Minskning av transporters negativa miljöpåverkan, eller en ökning av hållbara resor, har blivit en allt viktigare fråga för lokala aktörer. Genom samhälls- och trafikplanering ska dagens ohållbara transportsystem bli mer hållbart. Det gör hur planerare i Helsingborg planerar för hållbara resor intressant att studera. Avhandlingen undersöker hur planerare föreställer sig vad hållbart resande är, vilka resenärer det är som bör resa mer hållbart samt hur en hållbar stad kan se ut. Teoretiskt kombinerar avhandlingen ett intersektionellt ramverk med feministisk planeringsteori samt teorier från STS (teknik- och vetenskapsstudier). Det empiriska materialet består av djupintervjuer med sexton planerare, en fokusgruppsintervju samt bildanalys av de planeringsdokument som Helsingborgs stad använder sig av i planeringen för hållbara resor. Framförallt visar avhandlingen att planerare inte betraktar resors negativa miljöpåverkan som ett argument som kan få människor att resa mer hållbart. Istället är det möjligheten att framställa hållbara resor som roliga, hälsosamma, lustfyllda och praktiska som planerare tror kan få helsingborgarna att cykla eller åka mer buss. Men det är bara vissa resenärer som antas kunna ta del av de hållbara resornas positiva värden. Planerarnas föreställningar om bland annat kön, etnicitet och klass är avgörande för hur de förstår hållbara resor. Planerarna menar sammanfattningsvis att det är stort att resa rätt av miljöskäl, men större att fritt välja det mest attraktiva färdsättet. / Demands for sustainable mobility have become an increasingly important issue for local actors. Through city and traffic planning, the current unsustainable transport systems are going to become more sustainable. However, how to define sustainable mobility is disputed. Therefore, how planners in the Swedish municipality of Helsingborg define sustainable mobility makes an interesting case. This thesis examines how planners imagine sustainable mobility, who the sustainable traveler is, and what a sustainable city might look like. Theoretically the thesis combines an intersectional framework with a feminist planning theory and theories from Science and Technology Studies. The empirical material is based on in-depth interviews with sixteen planners, a focus group interview, and visual analyses of the planning documents the city of Helsingborg uses in planning for sustainable mobility. The analyses show that planners do not see the negative environmental impact of traveling as an argument which will persuade people to travel more sustainably. Instead, it is the possibility to construct sustainable mobility as fun, healthy, pleasurable, and practical that planners believe will persuade the inhabitants of Helsingborg to cycle or travel by bus more often. But not all travelers are likely to benefit from the positive values of sustainable mobility. To conclude, when planners imagine sustainable mobility, they imagine that it is good to travel the correct way for environmental reasons, but it is even greater to make independent travel choices, based on what modes of transport attract the most people. / <p>I denna elektroniska version av avhandlingen är bilderna i bilaga 2 uteslutna på grund av upphovsrättsliga skäl.</p>

Central to this dissertation is a discourse in contemporary Swedish planning practice referred to as the ‘new reality’. The name of this discourse reflects the notion that planning practice interprets the conditions of today as differing from those which occurred previously. The urban landscape is perceived as increasingly complex, dynamic, and competitive, where strategic alliances must be built between municipalities and private and public actors at different levels. Both the influence of private actors and such factors as climate effects contribute to that much of what may happen in the future being experienced as uncertain and unpredictable. In this context of complexity, uncertainty, and governance, municipalities must find a way to manage planning tasks connected to the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability, tasks that may be at the same time interdependent and contradictory. The social and environmental dimensions of sustainability provide the municipality with a spectrum of tasks that range from local welfare tasks to national and global environmental and climate concerns, the time span ranges between short-term and long-term, and the degree of concreteness ranges from the specific to the vague. Furthermore, tasks connected to the wellbeing and safety concern not only the own citizens but also humankind in general, and both today and in the future. Tasks of economic sustainability are, in the ‘new reality’ discourse, closely connected to growth. As growth is regarded as desirable, the assumed situation of competition between cities, municipalities, regions and nations means that it is considered important to find ways to be attractive to both the market and to new potential citizens. That notwithstanding, municipalities must also handle the effects from growth. The starting point of the dissertation is that it is easier to make good decisions (short-term, emergent) based on previous decisions (long-term, structure), in order to make gains in terms of social, environmental and economic sustainability, but also to bring efficiency gains in development decisions. Legislation assumes that the comprehensive plan serves such a function – it should both constitute political decisions for future development, and a planning data that allows holistic assessments. However, today, in many municipalities, it does not function as such. With reference to