<p>This study investigated the associations between IL-4 -590 C/T and IL-10 -1087 A/G polymorphisms and malariometric indexes in the Fulani and the Dogon ethnic groups living in sympatry in Mali and differing in susceptibility to malaria. The correlations between antibodies level and parasitological data as well as splenomegaly were assessed. The impact of IL-4 -590 variants on the levels of the studied antibodies was also studied. </p><p>The allele and genotype frequencies of both studied SNPs differed significantly between the two groups. The Fulani IL-4 T allele carriers had a significantly higher infection prevalence compared with those carrying the CC genotype. No correlation between anti-malarial antibody levels and parasite prevalence was seen in any of the communities. In the Fulani, the increase in total IgE levels was related to the presence of infection. Malaria-specific IgG4 levels were negatively correlated to the number of clones within the Fulani. The Fulani IL-4 T allele carriers had higher total and malaria-specific IgE levels, compared to the CC genotype carriers. These results suggest that the amount of antibodies may not be the key element in the protection against malaria. IgG4 might be involved in protection against malaria. The impact of IL-4 -590 variants on the antibody levels may be affected by other genetic/epigenetic/epistatic or environmental factors. </p><p>In the study in Senegal, multiplicity of infection (MOI) increased after the transmission season in all subjects, except in α-thalassaemic and in G6PD-mutated children, suggesting that α-thalassaemia may protect against infection by certain parasite strains. G6PD-mutated individuals may resist against increase in MOI after the transmission season due to rapid clearance of infection at an early stage. HbAs and the ABO system do not affect MOI in asymptomatic individuals. MOI was positively correlated to parasitemia, and did not vary over age (in the range of 2 to 10 years). No relation between MOI and clinical attack was noted. </p>

This study investigated the associations between IL-4 -590 C/T and IL-10 -1087 A/G polymorphisms and malariometric indexes in the Fulani and the Dogon ethnic groups living in sympatry in Mali and differing in susceptibility to malaria. The correlations between antibodies level and parasitological data as well as splenomegaly were assessed. The impact of IL-4 -590 variants on the levels of the studied antibodies was also studied. The allele and genotype frequencies of both studied SNPs differed significantly between the two groups. The Fulani IL-4 T allele carriers had a significantly higher infection prevalence compared with those carrying the CC genotype. No correlation between anti-malarial antibody levels and parasite prevalence was seen in any of the communities. In the Fulani, the increase in total IgE levels was related to the presence of infection. Malaria-specific IgG4 levels were negatively correlated to the number of clones within the Fulani. The Fulani IL-4 T allele carriers had higher total and malaria-specific IgE levels, compared to the CC genotype carriers. These results suggest that the amount of antibodies may not be the key element in the protection against malaria. IgG4 might be involved in protection against malaria. The impact of IL-4 -590 variants on the antibody levels may be affected by other genetic/epigenetic/epistatic or environmental factors. In the study in Senegal, multiplicity of infection (MOI) increased after the transmission season in all subjects, except in α-thalassaemic and in G6PD-mutated children, suggesting that α-thalassaemia may protect against infection by certain parasite strains. G6PD-mutated individuals may resist against increase in MOI after the transmission season due to rapid clearance of infection at an early stage. HbAs and the ABO system do not affect MOI in asymptomatic individuals. MOI was positively correlated to parasitemia, and did not vary over age (in the range of 2 to 10 years). No relation between MOI and clinical attack was noted.

