Thesis--University of Jyväskylä. / Text in English; abstract and summary also in Finnish. Thesis t.p. inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-84).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Durante o exercício dinâmico, as demandas de trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) aumentam significativamente e a sua reposição ocorre pelo catabolismo do glicogênio e ácidos graxos. Os efeitos do exercício sobre as reservas de glicogênio intramuscular já foram amplamente estudados. Porém, não se tem conhecimento sobre os efeitos do exercício de ultra endurance sobre o seu metabolismo. Nas últimas décadas a proteína AMPK tem sido descrita como um sensor das variações nas reservas de energia, sendo diretamente afetada pela contração muscular. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de verificar os efeitos do exercício de ultra endurance sobre as reservas de glicogênio muscular (GM) e a expressão da proteína AMPK. Métodos: vinte e quatro ratos wistar, machos, foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (sedentário S=6, sedentário exaustão SE=6, treinado T=6 e treinado exaustão TE=6), onde T e TE correram progressivamente numa esteira rolante por 1,5 h/dia, 5d/semana durante 12 semanas (60% da Vmáx). Ao final SE e TE foram submetidos a um exercício de ultra endurance (60% de Vmáx) até a exaustão. O gastrocnêmio de ambas as patas foram retirados para análise do glicogênio por método colorimétrico e pela densidade ótica. A expressão gênica e protéica foi determinada por RT-PCR real time e por western blotting respectivamente. Resultados: Os grupos SE e TE apresentaram depleção significativa das reservas de GM (S =0,213 ± 0,003; T =0,203 ± 0,007; SE =0,031 ± 0,006; TE =0,028 ± 0,006 mg/g proteina) (p<0,001). O glicogênio hepático apresentou diferença significante nos grupos T e TE (S= 1,157 ± 0,09, SE= 1,002 ±0,05, T= 1,533 ± 0,05 e TE=1,037 ± 0,05) (p<0,05). O grupo TE apresentou diminuição significativa na glicemia (S=90,43 ± 2,47, SE=85,75 ± 3,18, T=84,84 ± 2,19 e TE=76,02 ± 5,60) (p<0,05). A expressão proteíca da AMPK aumentou em T e TE(p<0,05). Porém, a expressão gênica aumentou somente em TE (p<0,05). Conclusão: O exercício de ultra endurance depletou as reserva de GM predominantemente nas fibras musculares do tipo I. O treinamento de forma isolada afetou positivamente a expressão protéica da AMPK. Sendo mais evidente quando somado o fator exaustão. / During dynamic exercise, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demand increases significantly and its replacement occurs through the glycogen and fatty acids catabolism. The effects of exercise on intramuscular glycogen stores have been widely investigated. However, there is no information about ultra endurance exercise effects on muscle metabolism. In last decades 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein has been described as a sensor of changes in energy sources, being directly affected by muscle contraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ultra endurance exercise on muscle glycogen (GM) stores and the expression of AMPK protein. Methods: twenty four male Wistar rats, were randomly divided into four groups (sedentary S= 6, sedentary exhaustion SE = 6, trained T =6, and trained exhaustion TE = 6), where T and TE groups run progressively on a treadmill 5d/wk for 12 weeks (60% Vmáx). At the end of training period SE and TE were submitted to an ultra-endurance exercise (60% Vmax) until exhaustion. The gastrocnemius of both legs were excised for glycogen analysis by colorimetric and by optical density method. Gene and protein AMPK expression was determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting respectively. Results: SE and TE groups showed significant depletion of the GM storages (S = 0.213 ± 0.003, T = 0.203 ± 0.007, SE = 0.031 ± 0.006, TE = 0.028 ± 0.006 mg / g protein) (p <0.001). The liver glycogen was significantly lower in TE when compared to T group (p <0.05 ) (S = 1.157 ± 0.09, SE = 1.002 ± 0.05, T = 1.533 ± 0.05 and T = 1.037 ± 0.05). A significant decrease in plasma glucose was observed in TE group (p <0.05) (S = 90.43 ± 2.47, SE = 85.75 ± 3.18, T = 84.84 ± 2.19, and 76.02 ± TE = 5.60). The AMPK protein expression increased in T and TE groups (p <0.05). However, gene expression increased only in TE group (p <0.05). Conclusion: The ultra-endurance exercise depletes the GM reserves predominantly in type I muscle fibers. The training alone affected positively the protein expression of AMPK. This change was more evident when considered the exhaustion factor. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

No description available.