recently revised planning legislation’s intention to strengthen the strategic role of the comprehensive plan, this dissertation elaborates upon a development of the comprehensive plan based on a strategic perspective. The dissertation contributes to knowledge by outlining a way in which comprehensive planning could be developed based on a strategic perspective, that could provide municipalities with a possibility for an active role in development within the conditions of the ‘new reality’ discourse. It does so by visualising the use of strategic elements and approaches in Swedish municipalities’ work with planning and development; the application of elements such as strategic contextual awareness, strategic selectiveness, strategic responsiveness, and strategic governance. Furthermore, as the design of the comprehensive planning process is discussed from the perspective of forums-arenas-courts (Healey, 1997; Bryson 2004), the view of what in fact is planning is expanded, thereby including formal as well as informal, visible as well as invisible, processes and decisions on different levels and with difference degrees of concreteness, that influence development. Comprehensive planning concerns a variety of processes that take place not in the planning game, but in the development game. / QC 20111020

L’adaptation au changement climatique (CC) est une catégorie de pensée et d’action. Elle rassemble toutes les pratiques qui visent à prendre en compte et faire face aux conséquences territoriales du CC. Ce travail de thèse étudie le discours de l’adaptation au CC, et propose l’immunité comme grille de lecture alternative.La première partie de la thèse s’attache à montrer comment se met en ordre le discours de l’adaptation au CC, ici défini comme l’ensemble fini des énoncés qui en font leur enjeu central. Si ce discours paraît a priori opaque parce que très diversifié, nous montrons, en étudiant son évolution au sein de la revue Global Environmental Change, une mise en paradigme à la fin des années 2000. Le paradigme de la résilience reconfigure et met en ordre d’une façon spécifique le discours de l’adaptation au CC. L’adaptation ne se pense désormais plus comme un ajustement à des stimuli climatiques externes, mais à partir de son adaptativité interne, c’est-à-dire sa capacité à se laisser recomposer par les changements externes et internes.La seconde partie de la thèse amène des arguments en faveur de l’immunité comme notion structurante, mais non dite, du discours de l’adaptation au CC et plus largement de la géographie et de l’aménagement. Pour cela, l’immunité est d’abord travaillée dans ses dimensions théoriques. L’anthropologie philosophique de P. Sloterdijk, qu’il appelle parfois une immunologie générale, en est le point de départ. Afin de rendre compatible l’immunité avec les enjeux essentiels de la géographie que sont l’écologie et le politique, les apports de Sloterdijk sont complétés et amendés par d’autres approches, notamment celles de R. Esposito et F. Neyrat. Dès lors, le cas d’étude des Pays-Bas nous permet d’observer en quoi l’immunité est au fondement de l’ordre de ce milieu. Ce pays est à la fois exemplaire d’une planification qui immunise les sociétés de leur milieu, ici un delta, et de la mise en politique contemporaine de l’adaptation au CC. Cette thèse permet alors de mettre en regard deux grands principes, l’immunité absolue et l’adaptativité, qui structurent en des termes contradictoires la mise en ordre contemporaine des milieux et que l’adaptation au CC résout d’une façon spécifique. / Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is a category of thought and action. It clusters every practice that seeks to deal and cope with the territorial consequences of climate change. It is proposed in this work to study the discourse of adaptation to CC and to provide immunity as an alternative approach.The first part of this study investigates how this discourse -here defined as the whole set of statements concerning CCA- is set into a specific order. Because of its heterogeneity, this discourse may initially be characterised as opaque. Yet, the study of its evolution along the one of the scientific journal Global Environmental Change, highlights the emergence, over the 2000’s, of the resilience paradigm. This very paradigm reconfigures and sets the CCA discourse into a specific order. From then on, adaptation is no longer understood as the meer adjustment to external climatic stimuli, but as the social group own adaptativity, defined as the capacity to let itself be restructured by any internal or external change.The second part of this study argues in favour of considering immunity as a tacit but nevertheless highly structuring notion within the CCA discourse and within geography and planning theory. Immunity is first approached theoretically by exploring the philosophical anthropology of P. Sloterdijk, that he happened to name general immunology. In order to transfer immunity into geography and planning theory, the sloterdijkian theoretical tools are then discussed and built on with other approaches, including F. Neyrat’s and R. Esposito’s work. Eventually, studying the case of the Netherlands reveals how immunity is at the heart of the order of some specific milieu. Indeed, this country is a paradigmatic case of a planning tradition that immunises society from its geographical milieu and an example of the implementation of CCA public policy.This thesis puts into perspective two contradictory main principles of the contemporary ordering of the milieus: absolute immunity and adaptativity. It shows how CCA resolves this contradiction in a very specific way.

