For three weeks the plate waste from the students at the Edith Bowen Laboratory School was collected. The students were divided into three units by grade; Unit I, kindergarten and first grade, Unit II, second and third grade; and Unit III, fourth through sixth grade. The total waste of the individual menu items in the three units was weighed to determine the total waste of each food item for the unit. In each unit individual food items from three control trays weighed together, and an average serving portion for the item in each of the three units was obtained. The study consisted of three phases, each lasting five consecutive school days with one control phase and two experimental phases. During the control phase (Phase 1) the dessert was placed on the front of the tray, in relation to the children and the children played after lunch. The dessert was placed on the back of the tray in relation to the children and playtime was after lunch in Phase 2. In Phase 3, the dessert was placed again on the back of the tray, but playtime was before lunch. The placement of food on the tray had no measurable affect on the amount of food wasted. When the children played before lunch there was a significant decrease in the amount of food wasted. The meals as served, consumed, and wasted were analyzed for 22 nutrients, and the nutrient density or Index of Nutritional Quality of the meals was also determined. The meals as served were examined to see if they met the nutrient requirements for a Type A lunch.

The thesis deals with a topical and at the same time controversial isssue in the pre- shool education - the very early foreign language learning. The aim of the thesis is to outline the conditions of English language learning in pre-school facilities in the Czech Republic (more precisely in Prague) and analyse and compare selected methods used for teaching English. The thesis consists of the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part focuses on early language learning in the Czech and European context, on curriculum conditions and teachers' qualification in the Czech Republic and on the individual particularities of a pre-school child in relation to the early language acquisition. The summary will offer various opinions and results of researches in the field of early foreing language learning in the pre-school age. The aim of the practical part is to compare two methods for teaching English and survey the present conditions of English learning in selected pre-school facilities in Prague. The research will focus on the methods and their evaluation, on the pre-school facilities' experience with teaching English and on the contributions and disputable questions rising from the early English language learning from the point of view of the directors, parents and and speacialist in the...

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-11-25T21:06:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Melques Fernandes.pdf: 1200667 bytes, checksum: c08f0c7d3067a5a33eec5a7d2f758e0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-25T21:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Melques Fernandes.pdf: 1200667 bytes, checksum: c08f0c7d3067a5a33eec5a7d2f758e0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-26 / Basándose en las teorías pedagógicas críticas, puede entenderse el recreo como un tiempo-espacio para el ejercicio de la autonomía y la democracia. En consecuencia, también es campo de lucha donde el poder homogeneizador de una concepción no dialógica de la educación puede silenciar las manifestaciones de los niños justificadas por un discurso de orden y disciplina. Por lo tanto, el objeto de investigación es el patio de recreo como un espacio-tiempo democrático. A través de la investigación cualitativa el estudio trata de descubrir qué dificultades y posibilidades de organizar un recreo democrático en una escuela primaria da ciudad de Santos (São Paulo), con la legitimación de los conocimientos y propuestas de todas las personas que trabajan allí diariamente: inspectores, inspectoras, niños, niñas, cocineros y cocineras. Así, són analizados el proyecto político y pedagógico de la escuela y sus reglamentos a fin de comprender como piensan y organizan el recreo. Observaciones y entrevistas con los sujetos de la investigación también se utilizan para entender la articulación de las propuestas de documentos con medios prácticos y teóricos. Se utiliza como referencia las reflexiones de Walter Benjamin (1987, 1989, 2011), Paulo Freire (1967, 1987,1996, 2002, 2011) y Mikhail Bakhtin (2014) para desarrollar la comprensión del lenguaje, dialogía y experiencia, ya que se considera que estos elementos son importantes para un recreo democrático que concibe las críticas y aportaciones del paradigma del materialismo histórico y dialéctico. Por último, la recogida y análisis de datos basado la intervención que propone una organización colectiva y dialógica de recreo, con la mediación de una propuesta emancipadora. / Based on critical pedagogic theories we can understand the playtime as a time-space for the exercise of autonomy and democracy. Consequently, it is also a fight field where the homogenizer power of a not dialogical education reduces to silence the childish manifestation justified by a discourse of order and discipline. Thus, the object of the research is the playtime as a democratic time-space. So, by means of a qualitative research, we seek