and cannot obtain the real aerodynamic force from physical aspect.