A constituição da idéia de meio ambiente urbano é aqui avaliada sob a perspectiva das concepções que, historicamente, tentam enquadrar as cidades em categorias biológicas, tais como “corpo”, “organismo” e, contemporaneamente, “(ecos)sistema”. Essa tendência de naturalização ou biologização das cidades é característica do pensamento social pelo menos desde o século XIX: seus antecedentes são certamente ainda mais remotos, mas as origens de seus aspectos contemporâneos mais característicos podem ser encontradas em meados do século XVIII. Este trabalho visa resgatar alguns dos aspectos mais importantes dessa história, pondo em questão a validade de tais categorias para compreensão e intervenção sobre a cidade real. Para tanto, o trabalho dedica-se a investigar os sentidos atribuídos à idéia de natureza e a conseqüente apreciação da agência humana, e da cidade em particular, feita por essas concepções. Qualifica-se o processo de naturalização como parte de um esforço mais amplo de negação ou disciplinamento do artifício (a ação humana) e do acaso (a ausência de causalidade ou finalidade) na constituição do mundo – negação esta que resultaria em um conjunto de categorias de estase para interpretação da realidade e, afinal, em apologia do status quo. Desde o sanitarismo do século XIX até a Ecologia do pós-2ª. Guerra Mundial, passando pelo caso particularmente controverso da Eugenia, as tentativas de biologização das cidades, tanto por parte das ciências biomédicas quanto do próprio Urbanismo em constituição, apontam para uma tendência de dominação pelo conhecimento técnico que permeia de forma recorrente a modernidade capitalista. Nela, tanto a “natureza” quanto os seres humanos comuns (não “escolhidos”) são concebidos como recursos naturalmente passivos e sujeitados, incapazes de criar, cabendo-lhes apenas o papel de “resistir” ou “reagir”, ou ainda serem “protegidos”. Esse “paradigma da dominação” é que requer reconhecimento e enfrentamento, indicando a necessidade de politizar e historicizar a questão ambiental, principalmente em relação às cidades. / In this dissertation the formulation of a concept of ‘urban environment’ is based on the perspective of ideas which have historically attempted to understand cites in biological terms, such as “body”, “organism” or more recently “eco-system”. This tendency to ‘naturalize’ or conceive cities in biological terms has been a characteristic of social thinking especially since the 19th century. The roots of this tendency are certainly much more remote but this perspective did receive an important impulse from the mid-18th century ideas of the enlightenment. The following dissertation attempts to recuperate some of the more important aspects of this history, questioning the validity of this tendency for the comprehension of and intervention in contemporary cities. Because of this, the study is dedicated to the investigation of the various understandings attributed to the idea of nature with their peculiar appreciation of human agency and of the city. Qualifying this process of naturalization is seen as part of a wider preoccupation of negating or disciplining notions of ‘the artificial’ seen as the product of human agency, and of ‘chance’ when seen as the absence of causality or finality, in our constitution and interpretation of the world which in very many cases becomes an apology in favor of the ‘status quo’. Since the influence of ideas based on hygiene and sanitary conditions in the 19th century and the Darwinian twin conceptions of ecology and the controversial idea of eugenics (up to the mid 20th century) urban history has accepted the expanding role of biological metaphors. This has been expressive both in the biomedical sciences and also in the evolving science of urbanism. In many senses this has been part of the wider tendency towards domination by technical knowledge which is a recurrent feature of capitalist modernity. In this interpretation the dissertation attempts to show that ‘nature’, just as much as ordinary common people are conceived as resources, ‘naturally’ passive, without any capacity to create and with a mere capacity to ‘resist’, to ‘react’ or to ‘conform’ to their eventual ‘protection’. It is this academic paradigm of domination which needs to be recognized and confronted. In this sense the dissertation is an attempt to historically politicize the environmental question, especially in its urban dimension.

