Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) est l’agent étiologique de la pleuropneumonie porcine, une infection pulmonaire contagieuse chez les porcs. Parmi les nombreux mécanismes de virulence retrouvés chez les bactéries, la formation de biofilms joue souvent un rôle important dans la pathogenèse. Il a été récemment démontré qu’App avait la capacité de former des biofilms in vitro. Dans notre laboratoire, la formation de biofilms par App a été évaluée en microplaques dans différents milieux de culture. Nous avons démontré que la souche de référence de sérotype 1 est capable de former des biofilms. Le but de ce travail est d’identifier des gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse et dans la régulation de l’expression des biofilms chez App. L’objectif de cette étude était de générer une banque de mutants d’App 4074NalR à l’aide du transposon mini-Tn10. Cette banque de 1200 mutants a été criblée à l’aide du modèle in vitro de formation de biofilms en microplaques et en tubes : 24 mutants démontrant une formation de biofilms modifiée par rapport à la souche mère App 4074NalR ont été sélectionnés et identifiés, nous permettant ainsi de localiser le site d’insertion du transposon. Une analyse a permis d’identifier de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse et dans la régulation de l’expression des biofilms chez App. Notre criblage a permis d’identifier 16 gènes connus impliqués dans la formation de biofilms chez App (hns) ou chez d’autres pathogènes (potD2, ptsI, tig and rpmF) mais également de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la formation de biofilm (APL_0049, APL_0637 and APL_1572). Une caractérisation plus poussée de ces gènes nous permettra d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la formation de biofilm chez App. / A. pleuropneumoniae (App) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a contagious pulmonary infection in swine. Among the numerous virulence mechanisms found in bacteria, the formation of biofilms often plays an important role in pathogenesis. It has been recently demonstrated that App has the ability to form biofilms in vitro. In our laboratory, the formation of biofilms by App has been evaluated in microplates under different growth conditions. We showed that the reference strain of serotype 1 is capable of forming biofilms when cultured in a specific growth medium. The objective of this work is to identifiy genes implicated in the biosynthesis and regulation of biofilm formation in App. The objective of this study was to generate a mutant library of App using the mini-Tn10 transposon. A total of 1200 mutants has been screened with the help of in vitro models for biofilm formation which use microtiter plates or test tubes; 24 mutants exhibited modified biofilm formation when compared to the parental strain 4074NalR. The selection and identification of these mutants allowed the identification of the insertion site of the transposon. Analysis revealed novel genes implicated in biosynthesis and regulation of the biofilm formation in App. Our screen allowed the identification of genes already associated in biofilm formation of App (hns) or other pathogens (potD2, ptsI, tig and rpmF). Genes (APL_0049, APL_0637 and APL_1573) that have not yet been associated with biofilm formation were also identified. Further characterization of the genes mentioned above would permit a greater understanding of the mechanisms implicated in biofilm formation of App.

Immunological stressors, in the form of clinical and sub-clinical disease are currently controlled using both prophylactic antibiotics in-feed, and therapeutic antibiotic treatment. Respiratory disease, primarily Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) infection, is recognised as a major factor causing reduced productivity in pigs. This thesis reports investigations into the use of novel immunomodulators in particular Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as alternatives to antibiotics to treat App infection. Immunological and molecular biological assays were used to investigate and accumulate data. An in vitro study undertaken to find potential anti-inflammatory substances, revealed that Interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA production stimulated by PMA or LPS in whole pigs' blood was suppressed by IL-4. IL-1ra also suppressed stimulated IL-8 mRNA production by heat killed App bacteria (KB) in vitro. An acute LPS challenge in pigs in vivo however, showed no variation in illness or weight loss between pigs treated prophylactically with anti-inflammatory substance (IL-4 and IL-1ra) and saline treated pigs. The use of plasmids as a delivery system for anti-inflammatory substance did not show promise since it did not enhance