La malària és encara avui en dia una malaltia que causa aproximadament un milió de morts a l'any a tot el món. La seva eradicació suposa un gran repte per a la humanitat i per a la comunitat científica, en particular. El cultiu in vitro del paràsit és essencial per al desenvolupament de nous medicaments. Els mètodes de cultiu actuals es basen en l'heurística i requereixen millores.En aquesta tesi es presenta una aproximació teòrica al procés d'infecció a eritròcits en cultius in vitro amb Plasmodium falciparum, un dels protozous paràsits causants de la malària. El treball està centrat en la construcció i avaluació de models d'una complexitat adequada per tractar els problemes específics detectats pels experts en l'àmbit, i inclou també la formulació d'algorismes de simulació i el disseny de protocols experimentals.Aquest tipus de treball requereix de la col·laboració multidisciplinària. La visió dels experts en malària es complementa amb la modelització i simulació, que permet la comprovació dels supòsits preestablerts, la comprensió de fenòmens observats i la millora dels mètodes de cultiu actuals. Així doncs, cal establir i desenvolupar eines que permetin crear, analitzar i compartir models amb grups que estudien la malària des d'altres perspectives. En aquesta tesi, s'ha optat per la modelització basada en l'individu (IbM) i orientada a la reproducció de múltiples patrons (PoM). El model s'ha formulat seguint l'ODD, un protocol estàndard en el camp de l'ecologia teòrica, que s'ha adaptat a la representació de comunitats microbianes.Els models basats en l'individu (IbMs) defineixen un conjunt de normes que regeixen el comportament de cada cèl·lula i les seves interaccions amb les altres cèl·lules i amb el seu entorn immediat. A partir d'aquestes regles, i tenint en compte una certa diversitat dins de la població i un cert grau d'aleatorietat en els processos individuals, els IbMs mostren explícitament el comportament emergent del sistema en conjunt. Complementàriament, s'han aplicat conceptes propis de la termodinàmica per tal d'entendrel'aparició de patrons macroscòpics a partir de l'estructura de la població (per exemple de la distribució de les fases d'infecció entre els glòbuls vermells infectats).Aquesta recerca ha comportat la la creació i aplicació del model i simulador INDISIM-RBC, que ha demostrat ser una bona eina per millorar la comprensió dels cultius estudiats. Es tracta d'un model mecanicista, basat en l'individu, que reprodueix quantitativament els patrons observats en cultius reals a diferents nivells de descripció, i que en prediu el comportament sota determinades condicions.Hem demostrat que INDISIM-RBC pot ser emprat per a estudiar en detall alguns aspectes del cultiu del paràsit causant de la malària que calia aclarir. Permet realitzar experiments virtuals i així impulsar noves línies de recerca i explorar noves tècniques de cultiu. En particular, INDISIM-RBC s'ha utilitzat per millorar els protocols experimentals actuals del cultius estàtics, definint la geometria òptima de l'hematòcrit i els protocols de subcultiu més adequats per als cultius continus.El treball realitzat en malària s'ha comparat amb la investigació duta a terme pel grup de recerca em relació amb d'altres comunitats microbianes. D'aquesta manera, podem estudiar les propietats emergents dels sistemes microbians en general en relació als efectes de la individualitat de la cèl·lula, la diversitat de les poblacions, l'heterogeneïtat en el medi, o el caràcter local de les interaccions, entre d'altres. Aquesta visió general proporciona eines conceptuals que poden ser emprades per refinar l'anàlisi dels processos d'infecció sota estudi. / Malaria is still a major burden that causes approximately one million deaths annually worldwide. Its eradication supposes a great challenge to the humanity and to the scientific community, in particular. In vitro cultivation of the parasite is essential for the development of new drugs. Current culture methods are based on heuristics and demand for specific improvements.The present thesis is a theoretical approach to in vitro cultivation of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum infecting human red blood cells. It mainly focuses on the process of building a model of appropriate complexity to deal with the specific demands above mentioned, but it also includes the formulation and implementation of algorithms, and the design and execution of experimental trials.This kind of work requires multidisciplinary collaboration: the insight of the experts in malaria research is complemented with modeling and simulation, which allows for checking settled assumptions, increasing the understanding on the system and improving the current culturing methods.The use of tools for building, analyzing and sharing models is an imperative to this end. In this thesis, Pattern-oriented Modeling (PoM) has been adopted as the most appropriate way for raising of models and the ODD protocol (Objectives, Design Concepts and Details) has been proposed as the standard tool for communicating them.Individual-based Modeling (IbM) has