Introdução: A ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) durante o exercício de resistência aeróbica de longa duração tem se mostrado capaz de otimizar o desempenho dos atletas. Alguns estudos recentes têm reportado também um efeito ergogênico quando a proteína (PTN) é adicionada a uma bebida carboidratada. Além disso, a coingestão tem sido relacionada com a atenuação do dano muscular, tido como fator limitante da recuperação muscular. No entanto, pouco se investigou sobre a influência dessas suplementações, comparadas a uma bebida placebo (PLA), no duatlo de distância olímpica. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de três diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suplementação (CHO vs. CHO+PTN vs. PLA), durante um teste simulado de duatlo (TSD) olímpico, no desempenho e recuperação muscular de duatletas amadores. Métodos: Em um ensaio clínico, cruzado, randomizado e duplo-cego, treze atletas amadores do sexo masculino, com idade média de 29,7 ± 7,7 anos, participaram de três TSD consumindo: bebida carboidratada (CHO, 75 g); bebida isocalórica combinando carboidrato e proteína, na proporção 4:1 (CHO+PTN, 60,5 g CHO e 14,5 g PTN); e bebida placebo (PLA). Aos atletas informou-se apenas que o estudo visava investigar a influência de três diferentes tipos de suplementação. Após jejum de 8 h, sujeitos recebiam um café da manhã padrão, com 1,5 g/kg CHO e 45 min depois iniciavam o protocolo. As intensidades da primeira corrida (10 km) e da sessão de ciclismo (40 km) foram controladas, utilizando dados previamente coletados em testes preliminares, e a corrida final, de 5 km, foi tratada como um contrarrelógio (t5km). Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes, imediatamente após e 24h após cada teste simulado, e analisou-se concentrações de glicose e creatina quinase (CK). Pico de torque (PT) isométrico foi mensurado no início do estudo e 24h após cada teste. Resultados: Os atletas completaram as distâncias totais do duatlo olímpico em ~1h 51min. Não houve diferença significativa no t5km entre as condições CHO (1270,3 ± 130,5 s) vs. CHO+PTN (1267,2 ± 138,9 s) vs. PLA (1275,4 ± 120 s); p = 0,87; TE ≤ 0,1. Os resultados de PT não demonstraram alterações significativas entre as condições basal (302,2 ± 52,8 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO (300,1 ± 41,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO+PTN (292,2 ± 49,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h PLA (282,1 ± 43,1 N.m); p = 0,24; TE ≤ 0,4. Embora, os resultados de CK tenham mostrado aumento significativo para todas as condições na comparação pré vs. pós-24h: CHO (300%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,93); CHO+PTN (82%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,73) e PLA (190%; p = 0,01; TE = 1,04), não foram encontradas diferenças entre as condições nos diferentes momentos - pré, imediatamente após e pós-24h (p = 0,32; TE = 0,3 – 1,04). Conclusão: Em uma prova simulada de duatlo olímpico, com refeição pré-teste contendo 1,5g/kg de carboidrato, as suplementações de CHO e de CHO+PTN não oferecem benefícios extras quando comparadas a uma bebida placebo no que diz respeito ao desempenho e recuperação muscular dos atletas. / Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) intake during long-term endurance exercise has been shown to optimize performance in athletes. Some recent studies have also reported an ergogenic effect when protein (PRO) is added to a carbohydrate drink. Furthermore, the coingestion has been related to the attenuation of muscle damage, seen as a limiting factor in muscle recovery. However, little has been investigated about the influence of such supplementation, compared to a placebo drink (PLA), in an Olympic-distance (OD) duathlon. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of three different nutritional supplementation strategies (CHO vs. CHO+PRO vs. PLA) during a simulated OD duathlon, on performance and indices of muscle recovery of amateurs duathletes. Methods: In a crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, thirteen male amateur athletes, mean age 29.7 ± 7.7 years, participated in three simulated OD duathlons consuming either a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 75 g); an isocaloric drink combining carbohydrate and protein in a 4:1 ratio (CHO+PRO, 60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO); or a placebo (PLA) drink. The athletes were informed that the study aimed to investigate the influence of three different types of supplementation. After an 8 hours fast, subjects received a standard breakfast, with 1.5 g / kg CHO and 45 min later the protocol began. The intensities of the first running (10 km) and cycling session (40 km) were controlled using previously collected data, and the final running, 5 km, was treated as a time-trial (t5km). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 hours after each simulated duathlon and glucose and creatine kinase (CK) levels were analyzed. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured at baseline and 24 hours after each test. Results: The athletes completed the OD duathlons in ~ 1h 51min. There was no significant difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 sec) vs. CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 sec) vs. PLA (1275.4 ± 120 sec); p = 0.87; ES ≤ 0.1. The results of PT showed no significant changes between baseline conditions (302.2 ± 52.8 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO (300.1 ± 41.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO+PRO (292.2 ± 49.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-PLA (282.1 ± 43.1 Nm); p = 0.24; ES ≤ 0.4. Although CK results showed significant increase for all conditions when comparing pre vs. post 24h CHO (300%; p <0.01; ES = 0.93); CHO+PRO (82%; p <0.01; ES = 0.73) and PLA (190%, p = 0.01; ES = 1.04), no differences were found between the conditions in the different moments - pre, immediately after and after 24 hours (p = 0.32; ES = 0.3 – 1.04). Conclusion: In a simulated Olympic-distance duathlon, with pre-meal test containing 1.5g / kg of carbohydrate, the ingestion of CHO and CHO+PRO does not provide additional benefits when compared to a placebo drink regarding athletes’ performance and muscle recovery.

Introdução: A ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) durante o exercício de resistência aeróbica de longa duração tem se mostrado capaz de otimizar o desempenho dos atletas. Alguns estudos recentes têm reportado também um efeito ergogênico quando a proteína (PTN) é adicionada a uma bebida carboidratada. Além disso, a coingestão tem sido relacionada com a atenuação do dano muscular, tido como fator limitante da recuperação muscular. No entanto, pouco se investigou sobre a influência dessas suplementações, comparadas a uma bebida placebo (PLA), no duatlo de distância olímpica. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de três diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suplementação (CHO vs. CHO+PTN vs. PLA), durante um teste simulado de duatlo (TSD) olímpico, no desempenho e recuperação muscular de duatletas amadores. Métodos: Em um ensaio clínico, cruzado, randomizado e duplo-cego, treze atletas amadores do sexo masculino, com idade média de 29,7 ± 7,7 anos, participaram de três TSD consumindo: bebida carboidratada (CHO, 75 g); bebida isocalórica combinando carboidrato e proteína, na proporção 4:1 (CHO+PTN, 60,5 g CHO e 14,5 g PTN); e bebida placebo (PLA). Aos atletas informou-se apenas que o estudo visava investigar a influência de três diferentes tipos de suplementação. Após jejum de 8 h, sujeitos recebiam um café da manhã padrão, com 1,5 g/kg CHO e 45 min depois iniciavam o protocolo. As intensidades da primeira corrida (10 km) e da sessão de ciclismo (40 km) foram controladas, utilizando dados previamente coletados em testes preliminares, e a corrida final, de 5 km, foi tratada como um contrarrelógio (t5km). Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes, imediatamente após e 24h após cada teste simulado, e analisou-se concentrações de glicose e creatina quinase (CK). Pico de torque (PT) isométrico foi mensurado no início do estudo e 24h após cada teste. Resultados: Os atletas completaram as distâncias totais do duatlo olímpico em ~1h 51min. Não houve diferença significativa no t5km entre as condições CHO (1270,3 ± 130,5 s) vs. CHO+PTN (1267,2 ± 138,9 s) vs. PLA (1275,4 ± 120 s); p = 0,87; TE ≤ 0,1. Os resultados de PT não demonstraram alterações significativas entre as condições basal (302,2 ± 52,8 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO (300,1 ± 41,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO+PTN (292,2 ± 49,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h PLA (282,1 ± 43,1 N.m); p = 0,24; TE ≤ 0,4. Embora, os resultados de CK tenham mostrado aumento significativo para todas as condições na comparação pré vs. pós-24h: CHO (300%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,93); CHO+PTN (82%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,73) e PLA (190%; p = 0,01; TE = 1,04), não foram encontradas diferenças entre as condições nos diferentes momentos - pré, imediatamente após e pós-24h (p = 0,32; TE = 0,3 – 1,04). Conclusão: Em uma prova simulada de duatlo olímpico, com refeição pré-teste contendo 1,5g/kg de carboidrato, as suplementações de CHO e de CHO+PTN não oferecem benefícios extras quando comparadas a uma bebida placebo no que diz respeito ao desempenho e recuperação muscular dos atletas. / Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) intake during long-term endurance exercise has been shown to optimize performance in athletes. Some recent studies have also reported an ergogenic effect when protein (PRO) is added to a carbohydrate drink. Furthermore, the coingestion has been related to the attenuation of muscle damage, seen as a limiting factor in muscle recovery. However, little has been investigated about the influence of such supplementation, compared to a placebo drink (PLA), in an Olympic-distance (OD) duathlon. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of three different nutritional supplementation strategies (CHO vs. CHO+PRO vs. PLA) during a simulated OD duathlon, on performance and indices of muscle recovery of amateurs duathletes. Methods: In a crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, thirteen male amateur athletes, mean age 29.7 ± 7.7 years, participated in three simulated OD duathlons consuming either a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 75 g); an isocaloric drink combining carbohydrate and protein in a 4:1 ratio (CHO+PRO, 60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO); or a placebo (PLA) drink. The athletes were informed that the study aimed to investigate the influence of three different types of supplementation. After an 8 hours fast, subjects received a standard breakfast, with 1.5 g / kg CHO and 45 min later the protocol began. The intensities of the first running (10 km) and cycling session (40 km) were controlled using previously collected data, and the final running, 5 km, was treated as a time-trial (t5km). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 hours after each simulated duathlon and glucose and creatine kinase (CK) levels were analyzed. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured at baseline and 24 hours after each test. Results: The athletes completed the OD duathlons in ~ 1h 51min. There was no significant difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 sec) vs. CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 sec) vs. PLA (1275.4 ± 120 sec); p = 0.87; ES ≤ 0.1. The results of PT showed no significant changes between baseline conditions (302.2 ± 52.8 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO (300.1 ± 41.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO+PRO (292.2 ± 49.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-PLA (282.1 ± 43.1 Nm); p = 0.24; ES ≤ 0.4. Although CK results showed significant increase for all conditions when comparing pre vs. post 24h CHO (300%; p <0.01; ES = 0.93); CHO+PRO (82%; p <0.01; ES = 0.73) and PLA (190%, p = 0.01; ES = 1.04), no differences were found between the conditions in the different moments - pre, immediately after and after 24 hours (p = 0.32; ES = 0.3 – 1.04). Conclusion: In a simulated Olympic-distance duathlon, with pre-meal test containing 1.5g / kg of carbohydrate, the ingestion of CHO and CHO+PRO does not provide additional benefits when compared to a placebo drink regarding athletes’ performance and muscle recovery.