growth or prolong the expression of the substances in the pigs. However, in the chronic App challenge model IL-4 and IL-1ra administered prophylactically in vivo showed an ability to improve growth. The therapeutic administration of IL-4 and IL-1ra to App challenged pigs showed no difference in pigs' growth, regardless of the treatment or control administered. To conclude, IL-4 and IL-1ra showed promise when administered prophylactically and improved growth and abrogated disease under conditions of App challenge. However when IL-4 and IL-1ra where administered therapeutically they did not perform as well. Moreover these compounds have potential as a commercial application to reduce the growth reduction caused by disease such as App.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-12T18:26:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1477435 bytes, checksum: 54c26ccf8c22f331c25e937b81f9b585 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T18:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1477435 bytes, checksum: 54c26ccf8c22f331c25e937b81f9b585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Infecções que acometem o trato respiratório de suínos levam a significativas perdas econômicas na suinocultura mundial. Um dos principais patógenos respiratórios em suínos é a bactéria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, o principal agente causal da pleuropneumonia. Atualmente podem ser encontrados 16 sorotipos de A. pleuropneumoniae com virulência distinta e complexa, sendo os principais fatores de virulência: exotoxinas Apx, lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), cápsula e a capacidade de formação de biofilme. O controle da doença é baseado no uso de antibióticos e cuidados no manejo da granja. A profilaxia pela imunização passiva ainda é ineficiente devido à dificuldade na obtenção de uma vacina contra todos os sorotipos encontrados. Assim, novas abordagens experimentais na elaboração de uma vacina eficiente associada a uma resposta imune protetora são essenciais porque podem representar novas alternativas na estratégia de controle da doença. A proteína Hfq é um componente central de regulação global pós-transcricional e participa diretamente na regulação da expressão de genes por facilitar a interação de RNAs pequenos com mRNAs alvos, sendo esta uma abordagem atual e relacionada ao controle da virulência em diversas bactérias patogênicas. Neste sentido, o estudo da chaperona de RNA Hfq é de extrema importância, uma vez que já foi demonstrado seu efeito pleiotrópico e impacto na virulência, na resposta a diferentes tipos de estresse e no crescimento celular de vários patógenos, incluindo A. pleuropneumoniae. Portanto, esse trabalho teve como objetivos: caracterizar in silico a proteína Hfq em A. pleuropneumoniae e analisar a expressão e a fase de maior abundância desta proteína ao longo do crescimento de A. pleuropneumoniae. As análises filogenéticas realizadas foram baseadas em análises de comparação de sequências de aminoácidos da proteína Hfq de diferentes membros da classe Gammaproteobacteria, na qual A. pleuropneumoniae está inserida. As demais análises foram conduzidas utilizando os sorotipos 1, 8 e 15 de A. pleuropneumoniae, sendo utilizadas as linhagens do tipo selvagem (WT) e hfq::3XFLAG. O alinhamento de sequências da proteína Hfq revelou uma identidade de 98% entre as proteínas Hfq de A. pleuropneumoniae de diferentes sorotipos, além de demonstar que Hfq de espécies de uma mesma família possuem maior relação filogenética. A análise da estrutura tridimensional da proteína em A. pleuropneumoniae demonstrou a presença de estruturas características da proteína presente em outos patógenos Gram-negativos, como uma α-hélice e folhas β. A análise da velocidade específica de crescimento por ANOVA entre as linhagens WT e hfq::3XFLAG do mesmo sorotipo revelou que não há diferença de crescimento entre essas linhagens do mesmo sorotipo. Quanto à expressão de Hfq, foi detectado um maior acúmulo da proteína na fase estacionária de crescimento, no período de 6-8 horas, dependendo do sorotipo investigado, e que a expressão de Hfq foi diferencial entre os sorotipos analisados. Esses resultados revelaram que a proteína Hfq é conservada entre os sorotipos de A. pleuropneumoniae e possui estrutura tridimensional característica. Além disso, a inserção da etiqueta FLAG em Hfq não alterou o perfil de crescimento celular e hà um maior acúmulo da proteína na fase estacionária de crescimento, sendo que os sorotipos apresentaram distribuição das formas diferencial entre os sorotipos e dinâmica de acordo com a fase de crescimento. Essa diferença pode estar relacionada aos diferentes perfis de virulência e de resposta a diferentes condições investigadas previamente, uma