Der originäre Gegenstand von Stadtplanung ist der urbane Raum. Gleichzeitig fristet dieser in den Planungstheorien bisher ein randständiges Dasein. Ausgehend von dieser erkenntnistheoretischen Leerstelle fragt die Studie nach der Relevanz räumlichen Erlebens für die Planung öffentlicher Räume und untersucht dies empirisch anhand der Planungen zum Tempelhofer Feld in Berlin. Die Arbeit argumentiert dabei dafür, raumbezogene Emotionen als wichtigen, bisher übersehenen Bestandteil planerischer Aushandlungsprozesse zu verstehen. Konzeptionell führt die Studie den phänomenologischen Begriff der Atmosphären in den Planungsdiskurs ein. Atmosphären sind Phänomene des ‚Dazwischens‘, die weder im Subjekt noch in der Umwelt zu verorten sind, sondern im leiblichen Austausch beider situativ emergieren. Die Fokussierung auf Atmosphären erlaubt es, die leiblich-emotionale Bedeutsamkeit von Umweltwahrnehmungen als konstituierenden Teil in Planungsprozessen zu erkennen. Methodisch nähert sich die Arbeit dabei der subtilen Macht von Atmosphären über einen doppelten Zugang aus Beobachtungen und sprachzentrierten Methoden an. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, wie sich das subjektive Erleben auf dem Tempelhofer Feld in den planungspolitischen Positionen der verschiedenen Planungsakteure widerspiegelt. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die atmosphärischen Wahrnehmungen von Planer*innen und Zivilgesellschaft stark unterscheiden, wodurch wiederum der Planungskonflikt um die bauliche Zukunft des Feldes befördert wird. Angesichts der zunehmenden Ästhetisierung und Emotionalisierung der Gesellschaft, in deren Rahmen dem Wirken von Atmosphären eine zunehmend höhere gesellschaftliche Relevanz zukommt, leistet die Studie einen Beitrag dazu, die emanzipatorischen wie manipulativen Potentiale von Atmosphären aufzudecken und eine in der Stadtplanung bisher fehlende atmosphärische Kompetenz zu entwickeln. / The fundamental subject matter of urban planning is urban space. However, this fact is rarely reflected in planning theory. This epistemological gap is the starting point of the study which investigates the role of lived urban experience within the process of planning public spaces. It does so by empirically studying the planning process of ‘Tempelhofer Feld’ in Berlin. The study argues that it is necessary to consider ‘spatial emotions’ within planning processes. Therefore, the theoretical concept of atmospheres is borrowed from phenomenology and introduced into planning discourse. Atmospheres are ‘in-between’ phenomena, which cannot be found in either the subject or its environment. Instead they emerge in the very moment of encounter between the two of them. The focus on atmospheres allows for the emotio-corporal meaning of lived experience being considered in planning processes. Methodologically, the study is based on a mixed strategy of both observational and discursive methods. The findings from this case study demonstrate how the subjective experiences of ‘Tempelhofer Feld’ translate into particular political positions regarding the future planning of the site and thereby enforce the planning conflict. Against the background of a growing aestheticization and emotionalization in Western societies the study contributes to planning theory and practice by revealing both the emancipatory as well as the manipulative potential of atmospheres. It provides a basis for developing an atmospheric competence, which has been absent in urban planning thus far.