Introdução: A ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) durante o exercício de resistência aeróbica de longa duração tem se mostrado capaz de otimizar o desempenho dos atletas. Alguns estudos recentes têm reportado também um efeito ergogênico quando a proteína (PTN) é adicionada a uma bebida carboidratada. Além disso, a coingestão tem sido relacionada com a atenuação do dano muscular, tido como fator limitante da recuperação muscular. No entanto, pouco se investigou sobre a influência dessas suplementações, comparadas a uma bebida placebo (PLA), no duatlo de distância olímpica. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de três diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suplementação (CHO vs. CHO+PTN vs. PLA), durante um teste simulado de duatlo (TSD) olímpico, no desempenho e recuperação muscular de duatletas amadores. Métodos: Em um ensaio clínico, cruzado, randomizado e duplo-cego, treze atletas amadores do sexo masculino, com idade média de 29,7 ± 7,7 anos, participaram de três TSD consumindo: bebida carboidratada (CHO, 75 g); bebida isocalórica combinando carboidrato e proteína, na proporção 4:1 (CHO+PTN, 60,5 g CHO e 14,5 g PTN); e bebida placebo (PLA). Aos atletas informou-se apenas que o estudo visava investigar a influência de três diferentes tipos de suplementação. Após jejum de 8 h, sujeitos recebiam um café da manhã padrão, com 1,5 g/kg CHO e 45 min depois iniciavam o protocolo. As intensidades da primeira corrida (10 km) e da sessão de ciclismo (40 km) foram controladas, utilizando dados previamente coletados em testes preliminares, e a corrida final, de 5 km, foi tratada como um contrarrelógio (t5km). Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes, imediatamente após e 24h após cada teste simulado, e analisou-se concentrações de glicose e creatina quinase (CK). Pico de torque (PT) isométrico foi mensurado no início do estudo e 24h após cada teste. Resultados: Os atletas completaram as distâncias totais do duatlo olímpico em ~1h 51min. Não houve diferença significativa no t5km entre as condições CHO (1270,3 ± 130,5 s) vs. CHO+PTN (1267,2 ± 138,9 s) vs. PLA (1275,4 ± 120 s); p = 0,87; TE ≤ 0,1. Os resultados de PT não demonstraram alterações significativas entre as condições basal (302,2 ± 52,8 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO (300,1 ± 41,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO+PTN (292,2 ± 49,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h PLA (282,1 ± 43,1 N.m); p = 0,24; TE ≤ 0,4. Embora, os resultados de CK tenham mostrado aumento significativo para todas as condições na comparação pré vs. pós-24h: CHO (300%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,93); CHO+PTN (82%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,73) e PLA (190%; p = 0,01; TE = 1,04), não foram encontradas diferenças entre as condições nos diferentes momentos - pré, imediatamente após e pós-24h (p = 0,32; TE = 0,3 – 1,04). Conclusão: Em uma prova simulada de duatlo olímpico, com refeição pré-teste contendo 1,5g/kg de carboidrato, as suplementações de CHO e de CHO+PTN não oferecem benefícios extras quando comparadas a uma bebida placebo no que diz respeito ao desempenho e recuperação muscular dos atletas. / Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) intake during long-term endurance exercise has been shown to optimize performance in athletes. Some recent studies have also reported an ergogenic effect when protein (PRO) is added to a carbohydrate drink. Furthermore, the coingestion has been related to the attenuation of muscle damage, seen as a limiting factor in muscle recovery. However, little has been investigated about the influence of such supplementation, compared to a placebo drink (PLA), in an Olympic-distance (OD) duathlon. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of three different nutritional supplementation strategies (CHO vs. CHO+PRO vs. PLA) during a simulated OD duathlon, on performance and indices of muscle recovery of amateurs duathletes. Methods: In a crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, thirteen male amateur athletes, mean age 29.7 ± 7.7 years, participated in three simulated OD duathlons consuming either a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 75 g); an isocaloric drink combining carbohydrate and protein in a 4:1 ratio (CHO+PRO, 60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO); or a placebo (PLA) drink. The athletes were informed that the study aimed to investigate the influence of three different types of supplementation. After an 8 hours fast, subjects received a standard breakfast, with 1.5 g / kg CHO and 45 min later the protocol began. The intensities of the first running (10 km) and cycling session (40 km) were controlled using previously collected data, and the final running, 5 km, was treated as a time-trial (t5km). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 hours after each simulated duathlon and glucose and creatine kinase (CK) levels were analyzed. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured at baseline and 24 hours after each test. Results: The athletes completed the OD duathlons in ~ 1h 51min. There was no significant difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 sec) vs. CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 sec) vs. PLA (1275.4 ± 120 sec); p = 0.87; ES ≤ 0.1. The results of PT showed no significant changes between baseline conditions (302.2 ± 52.8 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO (300.1 ± 41.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO+PRO (292.2 ± 49.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-PLA (282.1 ± 43.1 Nm); p = 0.24; ES ≤ 0.4. Although CK results showed significant increase for all conditions when comparing pre vs. post 24h CHO (300%; p <0.01; ES = 0.93); CHO+PRO (82%; p <0.01; ES = 0.73) and PLA (190%, p = 0.01; ES = 1.04), no differences were found between the conditions in the different moments - pre, immediately after and after 24 hours (p = 0.32; ES = 0.3 – 1.04). Conclusion: In a simulated Olympic-distance duathlon, with pre-meal test containing 1.5g / kg of carbohydrate, the ingestion of CHO and CHO+PRO does not provide additional benefits when compared to a placebo drink regarding athletes’ performance and muscle recovery.