vez que a abundância nestes sorotipos apresentou distribuição temporal distinta. / Infections that affect the respiratory tract of pigs lead to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. One of the major respiratory pathogen in pigs is the bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the main causal agent of the pleuropneumonia. Currently, 16 serotypes can be found of A. pleuropneumoniae with distinct and complex virulence, with the main factors of virulence: exotoxin Apx, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsule and the biofilm formation capacity. Control of the disease is based on the use of antibiotics and care in the management of the farm. Prophylaxis by passive immunization is still inefficient because of the difficulty in getting a vaccine against all serotypes found. Thus, new experimental approaches in the development of an effective vaccine associated with a protective immune response are essential because they can represent new alternatives in the disease control strategy. The Hfq protein is a key component of the global post-transcriptional regulation and directly participates in the regulation of gene expression to facilitate the interaction of small RNAs with target mRNAs, which is a current approach and it relates to the control of virulence in many pathogenic bacteria. In this sense, the study of Hfq RNA chaperone is of extreme importance, since it has already demonstrated its pleiotropic effect and impact on virulence in response to different types of stress and cellular growth of various pathogens, including A. pleuropneumoniae. Therefore, this study aimed: to characterize in silico the Hfq protein in A. pleuropneumoniae and to analyze the expression and phase greater abundance of this protein throughout the growth of A. pleuropneumoniae. The phylogenetic analyzes were based on comparative analysis of amino acid sequences of protein Hfq of different members of the class Gammaproteobacteria, which A. pleuropneumoniae is inserted. The other analyzes were conducted using the serotypes 1, 8 and 15 of A. pleuropneumoniae, being used strains of wild-type (WT) and hfq::3XFLAG. The sequence alignment of Hfq protein sequences showed an identity of 98% between Hfq proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae of different serotypes, also demonstrating that Hfq species of the same family have a greater phylogenetic relationship. The analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the protein in A. pleuropneumoniae demonstrated the presence of specific structures of protein present in other Gram-negative pathogens, how one α-helix and β-strands. The analysis of the specific growth rate by ANOVA between strains WT and hfq::3XFLAG of the same serotype showed that there is no difference in growth between the strains. As the expression of Hfq, a greater accumulation of protein in the stationary growth phase was detected in the period of 6-8 hours, depending on the serotype investigated, and the expression of Hfq was differential between serotypes analyzed. These results demonstrate that Hfq is conserved among serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae and has a three-dimensional structure conserved. Moreover, the insertion of the FLAG tag on Hfq did not affect the cell growth profile and there is a greater accumulation of the protein in the stationary phase of growth, whereas serotypes showed the distribution of forms differential between serotypes and dynamically according to the growth stage. This difference may be related to different profiles of virulence and response to different conditions previously investigated, since these abundant serotypes showed distinct temporal distribution.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2018-01-19T11:21:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2459203 bytes, checksum: bc78901467b027107f9d6f9397026427 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T11:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2459203 bytes, checksum: bc78901467b027107f9d6f9397026427 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A antibioticoterapia é a forma de tratamento mais utilizada para o combate de doenças causadas por bactérias, tanto na medicina humana quanto na veterinária. Entretanto, o uso indiscriminado desses compostos favorece a seleção de bactérias resistentes. Uma alternativa no combate a estes patógenos é a utilização de óleos essenciais. Estes são compostos sintetizados pelas plantas a partir do metabolismo secundário e desempenham funções de atração de polinizadores e alelopatia. Neste trabalho, foi analisado o efeito antimicrobiano e antibiofilme de óleos essenciais contra isolados da bactéria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, agente