Cette thèse débute par une courte introduction traitant des principes et de l'état de l'art des PEMFC dans le but de situer le contexte des travaux. Le but des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit est de développer une nouvelle méthode de préparation de membrane pour les piles à combustible haute température (> 120 °C). Le polybenzimidazole dopé à l'acide phosphorique est devenu la référence des PEM haute température. Un degré de dopage élevé est essentiel pour minimiser les pertes ohmiques dans la cellule. Malheureusement un degré de dopage élevé entraine aussi une plastification de la membrane détériorant aussi sa résistance mécanique. Il est donc essentiel d'atteindre un compromis entre conductivité protonique élevée et résistance mécanique en contrôlant le degré de dopage. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de préparation de membrane, basée sur la gélation thermoréversible d'une solution de PBI dans l'acide phosphorique ou polyphosphorique, dans le but d'obtenir des degrés de dopage élevés. Une modification chimique a été réalisée dans l'état dopé afin d'induire une réticulation du polymère. De plus, les résistances mécaniques ont été améliorées en introduisant dans la membrane un mat de PBI réticulé obtenu par filage électrostatique. La faisabilité des approches suivies dans ces travaux a été démontrée par des tests en cellule de pile à combustible jusqu'à une température de 180 °C. Les AMEs élaborés à partir de ces membranes ont montré une stabilité satisfaisante durant 900 - 1000 heures de fonctionnement sous conditions statiques (opération continue à 0.2 A.cm-2) et sous conditions dynamiques (cyclage en tension et courant) avec une décroissance de la tension de la cellule au cours du temps de 0.7 - 0.8 µV.h-1 à 0.2 A.cm-2. Les caractéristiques I-V de ces AMEs ont été comparées à des assemblages de référence PBI/H3PO4 commerciaux et ont présenté des performances améliorées par rapport aux assemblages commerciaux. / The thesis begins with a short overview of the principles and the current state at the art of the PEMFC in order to give a background on the specific subject of high temperature PEM fuel cell. The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to develop a new method of preparation of membrane for high temperature fuel cell (T > 120 °C). Phosphoric acid doped PBI has become the reference for high temperature PEM. A high phosphoric acid content is essential to minimize the ohmic voltage loss in the fuel cell for high current density. Unfortunately high phosphoric acid content exerts a strong plasticizing effect resulting in poor mechanical properties of the membrane. Consequently the doping level of the membrane should be a compromise between the highest proton conductivity and mechanical strength. In this work we have presented a new method of preparation of membrane based on the thermoreversible gelation of a PBI solution in phosphoric or polyphosphoric acid in order to obtain high acid doping. The chemical modification of the membrane has been performed in the doped state in order to induce a chemical crosslinking. The mechanical strength of the membrane has been further improved by the introduction of PBI electrospun mat as reinforcement. The feasibility of the approaches followed in this work was demonstrated in fuel cell tests at temperature up to 180 °C. The MEA based on those membranes have shown a stability up to 900 - 1000 hours either under static (continuous operation at 0.2 A.cm-2) or dynamic (voltage and current cycling) operation with a small voltage decay of 0.7 - 0.8 µV.h-1 at 0.2 A.cm-2. The I-V characteristics of these MEA have been compared with reference commercial PBI/H3PO4 MEAs and shown improved performances.