been used to tackle malaria culture systems. IbMs define a set of rules governing each cell, its interactions with others and with its immediate surroundings. From this set of rules, and taking into account diversity within the population and a certain degree of randomness in the individual processes, IbMs explicitly show the emerging behavior of the system as a whole. Methods from statistical thermodynamics have been applied to understand the emergence of macroscopic patterns from the population structure (e.g. distribution of infection stages among infected red blood cells).The research resulted in the development of the model and simulator INDISIM-RBC, which has proved to be a good tool to improve understanding of the cultures under study. It is a mechanistically rich individual-based model and it quantitatively reproduces and predicts several patterns observed in real cultures at different levels of description.We demonstrated that INDISIM-RBC can be used to study in detail several aspects of malaria cultivation that remained unclear, as well as to perform virtual experiments. Consequently, it can be used to open novel lines of research and to examine potential experimental techniques. INDISIM-RBC has also been used to improve the current experimental culturing protocols in static cultivation by obtaining the optimal geometry of the hematocrit layer and subcultivation periods in the continuous cultures.This study on malaria has been compared to the research carried out by the group regarding other microbial communities. Thereby studying general emerging properties of microbial systems in general, with regard to the effect of cell individuality, heterogeneity and diversity, the local nature of interactions; and biological and spatial complexity. In doing so, the acquired holistic view has been used to develop tools that allow for a better characterization and study of the infection process, in particular.

Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease in humans caused by species in the genus Plasmodium. With over 100 million cases and at least 1.5 million fatalities each year, the disease accounts for 4-5% of all fatalities in the world. A recent increase in the number of malaria cases in South Africa has imposed severe costs on the economy and public health. Immunity to malaria is a multi-component system involving both B and T celllymphocytes. Pc96 is a 96 kDa antigen identified in the mouse malaria model Plasmodium chabaudi adami. It is known to be associated with the outer membrane of mouse erythrocytes infected with the parasite and has shown protective roles in mice challenged with P. chabaudi adami. A specific T cell clone has been identified that adoptively provides protection to athymic mice infected with P. chabaudi adami. Antibodies raised against Pc96 identified proteins that induced the proliferation of the protective T cell clones. At least four other antigens of different species of. malaria share at least one cross-reactive epitope. In an attempt to identify a Plasmodiumfalciparum homologue ofPc96, the amino-acid sequence was used in a BLAST search of the P. falciparum genome database, identifying a 403 kDa protein with a high degree of homology to Pc96. Sequence alignments indicated a region spanning 90 amino acids in Pf403 that overlaps the Pc96 amino acid sequence. A 178 kDa protein in P. yoelii yoelii (Pyy178) was shown to be highly similar to Pc96. Tvcell epitope prediction programs identified putative T cell epitopes in Pc96 which appear to be conserved in Pf403 and Pyy178. A casein kinase IT phosphorylation site was also identified in this region and is conserved in both sequences. PCR primers were designed to amplify regions of the MAL3P6.11 gene coding for Pf403 from P.falciparum genomic DNA. An 817 bp region in the MAL3P6.11 gene was amplified. This codes for the region ofPf403 that shows high homology to Pc96 and contains the conserved T cell epitopes and casein kinase phophorylation site. A BamHI site was incorporated into the forward primer to facilitate in-frame ligation with cloning vectors. The PCRproduct obtained was verified by restriction analysis using HindIII and EcoRI sites within the fragment. The 817 bp peR product was cloned into the pMOSBlue vector using a blunt-endedPCR cloning kit, and transformed into MOSBlue competent cells. Recombinants were identified using the uIV complementation system, and verified by PCR, plasmid DNA isolation, and restriction digestion analysis. The insertDNA in pMOSBlue was cut out with BamHI and sub-cloned into the BamHI site in the pMAL-C2x expression vector. Sequencing ofthe construct confirmed the identity of the cloned insert and showed the sequence to be in frame with the malE gene coding for maltose binding protein (MBP). The fusion protein, MBP-Pf32 .5, was induced and expressed as a 75 kDa protein comprising ofthe 32.5 kDa region ofPf403, and MBP (42.5 kDa) and was detected by anti-MBP antibodies, by western blotting. This recombinant protein has many applications for further studies involving the characterisation of the Pf403 protein, and the determination of possible roles that the protein may have in stimulating an immune response during human malaria infections. / Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