causal da pleuropneumonia suína. Essa doença é de grande importância na suinocultura devido às significativas perdas econômicas. Recentemente, foi observado que isolados desta bactéria apresentam genes de resistência a diversos antibióticos comerciais, tornando a prospecção e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos uma medida imediata para melhor controle da doença. Para isso, dezoito óleos essenciais foram utilizados para triagem de atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme em quatro isolados de A. pleuropneumoniae sorotipo 8 (MV518, MV780, MV1022 e MIDG2331) e em um isolado do sorotipo 1 (S1). Oito óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, sendo, então, selecionados: canela, coentro, hortelã pimenta, hortelã do campo, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro. Estes óleos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa para avaliar seus componentes. Os testes de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e de concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram realizados com os oito óleos ativos. Os valores de CIM e CBM foram idênticos para todos os óleos em todos os isolados, com valores variando de 5 mg/mL a 0,3125 mg/mL. O óleo de coentro (0,3125 mg/mL) e o de canela (0,625 mg/mL) apresentaram valores de CIM e CBM mais baixas para a maioria dos isolados testados, sendo considerados os mais efetivos. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas as análises de rompimento do biofilme pré-formado e da inibição do biofilme em formação. Seis óleos, na maior concentração (4xCIM), foram capazes de romper em mais de 30 % o biofilme pré-formado das bactérias analisadas, sendo que os óleos de canela e eucalipto em sua menor concentração analisada (1/8xCIM), foram capazes de romper o biofilme do isolado MV1022 em 21,29 % e 30,68 %, respectivamente. Na avaliação do biofilme em formação, cinco óleos foram capazes de inibi-lo em mais de 30 %. Entretanto, apesar do efeito no rompimento e formação do biofilme, os óleos de tomilho e coentro, dependendo da concentração utilizada, induziram o aumento na formação do biofilme. Esses resultados evidenciam a possível utilização destes óleos essenciais como sanitizantes e no combate a patógenos bacterianos. Assim, esses óleos se tornam uma possível alternativa no tratamento a doenças causadas por bactérias resistentes, a exemplo da A. pleuropneumoniae. / Antibiotic therapy is the most used form of treatment against diseases caused by bacteria, both in human and veterinary medicine. However, the indiscriminate use of these substances causes the selection of resistant bacteria. An alternative strategy of treatment against these pathogens is the utilization of essential oils. These are synthesized by aromatic plants from the secondary metabolism and perform functions of the attraction of pollinators and allelopathy. In this work, we analyzed the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of essential oils in isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia. This disease is of great importance in swine farming due to significant economic losses. Recently, it was observed that isolates of this bacterium present resistance genes to several commercial antibiotics, which makes the need for prospecting and development of new drugs an immediate measure for better control of the disease. For this, eighteen essential oils were initially used for screening antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity in four isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8 (MV518, MV780, MV1022 and MIDG2331) and a serotype 1 (S1) isolate. Eight essential oils showed antibacterial activity and were selected for future analyses: cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, mint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel. These oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and presented antimicrobial components in their composition. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) tests were performed with the eight active oils. MIC and MBC values were identical for all oils in all isolates, with values ranging from 5 mg/mL to 0.3125 mg/mL. Coriander oil (0.3125 mg / mL) and cinnamon oil (0.625 mg / mL) showed lower MIC and MBC for most of the tested isolates, being considered the most effective oil. In addition, the analyses of rupture of the preformed biofilm and the inhibition of the biofilm in formation were performed. Six oils, in the highest concentration (4xMIC), were able to disrupt in more than 30% the preformed biofilm of the analyzed bacteria, being the oils of cinnamon and eucalyptus in its lowest concentration analyzed (1/8xCIM), were able to break the biofilm of isolate MV1022 in 21.29 % and 30.68 %, respectively. In the evaluation of the biofilm in formation, five oils were able to inhibit this biofilm in more than 30 %. However, despite the effect on biofilm breakdown and formation, the thyme and coriander oils, depending on the concentration used, induced increased biofilm formation. These results show the possible use of essential oils as sanitizers and in the treatment against bacterial pathogens. Thus, these oils become a possible alternative in the treatment of diseases caused by resistant bacteria, such as A. pleuropneumoniae.