La pile à combustible (PàC) est un dispositif qui transforme l'énergie chimique en énergie électrique. Ce dispositif nécessite un certain nombre d’auxiliaires pour son fonctionnement. Afin d'assurer des performances en termes de sécurité, de fiabilité et de durée de vie de la PàC, des systèmes de diagnostic et de commande adéquats sont indispensables. Ainsi, cette thèse est une contribution au problème du diagnostic de défauts et à la commande de la PàC de type PEM. Le premier volet de ce travail est consacré au développement de méthodes de diagnostic appliquées à la PàC. Pour ce faire, deux approches ont été proposées. La première concerne la synthèse d’un filtre H-/H∞ permettant la détection de défauts capteurs et actionneurs tout en assurant un niveau de robustesse vis-à-vis d'éventuelles perturbations. En tenant compte des caractéristiques du système de la PàC, les conditions d'existence et de stabilité du filtre sont données sous la forme de LMI. La seconde approche traite le problème de la détection des défauts paramétriques. Pour cet objectif, un observateur adaptatif a été proposé, ce dernier permet d'estimer la valeur du paramètre susceptible de présenter une défaillance. Cette méthode donne la possibilité d'estimer simultanément les défauts paramétriques et les états non mesurés du système. Le deuxième volet de la thèse est dédié à la commande du système PàC. Le but est de synthétiser une loi de commande par rétroaction qui permet de répondre à la sollicitation de la charge tout en respectant une contrainte de fonctionnement nominal de la PàC. La synthèse de cette loi de commande a été réalisée en prenant compte tout le caractère non linéaire du système / The fuel cell is a device that transforms the chemical energy in electricity. This device requires some auxiliaries for its operation. In order to ensure the performances in terms of security, reliability and life cycle of the fuel cell, adequate diagnostic and control systems are indispensables. This thesis is a contribution to the problem of faults diagnosis and control of PEM Fuel Cell. The first part of this work is dedicated to the development of diagnostic methods applied to the fuel cell. To do this, two approaches are proposed. The first one concerns the synthesis of a H-/H∞ filter allowing the sensors and actuators faults detection while ensuring a level of robustness towards disturbances. Taking into account the fuel cell system characteristics, the conditions for existence and stability of the filter are given in the form of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). The second approach deals with the problem of parametric faults detection. For this purpose, an adaptive observer has been proposed, which makes it possible to estimate the value of the parameter likely to exhibit a failure. This method gives the possibility of simultaneously estimating the parametric faults and the unmeasured states of the system. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the control of the fuel cell system. The purpose is to synthesize a feedback control law that allows to answer the load request while respecting a nominal operating constraint of the fuel cell. Such a functioning allows to have a better efficiency while preserving the state of health of the fuel cell. The control law is obtained by using the original nonlinear model and without any kind of linearization

Les piles à combustible sont des convertisseurs électrochimiques. Elles convertissent l’énergie chimique en une énergie électrique directement disponible grâce à une réaction d’oxydoréduction. Dans notre cas, nous nous intéressons aux piles à membrane protonique plus communément appelées PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) qui fonctionne à l’hydrogène. Ce type de pile domine le marché puisqu’elles conviennent à de nombreuses applications portables et stationnaires. Si l’on s’intéresse aux PAC pour des utilisations stationnaires, des durées de vie supérieures à 10 000 h peuvent être atteintes. Cependant, celles-ci se réduisent significativement pour des applications de type transport avec de fréquents arrêts et démarrages ainsi que d’importantes variations de puissance : dans ce cas, 3000 h de fonctionnement semblent constituer une limite difficile à dépasser. En régime instationnaire, les fluctuations de puissance impactent les conditions opératoires de la pile et génèrent des phénomènes locaux accélérant son vieillissement. L’intérêt de l’hybridation est d’élargir le champ d’application des systèmes pile à combustible en les rendant capables de répondre aux exigences des applications de type transport. Dans notre cas, il s’agit d’une structure parallèle, avec comme source d’énergie principale, une pile à combustible assistée d’un moyen de stockage, les supercapacités. A travers nos travaux, nous avons recherché à déterminer les avantages que peut offrir l’hybridation en termes de simplification de système : identifier les composants ou sous-systèmes qui limitent la dynamique de la pile à combustible, comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu et étudier les solutions que peut offrir l’association des SC à la PAC. L’ajout de supercapacités, en tant que sources secondaires, permet d’obtenir une densité de puissance plus élevée et ainsi d’adapter le système PAC à des applications instationnaires. Nous avons également observé qu’il est possible de concevoir des systèmes fiables en limitant le vieillissement des piles. Les travaux ont permis de tester des supercapacités planes élaborées par l’IMN. L’intérêt est de pouvoir produire des supercapacités planes performantes à bas coût et non néfaste pour l’environnement / Fuel cell are an electrochemical devices wich convert chemical energy into electricity. In this study we focus on PEMFC Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells fede by hydrogen and air. This kind of fuel cell has many advantages and show extensive application potentials. If PEMFC