L'artémisinine (ART) est un composé antipaludique majeur très actif sur les souches multi-résistantes de Plasmodium falciparum. Cependant, son application clinique est limitée par sa faible solubilité en milieu aqueux et sa faible biodisponibilité par voie orale. La mise en œuvre de cyclodextrines (CDs) bioestérifiées et de dérivés amphiphiles polyoxyéthylénés permet de viser deux objectifs : i) d'une part d'améliorer la concentration aqueuse d'ART à travers son association aux vecteurs colloïdaux de CDs modifiées et ii) d'autre part d'améliorer sa biodisponibilité et son efficacité thérapeutique à travers la décoration de la surface des vecteurs. La décoration surfacique est sensée augmenter le temps de circulation sanguine des nanovecteurs de manière à maintenir des doses plasmatiques efficaces d'ART sur une longue période, suite à une administration intraveineuse. Des suspensions colloïdales stables suffisamment chargées d'ART ont été mises au point permettant de palier le problème d'insolubilité en milieu aqueux de la molécule active et donc d'envisager son administration par voie parentérale. Les essais de lyodisponibilité indiquent que l'ART est libérée des nanosystèmes pendant une période de 4 jours pour les nanoréservoirs et de 11 jours pour les nanosphères. En plus des caractérisations physico-chimiques et pharmacotechniques, les potentialités des nanoparticules décorées en surface ont été évaluées et comparées au cours de tests biologiques. In vitro, l'ART mise en forme a montré une bonne efficacité sur des souches plasmodiales choloroquino-sensibles (3D7) et chloroquino-résistantes (K1) avec des CI50 très faibles de l'ordre de 3 à 6 ng/mL. Le concept de co-nano-assemblage de dérivés amphiphiles de γ-CD-C10 bioestérifiée et de polyéthylène glycol (PEG) dans les conditions de nanoprécipitation semble être une approche intéressante pour conférer des propriétés de furtivité aux nano-systèmes de γ-CD-C10. En effet, les études in vitro mettent en évidence une diminution significativement de la phagocytose par les cellules macrophagiques et/ou de l'adsorption des protéines du complément sérique à la surface des nanoparticules de γ-CD-C10 décorées par le polysorbate 80, le stéarate de PEG1500, et le DMPE-mPEG2000. In vivo, nous observons une augmentation du temps de circulation sanguine des nanoréservoirs γ-CD-C10/polysorbate 80 et des nanosphères γ-CD-C10/DMPE-mPEG2000. Enfin, les études de pharmacocinétique réalisées chez le rat montrent que les paramètres pharmacocinétiques de l'ART sont améliorés lorsqu'elle est associée aux deux systèmes nanoparticulaires précédents. En effet, des valeurs de clairance plasmatique très faibles et de temps de demi-vie plasmatique longs (3 et 5 heures, respectivement) de l'ART ont été enregistrées avec ces deux formulations. Ces formes vectorisées d'ART mises au point ouvrent de perspectives intéressantes pour la prise en charge thérapeutiques des crises de paludisme sévère.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 57 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-06-05T21:05:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno de Bezerril Andrade - 2010.pdf: 74164438 bytes, checksum: a1cccf3d1f924ff7710fc4a73a190f0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-05T21:05:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno de Bezerril Andrade - 2010.pdf: 74164438 bytes, checksum: a1cccf3d1f924ff7710fc4a73a190f0a (MD5) / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / A malária é considerada uma das mais importantes doenças infecciosas do mxmdo. Esta doença é causada por diversas espécies do protozoário Plasmodium sp., principalmente o Plasmodium falciparum e o Plasmodium vivax, transmitido por mosquitos do gênero Anopheles. Apesar dos esforços governamentais e privados para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para o controle da doença, o panorama atual da malária está piorando, muito em razão do aparecimento de cepas de parasitas resistentes aos medicamentos. Os casos fatais são relatados principalmente na Áfiica e são causados pelo Plasmodium falciparum. Apesar de ser menos letal, a malária causada pelo Plasmodium vivax é mais amplamente distribuída e pode apresentar também alta morbidade e mortalidade. Na maioria das áreas endêmicas, estudos têm identificado vários fatores relacionados à imunidade clínica ou susceptibilidade aos parasitas. Assim, pelo menos quanto à malária causada pelo Plasmodium falciparum, idade, polimorfismos genéticos e exposição repetida ao parasita são considerados importantes determinantes da evolução da doença. Infelizmente, pouco tem sido feito na identificação de fatores preditores consistentes que poderiam ser usados para avaliação clínica. Este quadro é ainda pior para malária causada pelo Plasmodium vivax, provavelmente porque muitos pesquisadores consideram que é uma doença benigna. Além disso, como a maioria do conhecimento