to care which are the difficulties and possibilities to organize a democratic playtime in a First Elementary school, situated in the Santos city, legitimizing know ledges and proposals of all customers that act there daily: Inspectors, children, cooks and chefs. Therefore are analyzed the PPP (Political-Pedagogic Program) of the school, as well as its rules of procedure, in order to understand how the school itself thinks and how organizes the playtime. Observations of the playtime break and interviews with the subjects of the research are also used to understand the relationship between the proposals of the documents with the daily practice and the theoretical paths. Are used as a referential the reflections of Walter Benjamin (1987, 1989, 2011), Paulo Freire (1967, 1987, 1996, 2002, 2011) and Mikhail Bakhtin (2014) to develop the understandings of the language, with dialogism and experience, so it is understood that these elements are important to enhance the reflection of a democratic playtime that conceives criticisms and contributions of the paradigm of historical and dialectic materialism. Finally the collection and the data analysis search subsidies for a intervention that proposes a collective and dialogical organization of the playtime, mediated by a emancipator proposal. / Fundamentando-se nas teorias pedagógicas críticas, pode-se entender o recreio como um tempo-espaço para o exercício da autonomia e democracia. Consequentemente, é também campo de luta, onde o poder homogeneizador de uma concepção não dialógica de educação pode silenciar as manifestações infantis justificadas por um discurso de ordem e disciplina. Assim, o objeto da investigação é o recreio como um tempo-espaço democrático. Por meio da pesquisa qualitativa, busca-se desvelar quais as dificuldades e possibilidades de se organizar um recreio democrático numa escola de Ensino Fundamental I localizada na cidade de Santos, legitimando os conhecimentos e propostas de todos os sujeitos que atuam ali cotidianamente: inspetores, inspetoras, crianças, cozinheiras e cozinheiros. Para tanto, são analisados o PPP da escola, bem como seu regimento, a fim de compreender de que maneira a escola pensa e organiza o recreio. Observações do intervalo e entrevistas com os sujeitos da pesquisa também são utilizadas para compreender a articulação das propostas dos documentos com a prática cotidiana e os caminhos teóricos. Utiliza-se como referencial as reflexões de Walter Benjamim (1987, 1989, 2011), Paulo Freire (1967, 1987, 1996, 2002, 2011) e Mikhail Bakhtin (2014) para desenvolver as compreensões de linguagem, dialogia e experiência, pois entende-se que esses elementos são significativos para aprimorar a reflexão de um recreio democrático que concebe as críticas e contribuições do paradigma do materialismo histórico e dialético. Por fim, a coleta e análise de dados buscam subsídios para uma intervenção que propõe uma organização coletiva e dialógica do recreio, mediada por uma proposta emancipatória.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo documentar algunas aproximaciones teóricas respecto a la temática del recreo escolar en la educación básica iberoamericana. Para ello, se empleó un diseño metodológico documental que permitió la revisión y análisis de 35 fuentes obtenidas de diferentes bases de datos especializadas. Del mismo modo, se enfatizó en las consideraciones que parten desde un conocimiento empírico, proveniente de la práctica educativa y relacionada con la vida cotidiana del ámbito escolar. Los principales hallazgos indican que el recreo escolar es un espacio de mayor interacción social y participación libre según los intereses, capacidades y habilidades por parte de los estudiantes. Asimismo, es un elemento fundamental en el desarrollo social, cultural, físico y en la práctica de valores para la vida en comunidad. Por último, se reflexionó sobre los resultados, proponiéndose la necesidad de avanzar en los estudios vinculados al recreo escolar para fortalecer la comprensión de este factor en las instituciones educativas a partir de nuevas dimensiones, contextos y agentes educativos. / The objective of this research was to document some theoretical approaches regarding the subject of school recess in basic education in Latin America. To this end, a documentary methodological design was used that allowed the review and analysis of 35 sources obtained from different specialized databases. Similarly, it emphasized considerations from empirical knowledge, from educational practice and related to the daily life of the school. Key findings indicate that school recess is a space for greater social interaction and free participation based on students' interests, abilities, and skills. Also, it is a fundamental element in the social, cultural, physical development and in practice of values for the life in community. Finally, one reflected on the results, proposing to him the need to advance in the studies linked to the school playtime to strengthen the comprehension of this factor in the educational institutions from new dimensions, contexts and educational agents. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of my study has been to investigate, based on the children’s perceptions, what obstacles and opportunities they encounter in the outdoor play at the leisure home, which affects their playing habits. I interviewed eighteen children during four interview sessions at a school in Stockholm, Sweden about their outdoor play habits at the leisure home. To investigate this, I have used affordance theory, which is linked to the physical environment and the social environment. Affordance is about what meaningful offers an individual perceives in an environment and its material. The results showed that the children seem to be in a dangerous world according to the staff who set restrictive rules to protect them. The schoolyard, which should be a safe place in the other hand can contain several dangers that I have identified. The danger here are about the various factors that affected the children’s opportunities for physical activity. Previous research shows this fear of exposing children to risks is common in today’s society, it also shows how children’s opportunities for physical activity are diminishing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Casco.pdf: 1266396 bytes, checksum: e6f91a37c293f31fc3b8aec2c7422948 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Taking the theoretical production of T. W. Adorno, M. Horkheimer and H. Marcuse as main reference, this study has privileged the comprehension of different types of teaching authority practice and its possible associations with social relationships established among students in the classroom and at playtime. An empirical research based on the observation of social relationships that occurred inside a group of students from the 4th grade of a municipal public elementary school, in São Paulo, was accomplished in 2005. The observations in the classroom fell upon the frequency of aggressions and reprehensions among students, their participation in school s activities, as well as teachers reprehensions and praises. Some observations that let us analyze the students insertions in social groups organized at playtime, as well as the activities that they developed, were accomplished too. After comparing and analyzing the two sets of data (especially through tables, sociograms and statistic tests), we could realize some associations between the teacher s authority practice and the social relations constituted among students. During the study we noticed that the students who were reprehended by the teacher because they couldn t perform their school tasks were the same that were reprehended by their peers in the classroom for the same reasons, just as these students also had difficulties of being inserted in social groups formed during playtime. At playtime, students who were beaten in the classroom did not take part in groups of their own class; those who were praised by the teachers preferred ludic activities and took part in solid groups; those who reprehended and beat their classmates occupied the central space at playtime with vigorous sports; the participative students constituted solid groups. The researches that focus the relations between what happens in the classroom and the social relationships constituted by students during playtime establish a rich perspective still not so much explored of studies that aim to enlarge the comprehension about school and social processes that act upon the individual development / Tomando como referência principal a produção teórica de T.W. Adorno, M. Horkheimer e H. Marcuse, o estudo privilegiou a compreensão dos diferentes tipos de exercícios de autoridade professoral e suas possíveis associações com as relações sociais que se constituem entre alunos na sala de aula e durante o recreio. Foi realizada, em 2005, uma pesquisa empírica que privilegiou observações das relações sociais que se deram em um grupo de alunos da quarta série de uma escola pública municipal de Ensino Fundamental da cidade de São Paulo. As observações na sala de aula incidiram sobre as freqüências de agressões e repreensões entre alunos; de suas participações nas atividades escolares e das repreensões e dos elogios feitos pelos seus professores. Foram realizadas, também, observações que possibilitaram analisar as inserções dos alunos nos grupos sociais organizados durante o recreio, assim como as atividades por eles desenvolvidas. Após realizar o cotejamento entre os dois conjuntos de dados (principalmente por meio da construção de tabelas, sociogramas e a realização de teste estatístico), as análises empreendidas permitiram verificar algumas associações entre o exercício da autoridade do professor e a constituição das relações sociais que se dão entre os alunos. Na amostra estudada, os alunos que foram mais repreendidos pelos professores, porque não conseguiam desenvolver suas tarefas escolares, foram os mesmos que foram repreendidos pelo mesmo motivo pelos seus pares na sala de aula, assim como, também, tiveram dificuldades de inserção nos grupos sociais que ser formaram durante o recreio. No recreio, os alunos agredidos na sala de aula não se integraram em grupos de sua própria turma; os elogiados pelos professores preferiam jogos lúdicos e participavam de grupos estáveis; os repreensores e agressivos ocuparam o espaço central do recreio com jogos esportivos viris; os alunos participativos constituíram grupos estáveis. As pesquisas que se debruçam sobre as relações entre o que se passa na sala de aula e a constituição das relações sociais que se desenvolvem entre os alunos durante o recreio, constituem uma perspectiva fértil, e pouco explorada, de estudos que visam ampliar a compreensão sobre a escola e os processos sociais que atuam sobre a formação do indivíduo