exhibits good power capability during steady-state operation, the slow response during transient peak power demands has restrained them for being used in large-scale and high-power transportation applications, such as automobive. To overcome these difficulties, a variety of research has been carried out on the development of hybrid systems based on supercapacitors or batteries. In this work, we study the effect of passive hybridization to improve the system performance and reliability, more specifically during steep load variations. We show that SC can provide a sufficient amount of power to the system during the short time needed by the gas supply lines to respond to an increase in power or current density. This makes it possible to always feed the fuel cell with the right amount of gas without anticipating current peaks or load variations. Flat supercapacitors were also designed and made within the framework of this project. The aim was to design cheap and safe SC with materials like activated carbon electrode and LiNO3 as the electrolyte. In this study we also showed how a direct passive hybridization of PEMFC with small aqueous supercapacitors brings to the design of more efficient, simple and reliable FC systems. By using transient load (Heaviside steps), we showed that the direct hybridization of PEMFC with SC allows to extend its lifetime

Esta pesquisa realiza a análise do comportamento estrutural de blocos rígidos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas submetidos à ação de força vertical centrada, com pilares de seções quadradas e retangulares e diferentes taxas de armaduras de pilares. Nestes elementos utilizam-se o método das Bielas e Tirantes para o projeto estrutural, mas normalmente não se considera a influência da seção geométrica dos pilares e suas taxas de armadura no projeto do bloco. Apresenta-se um estudo experimental de doze modelos de blocos sobre duas estacas, na escala 1:2. Foi desenvolvida uma análise numérica tridimensional e não linear, pelo método dos elementos finitos, com o auxílio de um programa de computador. Com a análise experimental e numérica foi investigada a distribuição do fluxo das tensões principais de compressão e tração nos modelos e constataram-se diferenças na transmissão de forças para os blocos quando se altera a taxa de armadura e a seção transversal dos pilares. Esta constatação modifica o modelo de Biela e Tirante inicialmente adotado. As deformações em armaduras construtivas complementares também foram estudadas possibilitando o entendimento do modelo estrutural. Um modelo de Bielas e Tirantes para blocos sobre estaca com pilares alongados foi proposto. / This research presents an analysis of the rigid two-pile caps structural behavior. The models were subjected to force action centered and supported columns with different rate of armor and square and rectangular cross sections. These elements can be rigid or flexible, rigid pile-caps can be sized using the Method of Strut and Tie. In most cases the Method of Strut and Tie and the influence of column reinforcement are not considered in the pile-cap´s structural projects. This research presents an experimental investigation of two-pile caps with the objective of improve criteria structural projects. Twelve rigid two-pile caps were builded using 1:2 scaled models. Three-dimensional numerical analyses using software based on element finite method (FEM) were developed considering the reinforced concrete nonlinear behavior. Using results of experimental analysis and numerical analysis an investigation of the flow distribution of the principal stresses of compression and tension in the models was performed, differences in the transmission of forces to the pile-caps, when changing the reinforcement ratio and the cross section of the columns, were detected. The initial model of strut and tie may be modified due to results. The understanding of the structural model was also possible by analysis of the stirrups and upper constructive reinforcement stress-strain behavior. A strut and tie model for pile-caps with an elongated rectangular column was proposed.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar e discutir o comportamento de blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas submetidos à ação de força centrada e excêntrica. Desenvolveu-se uma análise numérica tridimensional não-linear de blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas. A análise numérica levou em consideração a fissuração do concreto e a influência das armaduras no comportamento estrutural dos blocos. Por meio da análise numérica, foi possível perceber o comportamento e a forma geométrica das bielas de compressão, com isso, obteve-se melhor entendimento do modelo de bielas (escoras) e tirantes aplicado a blocos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas. A geometria observada nos modelos numéricos analisados preliminarmente difere da usualmente sugerida por vários autores. Realizou-se investigação experimental de blocos, com o fim principal de observar, de modo mais abrangente, a geometria das bielas de compressão. A instrumentação foi posicionada nas faces dos blocos com extensômetros espaçados de modo a ocuparem boa parte da largura e, conseqüentemente, indicarem as suas geometrias. A análise experimental de blocos sobre duas estacas submetidos à ação de força excêntrica permitiu observar o comportamento das bielas e tirantes que diferem dos observados quando a força é centrada. Também foi analisada a eficiência dos ganchos das barras de aço que compõem os tirantes, verificando-se que os ganchos podem ser omitidos sem prejuízo da segurança estrutural dos blocos. Em função dos resultados obtidos por meio das análises experimental e numérica desenvolveram-se modelos de bielas e tirantes aplicados a blocos sobre duas estacas / The research had as objective to analyze and to argue about the behavior of two pile caps submitted to the action of a centered and eccentric load. A