atual sobre a patogênese da malária não ajudou a reduzir a ocorrência da infecção e suas complicações, novas abordagens são necessárias para superar este cenário desfavorável. Esta Tese reúne um conjunto de seis manuscritos que visam identificar potenciais determinantes da gravidade da malária em uma área endêmica da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Em primeiro lugar, um método preciso e eficaz para o diagnóstico da malária foi rastreado através da comparação de vários testes, incluindo um software baseado em redes neurais artificiais. O ensaio molecular mostrou-se o mais eficiente para o diagnóstico da malária sintomáticos e assintomáticos. Além disso, a utilização racional de um teste rápido para diagnóstico da malária pode ser promissora em áreas onde há dificuldade na formação continuada dos técnicos diagnósticos. A rede neural artificial indicou que o balanço de citocinas é um forte determinante do quadro clínico. Em outro estudo, uso de sorologia para mensuração de anticorpos IgG contra o sonicado de glândula salivar do vetor Anopheles darlingi mostrou-se útil para a avaliação da exposição ao Plasmodium vivax e também para estimar a imunidade clínica á malária. Em um terceiro estudo com foco na identificação de outros fatores relacionados à imunidade clínica, a exposição natural ao vírus da hepatite B mostrou-se associada à redução da gravidade clínica da malária causada tanto pelo Plasmodium vivax quanto pelo Plasmodium falciparum. No que diz respeito exclusivamente à malária vivax, os casos graves apresentaram uma intensa e desregulada resposta inflamatoria sistêmica. Nestes pacientes, a enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase-1 surgiu como um excelente marcador da gravidade e mostrou-se envolvida na patogênese da doença grave, na qual há uma liberação de grandes quantidades de heme livre. Em conjunto, os manuscritos desta tese adicionam importantes informações no entendimento dos mecanismos determinantes da gravidade da malária, extremamente / Malaria is considered one of the most important infectious diseases that ever threaten the world. This disease is caused mainly by the infection with Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite governmental and private efforts for the development of key strategies for the disease control, the actual panorama of the Plasmodium infection is getting worse due to the emergence of drug resistMt parasite strains. The lethal cases are reported mostly in Africa and are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Albeit being less lethal, Plasmodium vivax infections are more widely distributed can cause high morbidity and eventually death. In most endemic areas, studies have indentified a number of factors related to clinical immunity or susceptibility to the parasites. Thus, at least regarding the falciparum malaria, age, genetic polymorphisms and repeated exposure to Plasmodium are considered most important determinants of the disease outcome. Unfortunately, little has been made in the screening of reliable predicting factors that could be ultimately used for clinical evaluations. This landscape is even worse for vivax malaria, probably because many researches consider it as a benign disease. Moreover, as most of the current knowledge about the malaria pathogenesis did not truly help to relieve the disease burden, new insights are necessary to overcome this unfavorable scenario. This thesis brings together a set of six manuscripts that aim to identify potential determinants of the disease severity linked to the immunopathogenesis in an endemic area from the western Brazilian Amazon. First, a precise and effective method for malaria diagnosis was screening by comparing multiple tests, including a software based of artificial neural networks. The molecular assay showed to be the most efficient for the diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria. In addition, the rational use of a rapid test for the diagnosis of malaria may be promising in areas where there is difficulty in continued training of technical human resources. The artificial neural network indicated that the cytokine balance is a strong determinant of the clinical presentation. In another study, the use of serology for measuring IgG antibodies against the sonicate salivary gland of Anopheles darlingi vector is a promising marker of exposure to Plasmodium vivax and can also estimate the clinical immunity. Intriguingly, the natural exposure to the hepatitis B virus appeared as an important factor associated with reduced clinical severity for both vivax and falciparum malaria. Concerning solely the vivax malaria, severe cases have an intense and unregulated inflammatory response. In these patients, the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase-1 has emerged as an excellent marker of severity and was involved in the pathogenesis of the severe disease in which there is a release of large amounts of free heme. Together, the manuscripts of this thesis add important information in understanding the mechanisms that determine the severity of malaria.