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-09-05T18:15:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 693325 bytes, checksum: 2afbc494cbadf4704a75769d027d64d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T18:15:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 693325 bytes, checksum: 2afbc494cbadf4704a75769d027d64d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente etiológico da pleuropneumonia suína, uma severa enfermidade que acomete suínos de todas as idades, gerando perdas econômicas significativas para a suinocultura mundial. Embora os 15 sorotipos conhecidos dessa bactéria possam causar a doença, existem diferenças marcantes de virulência entre eles. A virulência de A. pleuropneumoniae é multifatorial e está relacionada à composição e estrutura de polissacarídeos da cápsula, LPS, e toxinas da família RTX, além desses fatores, a aderência em forma de biofilme e a resistência a agentes antimicrobianos podem ser determinantes para virulência. Este trabalho estabeleceu um modelo de infecção alternativo para o estudo de A. pleuropneumoniae, utilizando larvas de Galleria mellonella e, posteriormente esse modelo foi usado para investigar a virulência de isolados clínicos de A. pleuropneumoniae sorotipo 8. Os mesmos isolados foram avaliados quanto ao potencial de formação de biofilme e resistência a antimicrobianos comumente empregados em campo. A partir dessas informações, isolados clínicos com diferenças significativas na virulência, no potencial de formação de biofilme e no perfil de resistência foram selecionados para o sequenciamento genômico. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo de infecção A. pleuropneumoniae – G. mellonella é capaz de diferenciar níveis de virulência de isolados clínicos de mesmo sorotipo, além de permitir a avaliação da eficiência de agentes antimicrobianos contra este patógeno. O modelo também mostrou eficiência para diferenciar virulência entre linhagens selvagem e mutante da mesma bactéria. Uma análise de correlação entre os dados de virulência, formação de biofilme e resistência a antimicrobianos permitiu que seis isolados fossem selecionados para o sequenciamento. Com a montagem e anotação foi possível verificar que os genomas de A. pleuropneumoniae sorotipo 8 apresentam tamanho de 2,2 ± 0,004 Mpb, com o conteúdo GC de 40,33% ± 0,263 e regiões codificadoras com uma média de tamanho de 817,3 ± 6,8 pb. As regiões codificadoras correspondem a 89,05% ± 0,13 do genoma, das quais a maior parte foi anotada como genes funcionais, o que permitirá a realização de estudos comparativos. Estes genomas apresentam em média 79,5 ± 24,05 genes exclusivos, revelando a alta variabilidade genética dessa espécie, que pode estar relacionada com a variação da virulência entre os isolados estudados. / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a severe disease that affects pigs of all ages, causing significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Although the 15 serotypes of this bacterium are known to cause the disease, there are marked differences in virulence between them. A. pleuropneumoniae virulence is multifactorial and involves capsular polysaccharides, LPS, and toxins of the RTX family. In addition to these factors, the adhesion in biofilm form and resistance to antimicrobial agents may be determinant for virulence. This work has established an alternative infection model for the study of A. pleuropneumoniae, using larvae of Galleria mellonella and this model was subsequently used to investigate the virulence of clinical isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8. The same isolates were evaluated for biofilm formation potential and resistance to antimicrobials commonly used in the field. From this information, clinical isolates with significant differences in virulence, biofilm formation potential and resistance profile were selected for genomic sequencing. Results show that the A. pleuropneumoniae - G. mellonella infection model is capable of differentiating levels of virulence of clinical isolates of the same serotype. Furthermore, it can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against this pathogen. The model also showed efficiency to differentiate the virulence between wild and