nonlinear three-dimensional numerical analysis of two pile caps was developed. The numerical analysis included the cracking and the influence of the reinforcement in the structural behavior of the pile caps. By the numerical analysis, it was possible to perceive the behavior and the geometric form of the strut, with this understand the model strut-and-tie applied to the two pile caps. The geometry observed in the numerical models analyzed at first differs from the usually suggested by some authors. This project realized experimental tests of piles caps to observe the geometry of the struts. The instrumentation was located in the faces of the pile caps with spaced strain-gages in order to occupy good part of the width and, consequently, indicate its geometry. The experimental analysis of two pile caps submitted to the eccentric load allowed the behavior observation of the strut and tie that differ from the one observed when the load was centered. Also the efficiency of the hooks of the reinforced bar was analyzed, therefore, in the experimental analysis of pile caps already developed, it was verified that the hooks can be omitted without damage of the structural security of the pile caps. For treating the procedure defined in the project, and taking advantage of the experimental analysis realized, it was understood that this requirement can be analyzed and that the results will bring benefits to the project. In function of the results obtained through the experimental and numeric analysis strut-and-tie models were developed to be applied in two pile caps

A demanda crescente por petróleo impulsiona a exploração marítima desta riqueza para águas cada vez mais profundas. O aumento da lâmina dágua exige novas soluções de engenharia principalmente no que se refere à operação de unidades flutuantes de produção. Dentre os desafios impostos pelos novos ambientes de prospecção, destaca-se o processo de ancoragem, neste texto explorado sob a ótica da chamada estaca-torpedo. Embora já tenha sido empregada com sucesso na ancoragem de risers e FPSOs, esta solução encontra-se em constante desenvolvimento, sendo a principal fonte de informação acerca dos lançamentos da estaca-torpedo proveniente de uma unidade de medição inercial (UMI). A presente pesquisa baseou-se no estudo desta UMI e teve como objetivos principais verificar seu desempenho e compreender a empregabilidade deste tipo de monitoração em operações submarinas de maneira mais ampla. Além do estudo detalhado dos sensores, foi dada especial atenção aos algoritmos empregados no tratamento dos sinais provenientes da UMI. Foram estudadas técnicas de correção do sinal, quantificação de ruído, desafios inerentes aos sistemas do tipo strapdown e o processo de integração. Como resultado final foi desenvolvido um algoritmo baseado em quatérnios, alternativo ao atualmente empregado para o processamento dos sinais provenientes da UMI que equipa a estaca-torpedo. / The increasing demand on crude oils constantly pushes the offshore exploitation to deeper waters. As the water depth grows, new engineering challenges arise, especially concerning to the operation of floating production units. Among all the technical issues inherent to the new prospection environment, the mooring system is a significant topic and the development of the torpedo-pile takes place at this scenario. This mooring system has already been successfully applied in anchoring risers and FPSOs; nevertheless, it is in constant study and improvement. The major source of information about the torpedo-pile deployment comes from an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The research presented here is based on this IMU and had as main objective verify its performance and also comprehend the applicability of such kind of unit in other subsea processes. Along with the detailed sensors study, it was given special attention to the algorithms used to process the signals from the IMU. Signal correction techniques and noise quantification were investigated as long as challenges intrinsically related to strapdown navigation systems and the integration process. In the end, an alternative data processing algorithm based on quaternions was produced, to be employed in torpedo-pile launching together with its IMU.

Les inclusions rigides sont un concept récent développé dans le prolongement des fondations mixtes, avec un matelas de transfert de charges entre les colonnes et la structure. Des méthodes de calculs et des concepts de sécurité existent pour ces systèmes combinés, notamment en France où le module pressiométrique mesuré et les recommandations ASIRI (IREX 2012) pour les inclusions rigides sont utilisés. Le dimensionnement classique des pieux basé sur une simple vérification de la portance des colonnes isolées ne peut pas être appliqué à ces systèmes combinés. Les tassements peuvent être plus importants du fait de la part significative de charge reprise par le sol. Le présent travail est une contribution au développement des méthodes de calcul et de dimensionnement en déplacement (préconisé par l'Eurocode 7, EN 1997-1 2004) pour les systèmes combinés sous charge verticale, en particulier au niveau international où des mesures in situ de module de sol ne sont généralement pas disponibles. Les éventuelles particularités de ces systèmes, notamment la sensibilité de colonnes non renforcées de petit diamètre, devaient également être examinées. La méthode de transfert de charge (“load transfer method”, LTM) est identifiée comme un outil d'ingénieur particulièrement adapté au calcul des systèmes combinés présentant une géométrie relativement simple. L'interaction sol-colonne en frottement et en pointe est définie par des courbes de transfert de charge (ou courbes “t-z” et “q-z”). Les méthodes en milieu continu comme la méthode des éléments finis sont à réserver en général aux cas complexes. Le comportement non-linéaire des semelles est examiné sur la base de mesures obtenues dans la