Food insecurity refers to the lack of reliable access to nutritious and affordable foods for people of all backgrounds (Meenar and Hoover, 2012) and is a problem faced by approximately 50 million Americans (Smith, 2011) and thirteen percent of North Carolina households. Food security and poverty have been directly linked and North Carolina's poverty rate (14.3%) is above the national level (13%) (Curtis, 2010). Community gardens have been recognized globally by many experts including health professionals, community organizers, environmental activists, and policymakers, as an "important contributor to economic development, food security, and environmental management"(Baker, 2004). Together, these professionals use gardens as a means to educate the public about food production and nutrition. Empirical research has documented many community garden benefits, however, the examination of educational programs associated with these gardens is limited. The purpose of this case study was to examine the development and implementation of a beginner gardening program and its influence on program participants in an area known to be food insecure within North Carolina. The researcher utilized multiple means of qualitative methods including: 1) semi-structured pre- and post- interviews with program coordinators and participants, 2) content analysis, 3) a reflection journal used to observe the program, and the facilitation of a 4) focus group with program participants. The findings revealed the challenges program coordinators encountered throughout the development and implementation, as well as the effects of the beginner gardening program on program participants. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

La prévention situationnelle représente aujourd’hui dans de nombreux pays un secteur de recherche stratégique de la lutte contre le crime. Apparue au milieu des années 1970 au sein du laboratoire de recherche du ministère de l’intérieur britannique, cette nouvelle spécialité a pris la forme d’une ingénierie dont l’objectif est de développer des solutions techniques empêchant le passage à l'acte des délinquants, par une intervention sur les situations particulières lors desquelles des délits semblables sont commis ou pourraient l'être (cambriolage, vol de véhicule, vandalisme, etc.). Ce que l’on appelle désormais la « science du crime » se fonde sur l’assemblage d’une pluralité de savoirs pratiques, évolue entre des laboratoires de recherche et des secteurs professionnels variés (police, urbanistes, etc.), s’appuie sur des modalités d’administration de la preuve qui passent par la déduction mathématique (modélisation statistique) et intègre ses inventions théoriques dans des innovations sociotechniques (des dispositifs de prévention et de réduction des risques). Cette thèse retrace le développement de la prévention situationnelle en se déplaçant dans l’espace et le temps afin d’atteindre les lieux de sa fabrication et de rentrer dans l’intimité des controverses à travers lesquelles elle prend forme. En décrivant cette science du crime en train de se faire - des laboratoires gouvernementaux jusqu’à sa standardisation technique dans les instances de normalisation européenne, en passant par les politiques de recherche et le travail d’instrumentation - nous rendons visibles toutes les entités (théories, chercheurs, gouvernement, instruments, catégories statistiques, modèles de risque, délinquants, victimes, normes techniques, etc.) auxquelles la prévention situationnelle s’attache et se détache. Nous montrons ainsi que les liens concrets tissés entre les chercheurs et leurs différents alliés vont bien au-delà des relations entre les personnes. Ils vont jusqu’à toucher le contenu même de la prévention situationnelle. Au final, il s’agit de représenter la prévention situationnelle sous la forme d’un collectif assumant sa responsabilité politique. / In many countries today, situational crime prevention is a strategic research sector in the battle against crime. Originating within the Home Office Research Unit in the UK during the mid 1970s, this ‘new technology’ has the purpose of developing crime prevention solutions by intervening in situations where crime commonly occurs. What has now come to be called “crime science” is based on an array of practical knowledge, evolves between research laboratories and various professional sectors (police, town planning, etc.), uses evidence-based research, and implements its theoretical discoveries in socio-technical innovations (prevention and risk reduction systems). This thesis retraces the development of situational crime prevention technology to have a closer look at the controversies from which it takes its shape. By describing this crime science-in-the-making, from state laboratories and international policy transfers, from research studies and instrumentation, we reveal all the entities (researchers, government, theories, instruments, statistical classes, risk models, offenders, victims, technical standards, etc.) to which situational crime prevention has become tied, and untied. Thus, we demonstrate that concrete links weaved between researchers and their different allies go far beyond personal relationships, touching the very core of the technology. As such, situational crime prevention is constituted as a collective, political entity.