Submitted by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2013-01-25T16:12:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Simões Franklin.pdf: 11748497 bytes, checksum: e1831598c734af4113b0028438c1b84f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-25T16:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Simões Franklin.pdf: 11748497 bytes, checksum: e1831598c734af4113b0028438c1b84f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Desde sua descoberta, os receptores do tipo Toll (TLRs) têm sido envolvidos em quase todas as doenças que afetam a saúde humana. Seu papel na proteção contra vários patógenos, incluindo protozoários está bem estabelecido. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre o papel dos TLRs na malária. No presente estudo, investigamos o papel dos TLRs durante a malária murina e humana. Nossos resultados mostraram que camundongos com deficiência para MyD88, um adaptador essencial para a sinalização dos TLRs, produzem níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias significativamente menores e apresentam sintomas mais amenos durante a infecção por Plasmodium chabaudi. Entretanto, estes animais retêm a capacidade de controlar a parasitemia sugerindo que os TLRs possuam um papel na patogênese e não na proteção contra a malária. Posteriormente, mostramos que ambas, a infecção natural humana por P. falciparum e a experimental murina por P. chabaudi, aumentam a expressão e a responsividade dos TLRs nas células do sistema imune inato. O estado hiper-responsivo das células durante a malária é derivado da ativação de TLR9 e a produção de IFN por células T, levando a uma alta susceptibilidade ao choque séptico durante a malária aguda. Finalmente, em colaboração com a EISAI Research Institute, desenvolvemos um antagonista de TLR9 e testamos seu efeito na Malária Cerebral (CM), uma das manifestações clínicas mais graves da malária. O tratamento oral com este composto inibiu os sintomas, tais como extravasamento vascular cerebral, protegendo camundongos da morte por CM. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram um importante papel dos TLRs, especialmente TLR9, na patogênese da malária e que a intervenção na função destes receptores é uma potencial quimioterapia anti-inflamatória contra essa doença. / Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been involved in almost every know disease that afflict human health so far and their role in resistance to several pathogens, including protozoan parasites, has been well established. The role of TLRs in malaria, however, still remains to be elucidated. Here we studied the role of TLRs in experimental and naturally acquired malaria infection. We showed that mice with deficiency to MyD88, an essential adaptor to TLRs signaling, produce significant lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines and commensurate better clinical outcome upon infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. Nevertheless, these mice can still control parasite loads suggesting that TLRs are involved in pathogenesis rather than protection during malaria. We further studied cellular responsiveness of innate immune responses during human and murine malaria. We showed that both natural acquired P. falciparum infection in humans and experimental infection of mice with P. chabaudi increase TLR expression in innate immune cells causing pro-inflammatory priming of TLR responses. The cellular hyper-responsiveness during Malaria is caused by TLR9 activation and IFN production by T cells conferring high susceptibility to septic shock during the acute disease. Finally, in collaboration effort with EISAI Research Institute, we develop and tested an antagonist of TLR9, on Cerebral Malaria (CM), one of the most severe manifestations of malaria. Oral treatment of mice with this compound inhibited CM symptoms, such as vascular leakage, and prevented death from CM. All together our results show an important role of TLRs, especially TLR9, in malaria pathogenesis and that the therapeutic targeting of TLRs is a potential anti-inflammatory chemotherapy against malaria.