littérature. Cette étude aboutit à la proposition d'une courbe charge-tassement hyperbolique pour les semelles. Cette courbe de mobilisation est définie de sorte qu'il y ait concordance avec la méthode linéaire habituelle pour un tiers de la charge ultime de la semelle. Le comportement de pieux isolés est étudié avec de nombreux essais de chargement instrumentés et non-instrumentés pour différents types de pieux et de sol. Une alternative aux courbes de transfert de charge selon Frank et Zhao (1982), basées sur le module pressiométrique, est recherchée. Des courbes de transfert de charge de type racine cubique et hyperbolique sont proposées pour tous types de pieux et de sol. La raideur des courbes proposées dépend d'une bonne estimation des valeurs ultimes de frottement et de résistance de pointe. Au contraire, la raideur initiale des courbes de Frank et Zhao est entièrement définie par le module pressiométrique, ce qui permet d'éviter des erreurs en termes de raideur. Les courbes de mobilisation proposées pour les fondations superficielles et pour les pieux sont combinées et étendues au cas des systèmes combinés. Cette méthode est implémentée comme option LTM dans le programme KID (Keller company 2015). Les prévisions avec le modèle proposé sont en très bonne adéquation avec les mesures effectuées sur 3 sites documentés dans la littérature. Une étude paramétrique montre une transition continue entre la fondation mixte et les inclusions rigides et une possibilité d'optimisation avec une diminution significative des efforts dans les colonnes et dans la fondation superficielle si un matelas est utilisé. En complément, une comparaison avec des calculs en éléments finis en 3D dans un cas théorique de semelle sur colonnes confirme que la méthode de transfert de charge développée est très performante pour des géométries simples. Une analyse de sensibilité est effectuée avec des modèles éléments finis axisymmétriques et 3D avec Plaxis (2013, 2014). Les imperfections géométriques ont principalement une incidence sur l'intégrité structurelle des colonnes non-armées de faible diamètre. Cependant, ces effets sont atténués dans les systèmes combinés en comparaison avec la colonne isolée du fait des possibilités de redistribution des charges dans le système / Rigid inclusions represent a further development of combined pile-raft foundations, comprising a load transfer platform between the columns and the structure. Calculation methods and design concepts are available for such combined systems in particular in France, based on measured pressuremeter modulus values and on the French recommendations ASIRI for rigid inclusions (IREX 2012). The conventional pile design consisting only of a bearing capacity check for the individual column cannot be applied to such combined systems. The expected settlements may be larger due to a significant load proportion supported by the soil. The present work contributes to the development of displacement-based calculation methods (advocated by the Eurocode 7, EN 1997-1 2004) and design methods for combined systems under vertical loads, in particular on an international level where in general no in situ soil modulus values are measured. Possible particularities of such systems, like the sensitivity of unreinforced small-diameter columns, also had to be investigated. The load transfer method (LTM) is identified as a straightforward engineering tool for the calculation of combined systems with relatively simple geometries. The soil-column interaction in terms of skin friction and tip resistance is described by deformation-dependent load transfer curves (or “t-z” and “q-z” curves). Continuum methods like the finite element method should be preferred only for complex cases in general. The non-linear load-settlement behaviour of single footings up to failure is analysed based on measurements given in the literature. This yields the proposal of a hyperbolic load-settlement curve for footings. This mobilization curve is defined in a way to match the linear usual method for one third of the footing ultimate load. The behaviour of single piles is investigated based on numerous available instrumented and non-instrumented pile load tests with different pile and soil types. A reliable alternative to the load transfer curves after Frank and Zhao (1982), which are based on the pressuremeter modulus, is sought. Cubic root and hyperbolic axial load transfer curves are proposed for all pile and ground types. The stiffness accuracy of the proposed curves depends on an accurate estimation of the ultimate skin friction and tip resistance values. On the contrary, the initial stiffness of the Frank and Zhao curves is fully described by the pressuremeter modulus, avoiding thus errors in the stiffness. The proposed mobilization curves for the shallow and pile foundation behaviours are combined and extended for all combined systems. The proposed method is implemented as the LTM option into the software KID (Keller company 2015). The prediction with the developed model matches very well the measurements made for 3 different cases from the literature. A parametric study shows a smooth transition between the combined pile-raft foundation case and the rigid inclusion case and a potential for optimisation with a significant reduction of the internal forces in the columns and in the rigid slab when a load transfer platform is used. In addition, a comparison with 3D finite element calculations for a theoretical footing case with columns confirms that the developed load transfer method is very reliable for simple geometries. Sensitivity investigations using the axisymmetric and 3D finite element method with Plaxis (2013, 2014) are performed. Geometrical imperfections impact mainly the structural integrity of small-diameter unreinforced columns. However, these effects are reduced in combined systems compared to the single column case due to the possibility of redistribution of the loads within the system