mutant strains of the same bacteria. A correlation analysis between the virulence data, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance allowed six isolates to be selected for genome sequencing. With the assembly and annotation, we found that the genomes of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8 present size of 2.2 ± 0.004 Mpb, with GC content of 40.33% ± 0.263 and coding regions with an average size of 817.3 ± 6.8 bp. The coding regions correspond to 89.05 ± 0.13% of the genome, most of which was recorded as functional genes, enabling the comparative studies with these genomes. These genomes have 79.5 ± 24.05 exclusive proteins, revealing the high genetic variability of the species, which may be related to the variation in virulence between these isolates.

<i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</i> is the etiological agent of contagious swine pleuropneumonia, an economically important disease of the swine industry worldwide. Improved control of this disease requires enhanced understanding of the factors contributing to pathogenesis. The objectives of this study were to investigate the immune response and virulence properties of the 110-kilodalton (110-KDa) hemolysins [hemolysin I (HlyI) and hemolysin II (HlyII)] of <i>A. pleuropneumoniae</i>. Several monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to the hemolysins were developed. An IgGl. MAb (8C2) specific for HlyII, as determined by immunoblotting, was cross-linked to Protein A-Sepharose, and HlyII was purified from serotypes 1 and 5 by immunoaffinity chromatography. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using MAb 8C2, or affinitypurified rabbit IgG to both hemolysins, was developed for detection of swine antibody to one or both hemolysins, respectively. In comparison with the complement fixation test, the ELISA was highly sensitive and specific, and was able to identify animals infected with or exposed to most, if not all, serotypes of <i>A. pleuropneumoniae</i>. Several nonhemolytic mutants of <i>A. pleuropneumoniae</i> serotype 5 were isolated following electroporation of the parent with an hemolysin gene whose open-reading-frame was disrupted with a kanamycin resistance gene. One mutant was characterized for phenotypic and pathogenic properties. Biochemical profiles, growth rate, capsule content, and lipopolysaccharide and whole cell protein electrophoretic profiles of the parent and one of the mutants were similar. The nonhemolytic mutant lacked both HlyI and HlyII proteins in culture supernatant and in whole cell lysates as determined by immunoblot analysis; extracellular and intracellular hemolytic and cytotoxic activity was also absent. The mutant was avirulent in mice and pigs at doses greater than 10 times the lethal dose of the parent. Unlike the parent, the nonhemolytic mutant failed to confer protection against lethal challenge in mice following immunization. Thus, one or both hemolysins are essential for virulence and immunoprotection in <i>A. pleuropneumoniae</i> serotype 5. / Ph. D.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae est un bacille Gram-négatif de la famille des Pasteurellaceae. A. pleuropneumoniae est l'agent étiologique de la pleuropneumonie porcine, une maladie hautement contagieuse et endémique qui cause encore à ce jour d’énormes pertes économiques dans le monde de l’industrie porcine. La pathogenèsedes infections à A. pleuropneumoniae implique plusieurs facteurs de virulence de la bactérie dont les principaux sont les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) et la capsule polysaccharidique (CPS). Ces derniers sont impliqués dans l'adhérence d’A. pleuropneumoniae. Très récemment, il a été démontré qu’A. pleuropneumoniae était capable de produire, sous certaines conditions un biofilm riche en poly- N-acétyl-D-glucosamine (PGA). Cependant, le rôle de cette structure dans la pathogenèse ainsi que les facteurs intervenant dans sa formation et ses signaux déclencheurs sont peu connus à ce jour. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que l’antigène O du LPS joue un rôle important dans la formation d’un biofilm mature par A. pleuropneumoniae que ce soit dans un modèle statique ou dans un modèle dynamique en flux, le «drip flow reactor», plus représentatif de l’environnement pulmonaire. Alors que l’absence de la capsule ou du noyau oligosaccharidique du LPS ne semble pas affecter la formation du biofilm, le défaut de formation du biofilm chez le mutant antigène O semble être lié à un problème de production de PGA. En effet, des tests d’immunodétection du PGA associé aux bactéries, à l’aide d’anticorps spécifiques, et les études d’expression du PGA démontrent que le mutant antigène O produit moins de polysaccharide. De plus, les