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T14:33:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDSC.pdf: 4230414 bytes, checksum: d505357e4ed13e446578eb00507beec7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:36:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDSC.pdf: 4230414 bytes, checksum: d505357e4ed13e446578eb00507beec7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:36:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDSC.pdf: 4230414 bytes, checksum: d505357e4ed13e446578eb00507beec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDSC.pdf: 4230414 bytes, checksum: d505357e4ed13e446578eb00507beec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-16 / Não recebi financiamento / Malaria is an acute febrile disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, being the species P. falciparum responsible for the most severe forms and deaths caused by the disease. These parasites have developed resistance to commonly used drugs and therefore there is a need to develop new antimalarial agents. Aryltetralone lignans are compounds that show antiplasmodial activity in vitro against P. falciparum, but its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. In this work, we postulate a plausible mode of action of some aryltetralone lignans and according to the obtained results we suggest modifications to the ligands for a better biological activity. In order to achieve our objectives we first performed a search for similar chemical compounds, for which their macromolecular targets were known. From the results obtained, P. falciparum tubulin was selected as a potential target for these lignans. Since there is no experimentally determined three-dimensional structure for this protein, we performed a molecular homology modeling of P. falciparum tubulin and the structure of bovine tubulin complexed with colchicine was selected as template. The analysis of the obtained model showed that the three dimensional structure of Plasmodium tubulin is conserved in relation to the bovine tubulin with some important substitutions occurring in the colchicine binding site region: Ala250B by Ser248B, Ala316B by Cys314B and Ile318B by Met316B. Then, molecular docking of the aryltetralone lignans, colchicine and podophyllotoxin was performed in the modeled P. falciparum tubulin. The docking calculations results allowed to conclude firstly that, although the amino acid substitutions in the binding site, the colchicine binding mode in the P. falciparum tubulin is exactly the same as that already described in the literature for bovine tubulin. As for podophyllotoxin, a different binding mode from that described in the literature for bovine tubulin was obtained due to the replacement of Ala250B by Ser248B and the Val318B by Met316B. For the aryltetralone lignans studied, three different binding modes were obtained: one exhibited by compounds 1, 2 and 3, another by 4 and 6, and a third one by 5. The lignans 1, 2 and 3 are oriented in a way so that the C ring containing the dimethoxy or methylenedioxy group is positioned in the same region obtained for the ring containing the trimethoxy group in the case of colchicine and podophyllotoxin, performing a C-H...π interaction with Leu246B. Lignans 4 and 6 orient themselves with the aromatic ring C between Ala180A and Leu246B and being held in this position by C-H...π interactions. Lignan 5 is oriented with the aromatic ring C between Leu246B and Leu253B, performing C-H...π interactions with these residues, in a similar way to what was obtained with colchicine in this site. So the likely mechanism of action of the aryltetralone lignans studied here would be their binding to the same colchicine binding site in the tubulin protein of P. falciparum and thereby interrupting the divisions and other cellular functions. / A malária é uma doença febril aguda causada por protozoários parasitas pertencentes ao gênero Plasmodium, sendo a espécie P. falciparum a responsável pela maioria das formas severas e mortes pela doença. Estes parasitas desenvolveram resistência aos fármacos comumente utilizados e, portanto, existe a necessidade de se desenvolver novos agentes antimaláricos. Lignanas ariltetralônicas são compostos que apresentam atividade antiplasmodial in vitro contra o P. falciparum, porém seu mecanismo de ação ainda não é totalmente compreendido. Neste trabalho, conseguimos postular o modo de ação de algumas lignanas ariltetralônicas e, a partir dos resultados obtidos, sugerimos modificações nestes compostos de modo a obter uma melhoria na sua atividade biológica. Para isso, primeiramente foi realizada uma busca por compostos químicos semelhantes, cujos alvos macromoleculares eram conhecidos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, selecionou-se a tubulina do