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adelson Cândido Mesquita - 2015.pdf: 7658590 bytes, checksum: 867da7d107246060393ecd545666f566 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The proposed dissertation aimed to experimental studies and computational modeling of the behavior of two pile caps, with sockets embedded, subjected to the center load. Models varying the type of conformation of the column and walls of the cup were adopted. This variable was chosen because it was found that for glasses partially embedded blocks with the choice of smooth or rough wall changes significantly the distribution of the flows of compressive stress and tensile thus modifying the strut and tie model using in the design. Thus, through the investigation of this variable, we analyzed the influence of the conformation of the walls connecting the structural behavior of the pile cap. Features such as diameters of piles, pillar dimensions, geometry of the blocks and reinforcement ratio were not considered variables, so that there were no differences in the formation of fields and stress paths. The experimental part of this dissertation was based on the characterization of the materials that make up the parts (concrete and steel), and the construction and testing three two pile caps, one reference (monolith), with rough and connection with smooth connection. Through trials, it was found that the obtained pile cap with rough connection performance equal to 66% of the monolithic pile cap, while pile cap binding obtained with smooth performance of only 36%. In the numerical step, numerical simulations were performed using the ANSYS ® (SYStem Analyser - ANSYS, INC, version 14.0) program, based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Considered behavior no-linearity of concrete and steel, and the influence of reinforcement in structural behavior of the pile caps. Will also checked the variation of the experimental and theoretical results with the lattice model used in design, beyond the strut and tie model.The proposed dissertation aimed to experimental studies and computational modeling of the behavior of two pile caps, with sockets embedded, subjected to the center load. Models varying the type of conformation of the column and walls of the cup were adopted. This variable was chosen because it was found that for glasses partially embedded blocks with the choice of smooth or rough wall changes significantly the distribution of the flows of compressive stress and tensile thus modifying the strut and tie model using in the design. Thus, through the investigation of this variable, we analyzed the influence of the conformation of the walls connecting the structural behavior of the pile cap. Features such as diameters of piles, pillar dimensions, geometry of the blocks and reinforcement ratio were not considered variables, so that there were no differences in the formation of fields and stress paths. The experimental part of this dissertation was based on the characterization of the materials that make up the parts (concrete and steel), and the construction and testing three two pile caps, one reference (monolith), with rough and connection with smooth connection. Through trials, it was found that the obtained pile cap with rough connection performance equal to 66% of the monolithic pile cap, while pile cap binding obtained with smooth performance of only 36%. In the numerical step, numerical simulations were performed using the ANSYS ® (SYStem Analyser - ANSYS, INC, version 14.0) program, based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Considered behavior no-linearity of concrete and steel, and the influence of reinforcement in structural behavior of the pile caps. Will also checked the variation of the experimental and theoretical results with the lattice model used in design, beyond the strut and tie model. / O trabalho proposto teve por objetivo os estudos experimental e modelagem computacional, do comportamento de blocos rígidos de concreto armado sobre duas estacas, com cálice parcialmente embutido, submetidos à ação de forças centradas. Foram adotados modelos variando-se o tipo de conformação das paredes dos pilares e do cálice. Essa variável foi escolhida, pois imagina-se que para os blocos com cálices parcialmente embutidos a escolha de parede lisa ou rugosa muda de modo significativo a distribuição dos fluxos de tensões de compressão e tração modificando desta maneira o modelo de biela e tirante empregado no dimensionamento. Sendo assim, por meio da investigação dessa variável, pretendeu-se analisar a influência do tipo de conformação das paredes da ligação provoca sobre o comportamento estrutural do bloco. Características como diâmetros de estacas, dimensões de pilar, geometria dos blocos e taxa de armadura não foram consideradas variáveis, a fim de que não houvesse diferenças na formação dos campos e trajetórias de tensões. A etapa experimental deste trabalho baseou-se pela caracterização dos materiais que compõem às peças (concreto e aço), além da construção e ensaio de 3 conjuntos pilares-blocos de concreto armado, sendo um conjunto usado como referência (bloco monolítico), um conjunto com ligação rugosa e um conjunto com ligação lisa. Através dos ensaios, verificou-se que o conjunto com ligação rugosa obteve desempenho superior a 66% do conjunto monolítico, enquanto que o conjunto com ligação lisa obteve desempenho de apenas 36%. Na etapa de análise computacional, foram realizadas simulações tridimensionais, baseadas no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), utilizando-se o programa ANSYS®, (ANalyser SYStem - ANSYS, INC, versão 14.0). Foi considerado comportamento do material como não-linear, fissuração do concreto e a influência das armaduras no comportamento estrutural dos blocos. Foi verificada também, a variação dos resultados experimentais e teóricos com o modelo de treliça utilizado em projetos, além do modelo de Bielas e Tirantes.