This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to explore interactions between signs of periodontal inflammation and systemic parameters in athletes. Members of German squads with available data on sports medical and oral examination were included. Groups were divided by gingival inflammation (median of papillary bleeding index, PBI median) and signs of periodontitis (Periodontal Screening Index, PSI 3). Age, gender, anthropometry, blood parameters, echocardiography, sports performance on ergometer, and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) were evaluated. Eighty-five athletes (f = 51%, 20.6 3.5 years) were included (PBI < 0.42: 45%; PSI 3: 38%). Most associations were not statistically significant. Significant group differences were found for body fat percentage and body mass index. All blood parameters were in reference ranges. Minor differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin, basophils, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, urea, and HDL cholesterol were found for PBI, in uric acid for PSI. Echocardiographic parameters (n = 40) did not show any associations. Athletes with PSI 3 had lower VO2max values (55.9 6.7 mL/min/kg vs. 59.3 7.0 mL/min/kg; p = 0.03). In exercise tests (n = 30), athletes with PBI < 0.42 achieved higher relative maximal load on the cycling ergometer (5.0 0.5 W/kg vs. 4.4 0.3 W/kg; p = 0.03). Despite the limitations of this study, potential associations between signs of periodontal inflammation and body composition, blood parameters, and performance were identified. Further studies on the systemic impact of oral inflammation in athletes, especially regarding performance, are necessary.

Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-73). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Study --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- Review of Literature --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Energy Metabolism in Humans / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Amount of Energy Stores in Body / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Substrates Utilization during Prolonged Exercise / Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Pre-exercise Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pre-exercise CHO Supplementation / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Timing of CHO and Transient Hypoglycemia / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Type of CHO / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Nutrients / Chapter 2.3 --- Application of the Glycemic Index to Pre-exercise Nutrition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Glycemic Index (GI) / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Summary of the Previous Findings / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- Methodology --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Procedures --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Prescribed Glycemic Index Meals --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Running Performance --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- Physiological Changes At Rest and During Exercise --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Changes in Perceptual Variables and Heart Rates At Rest and During Exercise --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- Discussion --- p.56 / Recommendation and Applications --- p.61 / References --- p.62 / Appendices --- p.74

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

<p>Kardiovaskularni odgovor na različite fiziolo&scaron;ke stimuluse moguće je pratiti putem analize razlika utrajanju srčanih ciklusa &ndash; varijabilnosti srčane frekvencije (VSF). Ona ima &scaron;iroku primenu u oblasti sporta budući da je monitoring putem VSF krajnje bezbedan, jeftin i jednostavan za izvođenje. Njeni indeksi se razlikuju između treniranih i netreniranih, uvećavaju se u odgovoru na trening izdržljivosti, a padaju ukoliko dođe do pojave zamora i pretreniranosti. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika između sportista iz grupe dominantno anaerobnih sportova (AN), sportista iz grupe dominantno aerobnih sportova (AE) i nesportista (NS) u VSF u miru i u autonomnom odgovoru nakon testova za ispitivanje aerobnog i anaerobnog energetskog kapaciteta, kao i da li postoji povezanost između rezultata ovih testova i parametara VSF unutar grupa. Ispitivanju je pristupilo 75 sportista koji su zatim razvrstani na osnovu dominantnih metaboličkih zahteva treniranog sporta tako da ih je u AN grupi bilo 36 (20.7&plusmn;2.4 god., 1.83&plusmn;0.07 cm, 83.5&plusmn;12.3 kg), a u AE grupi 39 (20.5&plusmn;1.9 god., 1.79&plusmn;0.06 cm, 75.6&plusmn;8.1 kg). U NS grupi bilo je 39 ispitanika (21.4&plusmn;1.8 god., 1.82&plusmn;0.06 cm, 83.1&plusmn;11.2 kg) iste uzrasne dobi i sličnih demografskih karakteristika sa sportistima. Ispitanici su u različitim danima bili podvrgnuti anaerobnom Vingejt testu (WanT) i inkrementalnom testu za određivanje maksimalne aerobne potro&scaron;nje (VO₂max). VSF je registrovana Polar pulsmetrom, a podaci su obrađeni u Polar ProTrainer 5 softveru. Sportisti iz AE grupe imali su vi&scaron;e vrednosti parametara SDNN (standardna devijacija NN intervala (interval između R zubca jednog do R zubca narednog, normalnog QRS kompleksa)) i RMSSD (kvadratni koren srednje vrednosti sume kvadrata razlika) merene u mirovanju u odnosu na ostale grupe. Razlike u VSF između grupa tokom oporavka od WanT i VO₂max testa nije bilo. U AN grupi parametar SDNN umereno negativno je korelirao sa vrednostima prosečne snage (eng. mean power, MP) i maksimalne snage (eng. peak power, PP) u VSF u miru i tokom oporavka od WanT. Parametar lnLF (prirodni logaritam vrednosti niskofrekventnog opsega spektra) pokazivao je istovetnu korelaciju u miru sa MP i PP, a tokom oporavka od Want umereno negativno je korelirao samo sa vrednosti PP. Parametar VSF u miru &ndash; lnHF (prirodni logaritam vrednosti visokofrekventnog opsega spektra) umereno negativno je korelirao sa MP. Odnos niskofrekventnog prema visokofrekventnom opsegu spektra (LF/HF) pokazivao je umerenu pozitivnu povezanost sa vrednosti maksimalne snage prema kilogramima telesne teţine (PP/kg) i u miru i tokom oporavka od WanT. U AE i NS grupi nisu uočene povezanosti sa rezultatima WanT u miru i oporavku. Kod AE sportista u miru vrednost prosečnog NN intervala (NNRR) umereno pozitivno je korelirala sa vr&scaron;nom vredno&scaron;ću VO₂ (VO₂ pik), a umerena negativna povezanost ispoljena je za vrednost maksimalnog broja otkucaja na kraju VO₂max testa (HRmax) sa SDNN, SD1 (kratkoročna varijabilnost Poenkareovog zapleta), RMSSD, pNN50 (procentualni udeo NN intervala duţih od 50 ms u ukupnom broju NN intervala), ukupnom snagom spektra (TP), vrednosti opsega spektra vrlo niskih frekvencija (VLF), vrednosti niskofrekventnog opsega spektra (LF), lnLF, vrednosti visokofrekventnog opsega spektra (HF) i lnHF. Umerena negativna korelacija postojala je i za vrednost srčane frekvencije na ventilatornom pragu (HRvt) sa vrednostima SDNN, SD1 i RMSSD. Tokom oporavka od VO₂max testa kod ovih sportista postojala je umerena negativna povezanost vrednosti VO₂pik sa lnHF, vrednosti visokofrekventnog opsega spektra izraženu u normalizovanim jedinicma (HFnu) i LF/HF, a VO₂pik je i umereno pozitivno korelirao sa HF. U NS grupi nagla&scaron;eni parasimpatički (PNS) markeri VSF (NNRR i pNN50) u miru dovođeni su u negativnu vezu sa progesijom srčanog ritma tokom VO₂max testa, a dominacija u niskofrekventnom opsegu spektra bila je u direktnom odnosu sa ostvarenim vr&scaron;nim vrednostima VO₂. U aerobnim sportovima u VSF u miru dominiraju PNS obeležja. Niska VSF u miru i u uslovima oporavka od WanT karakteristika je sportista iz anaerobne grupe sportova. Nagla&scaron;enost pojedinih PNS markera u miru i uslovima oporavka od VO₂max testa moguće ukazuje na bolji aerobni kapacitet u sportovima izdržljivosti. Među nesportistima bolju aerobnu izdržljivost imaju oni kod kojih u miru postoji dominacija u niskofrekventnom opsegu spektra.