P. falciparum como potencial alvo para estas lignanas. Como não há estrutura tridimensional determinada experimentalmente para esta proteína, foi realizada a modelagem molecular por homologia da tubulina do P. falciparum, selecionando como molde a estrutura da tubulina bovina complexada com colchicina. A partir da análise do modelo construído, verificou-se que a estrutura tridimensional da tubulina do Plasmodium é conservada em relação à tubulina bovina e que ocorrem algumas substituições importantes na região do sítio de ligação da colchicina: Ala250B por Ser248B, Ala316B por Cys314B e Ile318B por Met316B. Em seguida, foi realizado o docking molecular das lignanas ariltetralônicas, da colchicina e da podofilotoxina na tubulina do P. falciparum. Os resultados do docking permitiram concluir primeiramente que, embora ocorram algumas substituições de aminoácidos no sítio, o modo de ligação da colchicina na tubulina do P. falciparum é exatamente o mesmo ao já descrito na literatura para a tubulina bovina. Já para a podofilotoxina, foi obtido um modo de ligação diferente do descrito na literatura para a tubulina bovina, devido à substituição da Ala250B pela Ser248B e da Val318B pela Met316B. Para as lignanas ariltetralônicas estudadas, foram obtidos três modos de ligação diferentes: um exibido pelos compostos 1, 2 e 3, outro para 4 e 6 e um terceiro modo exclusivo para 5. As lignanas 1, 2 e 3 orientam-se de modo que o anel C, que contém o grupo dimetóxi ou metilenodióxi, se posiciona na mesma região do sítio obtida para o anel contendo o grupo trimetóxi da colchicina e da podofilotoxina, realizando uma interação C–H...π com a Leu246B. As lignanas 4 e 6 orientam-se com o anel aromático C entre a Ala180A e a Leu246B, sendo mantido nesta posição por interações C–H...π. No caso da lignana 5, esta se orienta com o anel aromático C entre a Leu246B e Leu253B, realizando interações C– H...π com estes resíduos, semelhante ao que foi obtido para a colchicina neste sítio. Assim, o mecanismo provável de ação das lignanas ariltetralônicas aqui estudadas passaria pela sua ligação ao mesmo sítio de ligação da colchicina na proteína tubulina do P. falciparum e, com isso, interrompendo as divisões e outras funções celulares.

Heat Shock 40 kDa proteins (Hsp40s) partner with heat shock 70 kDa proteins (Hsp70s) in facilitating, among other chaperone activities; correct protein transport, productive protein folding and assembly within the cells; under both normal and stressful conditions. Hsp40 proteins regulate the ATPase activity of Hsp70 through interaction with the J-domain. Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70s (PfHsp70s) do not contain a Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) sequence although PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp70-3 have been located outside of the parasitophorous vacuole. Studies reveal that a type I P. falciparum (PfHsp40) chaperone (PF14_0359) stimulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis of the cytosolic PfHsp70 (PfHsp70-1) and that of human Hsp70A1A. PFE0055c is a PEXEL-bearing type II Hsp40 that is exported into the cytosol of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes; where it potentially interacts with human Hsp70. Studies reveal that PFE0055c associates with structures found in the erythrocyte cytosol termed “J-dots” which are believed to be involved in trafficking parasite-encoded proteins through the erythrocyte cytosol. If P. falciparum exports PFE0055c into the host cytosol, it may be proposed that it interacts with human Hsp70, making it a possible drug target. The effect of PFE0055c on the ATPase activity of human Hsp70A1A has not been previously characterised. Central to this study was bioinformatic analysis and biochemical characterisation PFE0055c using an in vitro (ATPase assay) approach. Structural domains that classify PFE0055c as a type II Hsp40 were identified with similarity to two other exported type II PfHsp40s. Plasmids encoding the hexahistidine-tagged versions of PFE0055c and human Hsp70A1A were used for the expression and purification of these proteins from Escherichia coli. Purification was achieved using nickel affinity chromatography. The urea-denaturing method was used to obtain the purified PFE0055c whilst human Hsp70A1A was purified using the native method. PFE0055c could stimulate the ATPase activity of alfalfa Hsp70, although such was not the case for human Hsp70A1A in vitro.