Les modèles de pile de sable sont une sous-classe d'automates cellulaires. Bak et al. les ont introduit en 1987 comme une illustration de la notion intuitive d'auto-organisation critique.Le modèle de pile de sable Kadanoff est un système dynamique discret non-linéaire imagé par des grains cubiques se déplaçant de colonne parfaitement empilée en colonne parfaitement empilée. Pour un paramètre p fixé, une règle d'éboulement est appliquée jusqu'à atteindre une configuration stable, appelée point fixe : si la différence de hauteur entre deux colonnes consécutives est strictement supérieure à p, alors p grains chutent de la colonne de gauche, un retombant sur chacune des p colonnes adjacentes sur la droite.A partir d'une règle locale simple, décrire et comprendre le comportement macroscopique des piles de sable s'avère très rapidement compliqué. La difficulté consiste en la prise en compte simultanée des modalités discrète et continue du système : vue de loin, une pile de sable s'écoule comme un liquide ; mais de près, lorsque l'on s'attache à décrire exactement une configuration, les effets de la dynamique discrète doivent être pris en compte. Si par exemple nous ajoutons un unique grain à une configuration stable, celui-ci déclenche une avalanche qui ne modifie que la couche supérieure de la pile, mais dont la taille est très difficile à prédire car sensible au moindre changement sur la configuration.En analogie avec un sablier, nous nous intéressons en particulier à la séquence des points fixes atteints par l'ajout répété d'un nombre fini de grains à une même position, et à l'émergence de structures étonnamment régulières.Après avoir établi une conjecture sur l'émergence de motifs de vague sur les points fixes, nous nous pencherons dans un premier temps sur une procédure inductive de calcul des points fixes. Chaque étape de l'induction correspond au calcul d'une avalanche provoquée par l'ajout d'un nouveau grain, et nous en proposerons une description simple. Cette étude sera prolongée par la définition de trace des avalanches sur une colonne i, qui capture dans un mot d'un alphabet fini l'information nécessaire à la reconstitution du point fixe pour les colonnes à la droite de l'indice i. Des liens entre les traces à des indices successifs seront alors exploités, liens qui permettent de conclure l'émergence de traces régulières, pour lesquelles la reconstitution du point fixe implique la formation des motifs de vague observés. Cette première approche est concluante pour le plus petit paramètre conjecturé jusqu'ici, p=2.L'étude du cas général que nous proposons passe par la construction d'un nouveau système mêlant différentes représentations des points fixes, qui sera analysé par l'association d'arguments d'algèbre linéaire et combinatoires (liés respectivement aux modalités continue et discrète des piles de sable). Ce résultat d'émergence de régularités dans un système dynamique discret fait appel à des techniques nouvelles, dont la compréhension d'un élément de preuve reste en particulier à raffiner, ce qui permet d'envisager un cadre plus général d'appréhension de la notion d'émergence. / Sandpile models are a subclass of Cellular Automata. Bak et al. introduced them in 1987 for they exemplify the intuitive notion of Self-Organized Criticality.The Kadanoff sandpile model is a non-linear discrete dynamical system illustrating the evolution of cubic sand grains from nicely packed columns to nicely packed columns. For a fixed parameter p, a rule is applied until reaching a stable configuration, called a fixed point : if the height difference between two consecutive columns is strictly greater than p, then p grains fall from the left column, one landing on each of the p adjacent columns on the right.From a simple local rule, to describe and understand the macroscopic behavior of sandpiles is very quickly challenging. The difficulty consists in the simultaneous study of continuous and discrete aspects of the system: on a large scale, a sandpile flows like a liquid; but on a small scale, when we want to describe exactly the shape of a fixed point, the effects of the discrete dynamic must be taken into account. If for example we add a single grain on a stabilized sandpile, it triggers an avalanche that roughly changes only the upper layer of the configuration, but which size is hard to predict because it is sensitive to the tiniest change of the configuration.In analogy with an hourglass, we are particularly interested in the sequence of fixed points reached after adding a finite number of grains on one position, with the aim of explaining the emergence of surprisingly regular patterns.After conjecturing the emergence of wave patterns on fixed points, we firstly consider an inductive procedure for computing fixed points. Each step of the induction corresponds to the computation of an avalanche triggered by the addition of a new grain, for which we propose a simple description. This study is carried on with the definition of the trace of avalanches on a column i, which catches in a word among a finite alphabet enough information in order to reconstruct the fixed point on the right of index i. Links between traces on successive columns are then investigated, links allowing to conclude the emergence of regular traces, whose fixed point's reconstruction involves the appearance and maintain of the wave patterns observed. This first approach is conclusive for the smallest conjectured parameter so far, p=2.The study of the general case goes through the design of a new system meddling in different representations of fixed points, which will be analyzed via an association of arguments of linear algebra and combinatorics (respectively corresponding to the continuous and discrete modalities of sandpiles). This result stating the emergence of regularities in a discrete dynamical system put new technics into light, for which the comprehension of a particular point in the proof remains to be increased. This motivates the consideration of a more general frame of work tackling the notion of emergence.