American cities have only recently come of age in the global sense. Therefore, most of our land use regulations have emphasized greenfield development issues over those of a mature city. The next wave of city building is redensification. This thesis argues that modern day, Euclidian zoning needs to be replaced in order to make the case for a sustainable mix of residential diversity, density, and affordability. Conventional zoning relies on simplistic measures to regulate density and shape the form of neighborhoods. Initially used primarily as a way to make the field of planning appear scientific and rational, these measures do not create functionally flexible neighborhoods for the changing needs of the twenty first century. Urban spaces should be thought of as a language, composed of pieces that evolve with cultural norms. Zoning must evolve to reflect current societal values, with an emphasis on environmental issues, while meeting the needs of changing market structures if cities are ever to sustainably house their populous. Zoning's inflexibility towards cultural shifts uses antiquated assumptions to force contemporary city design into a regulatory straight jacket. Using case studies within the city of Los Angeles because of its history in side-by-side integration of single family homes with a range of residential densities and supportive commercial uses, the thesis investigates three primary questions. First, under what zoning ordinances did the Los Angeles neighborhoods evolve and what lessons in functionality can be taken from their design? Second, looking at both conventional zoning and newer, form-based regulatory techniques, how does zoning affect the variety of housing types available? And third, what would a flexible zoning framework, created to support the future development of an evolving regional urbanization process and a changing social demographic, look like?

Due to climate change and natural variations in the hydrological cycle, global mean sea levels are increasing, causing the mean sea levels in different regions of the world to increase. In Sweden, coastal cities are facing rising water levels which is increasing flooding. The coastal community of Gothenburg, Sweden was identified the 18th most vulnerable city in the country both to flooding induced by water level rise and other climate change related impacts. Its location, in proximity of Lake Vänern, and in the mouth of the Göta River and its tributaries: Säveån, Mölndalsån and Lärjeån is heightening flood risk and vulnerability in the area. This thesis aims to contribute in comprehending the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden- central Gothenburg between 1999 and 2015. With the main objectives being” how the municipality of Gothenburg has applied the urban land use planning theory for the integration of natural hazard and climate change adaptation, with regards to adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden between 1999 and 2015? “What climate change adaptation policies for flood management have been implemented in Gothenburg within this time frame, and how the policies have been revised to match the reality of flood issues?” And “What improvements would be made in the integration process to better address adaptation for flood management?” A desk-based research and one case study approach was adopted for this study. The findings indicate that although the city has systematically used the steps involved in the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management, it does not link the policies and the measures applied to adaptation for flood management. Which is an issue as it has led to the exclusion of vital functions of the integration process. Suggestions on how the integration process could be improved are provided.

Land subsidence is in international academic literature recognised as a significant problem for urban environments. The phenomenon can cause severe damage to infrastructure and buildings resulting in expensive repairs or permanent damage to the ground’s conditions and services. In more recent literature, academics have started to connect an increase in land subsidence occurrences to climate change. Performed as a qualitative case study, this thesis research how the relationship between land subsidence and climate change can be understood by exploring Gothenburg municipality’s strategic planning strategies for climate adaptation for flood risk. The research utilizes the qualitative methods of document analyses and semi-structured interviews. The thesis’ results show the relationship between land subsidence and climate change can be understood as a wicked problem in the sense it is hard to define and require multi-level governance to be managed. Benefits for urban planning are identified as increased knowledge on the relationship would bring more comprehensive management of land subsidence on a larger scale as well as enable faster responses in case of risk of climate change-induced land subsidence occurring, threatening the urban environment. Final suggestions are made to further research what information on land subsidence is relevant to include and in which document to enable more strategic management of the topic.