</p> / <p>Cardiovascular response to various physiological stimuli is possible to monitor through heart cycle length analysis &ndash; heart rate variability (HRV). HRV has a vast application in sport concerning that monitoring via HRV is absolutely safe, cheap and simple for use. HRV indexes are different among trained and untrained subjects, they are augmented in response to endurance training and lowered in the case of fatigue and overtraining. The goal of this research was to determine if there is a difference between athletes from dominantly anaerobic sports (AN), athletes from dominantly aerobic sports (AE) and non-athletes (NA) in resting HRV and in autonomic response after tests for determination of anaerobic and aerobic capacity, and also to examine if there is a correlation of results of these tests and HRV parameters intra-group. The research included 75 athletes who were classified in two groups according to the dominant metabolic demands of the trained sport &ndash; the AN group consisted of 36 athletes (20.7&plusmn;2.4 yrs, 1.83&plusmn;0.07 cm, 83.5&plusmn;12.3 kg), and the AE group consisted of 39 athletes (20.5&plusmn;1.9 yrs, 1.79&plusmn;0.06 cm, 75.6&plusmn;8.1 kg). In the NA group there were 39 participants (21.4&plusmn;1.8 yrs,1.82&plusmn;0.06 cm, 83.1&plusmn;11.2 kg) who were of same age and similar demographic characteristics as athletes. The examinees were subjected to anaerobic Wingate test (WanT) and incremental test for maximal aerobic expenditure (VO₂max) in different days. HRV was registered with Polar heart rate monitor and the data were analyzed in Polar Pro Trainer 5 software. Athletes from AE group had higher values of resting SDNN (standard deviation of NN intervals (normal-to-normal intervals &ndash; intervals from the peak of one R wave to the peak of subsequent R wave of normal QRS complexes) and RMSSD (root mean square of the successive squared differences) in regard to other two groups. We did not find any differences in HRV between groups during the recovery from WanT and VO₂max test. SDNN parameter correlated moderately negatively with mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) in rest and during recovery from WanT in AN group. The natural logarithm of low frequency spectral band (lnLF) showed the same type of correlation in rest with MP and PP, and it correlated moderately negatively with PP in recovery from WanT. The resting HRV parameter &ndash; lnHF (natural logarithm of high frequency spectral band) moderately negatively correlated with MP. The low frequency spectral band to high frequency spectral band relation (LF/HF) showed moderately positive correlation with PP in respect to kilograms of body weight (PP/kg) in rest and during recovery from WanT. In AE and NA group no correlations were seen with the results of WanT in HRV at rest and during recovery. In AE group resting NNRR (average NN interval) moderately positively correlated with peak VO₂ value(VO₂peak), and moderate negative correlation existed for maximal heart rate at the end of VO₂max test (HRmax) with SDNN, SD1 (short time variability of Pointcare plot), RMSSD, pNN50 (the percentage of NN intervals longer than 50 ms in overall number of NN intervals), total spectral power (TP), very low frequency spectral power (VLF), low frequency spectral power (LF), lnLF, high frequency spectral power (HF) and lnHF. Moderate negative correlation existed for heart rate at ventilatory treshold (HRvt) with the values of SDNN, SD1 and RMSSD. During recovery from VO₂max test athletes from AE group had moderately negative correlation of VO₂peak with lnHF, high frequency spectral power expressed in normalized units (HFnu) and LF/HF, аnd VO₂peak did moderately positively correlate with HF. In NA group augmented resting parasympathetic HRV markers (NNRR and pNN50) were in negative relation with heart rate progression during VO₂max test, and a dominance in low frequency spectral band was in direct relation with achieved values of VO₂peak. In aerobic sports PNS tone is marked. Reduced HRV in rest and during the recovery from WanT is seen in athletes from anaerobic sports. Augmentation of some PNS parameters in rest and recovery conditions from VO₂max test possibly suggests better aerobic capacity in endurance sports. Among non-athletes better aerobic endurance was reserved for the ones who showed dominance in low frequency spectral band in resting-state HRV.</p>