Esta tese apresenta, o projeto de uma perfuratriz que permite a execução de cinco tipos de fundação profunda, e o desenvolvimento de um ensaio de campo que possibilita avaliar as resistências por atrito lateral desenvolvidas entre o instrumento envolvido pelo solo escavado e o terreno natural. A perfuratriz foi projetada para executar estacas dos tipos hélice contínua monitorada, escavadas com trado mecânico, hélice segmentada monitorada, raiz e hollow-auger. As estacas dos tipos hélice contínua monitorada e as escavadas com trado mecânico são muito utilizadas no Brasil; as estacas raiz e hollow-auger são utilizadas em situações especiais e a estaca hélice segmentada monitorada é mais recente, mas sua aplicação tem tido um crescimento importante nos últimos dez anos. Para a perfuratriz multifuncional são apresentados cálculos e desenhos básicos dos principais conjuntos. Para a nova investigação de campo, denominada FDT - Full Displacement Test, é apresentado um desenvolvimento teórico com base no princípio universal da conservação de energia que, em termos práticos, resulta na obtenção da parcela de atrito lateral, denominado atrito lateral unitário equivalente (fse). Os resultados obtidos a partir dos dados aquisitados pelo sistema de monitoramento eletrônico da perfuratriz apresentaram-se concordantes entre si, indicando a possibilidade de praticamente se conseguir a repetibilidade do ensaio. Entre os diversos ensaios realizados, foi dada ênfase aos ensaios realizados no campo experimental de Fundações e Geotecnia da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola FEAGRI, da Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP e foram feitas correlações com as resistências obtidas nas provas de carga estáticas realizadas no local por Albuquerque (2001), a partir dos ajustes feitos para o nível instrumentado na profundidade de 11,70 m para o qual foi determinado um fator (G2), para cada tipo de estaca ensaiada (escavada, hélice contínua e ômega). A partir dos ajustes feitos para o nível 11,70 m foram feitas previsões de capacidade de carga por atrito lateral para os outros níveis instrumentados (5,00 m; 11,10 m e 12,00 m), sendo que os resultados apresentaram-se concordantes. / This thesis presents the design of a drilling rig that allows the execution of five types of deep foundation, and the development of a field test that allows measuring the skin friction resistance developed between the instrument involved by the excavated ground and the natural soil. The drilling rig was designed to make continuous flight auger, bored pile, continuous flight auger with segmented auger, root pile and hollow-auger pile. The continuous flight auger and bored piles are widely used in Brazil; the root pile and hollow-auger pile are used for in special conditions, and the continuous flight auger with segmented auger, is although more recent, but its application has had increased application grown in over the last ten years. For the multifunctional drilling rig, calculations and basic designs of the main sets are presented. For the new field test denominated FDT - Full Displacement Test, a theoretical development based on the universal principle of energy conservation was made carried out resulting and the result, in practical terms, was to obtain in the attainment of the skin friction defined in this thesis as equivalent unit skin friction (fse). The results obtained from the data acquired by the electronic monitoring system of drilling rigs were consistent among themselves, indicating the possibility of practically achieve the repeatability of the test. Among the various tests performed, emphasis was given to tests in the experimental field of foundations and geotechnics, of the College of Agricultural Engineering FEAGRI, Campinas University UNICAMP, and were correlated to the skin friction resistance obtained from the static load tests performed on site by Albuquerque (2001), based on the adjustments done to the instrumented level depth of 11.70 m, for which a factor (G2) was given in each type tested (bored, C.F.A and omega). From the adjustments made to the 11,70 m level, load-bearing capacity of skin friction predictions were made for other instrumented levels (5.00 m; 11.10 m and 12.00 m) presenting consistent results.