gènes codant pour le système de stress exocytoplasmique CpxRA semblent être moins exprimés chez le mutant antigène O. I L’expression du système CpxRA a également été étudiée lors de l’exposition de souches faiblement productrices de biofilm à des doses sous inhibitrices de pénicilline G (sous-CMI de PG). L’expression des gènes cpxR et cpxA ainsi que d’un gène codant pour la biosynthèse du PGA est augmentée après exposition à des doses sous-CMI de PG. Cette augmentation est suivie d’une augmentation de la capacité des souches étudiées à former un biofilm ainsi que d’une modification de la composition de la matrice extracellulaire. Ces résultats suggèrent que des doses sous-CMI de PG semblent agir comme signaux activateurs de la formation de biofilm chez A. pleuropneumoniae. Finalement, des expériences visant à établir l’implication du biofilm dans l’échappement d’A. pleuropneumoniae au système immunitaire ont démontré que les bactéries du biofilm sont moins susceptibles d’activer des cellules immunitaires que les bactéries planctoniques. À l’aide de la spectrométrie de masse, nous avons démontré une distribution différente des structures du lipide A du LPS entre les bactéries planctoniques et ceux du biofilm. Ces modifications structurelles au niveau du lipide A pourraient expliquer, du moins en partie, cette diminution de la réponse inflammatoire suite à l’exposition des macrophages aux bactéries du biofilm d’A. pleuropneumoniae. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons ainsi pu identifier de nouveaux facteurs importants pour la formation du biofilm d’A. pleuropneumoniae nous permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de formation du biofilm ainsi que son implication dans la pathogénicité. / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family and the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious disease that causes important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Several virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae have been identified. These factors include the Apx toxins, iron uptake systems and surface polysaccharides. Surface polysaccharides including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are implicated in the adhesion of A. pleuropneumoniae. Recent literature indicates that A. pleuropneumoniae has the ability to rapidly form a biofilm rich in poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PGA). However, the role of the biofilm in the pathogenesis as well as factors and signals involved in are little known to date. In this study, we demonstrated that the LPS O antigen plays an important role in the biofilm formation by A. pleuropneumoniae whether in a static model or a dynamic model under continuous flow, the "drip flow reactor" which is more representative of the lung environment. While truncation of the LPS core oligosaccharide or the absence of CPS did not have any effect, absence of O antigen markedly reduced the ability of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 to form a mature biofilm. This finding was linked for the O-antigen mutant to a reduced pgaA expression and, consequently, a reduced PGA production. Indeed, compared to the parental or other strains, the biofilm of the O-antigen mutant was dramatically reduced and it had less cell-associated PGA. Real-time PCR analyses revealed a significant reduction in the level of pgaA which encodes for biosynthesis of PGA. Interestingly, the O-antigen mutant also exhibited reduced expression of stress extracytoplasmic CpxRA system. Expression of CpxRA system was also investigated during the exposure of field isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae to sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G (sub-MICs of PG). III Surprisingly, cpxR, cpxA and pgaA expression was increased after exposure to sub-MICs of PG. The up-regulation of these genes was followed by an increase of the capacity of the studied strains to form a biofilm as well as a change in the composition of the induced biofilm extracellular matrix. These results suggest that sub-MICs of PG seem to act as activators signal towards biofilms of A. pleuropneumoniae. Finally, experiments to establish the involvement of the biofilm in the immune evasion of A. pleuropneumoniae have shown that biofilm cells have weaker ability to stimulate innate immune cells compared to planktonic bacteria. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated a different distribution of structures of lipid A of LPS between planktonic bacteria and those of the biofilm. These structural changes in the lipid A could explain, at least in part, the reduction of the inflammatory response following exposure of macrophages to A. pleuropneumoniae biofilm cells compared to their planktonic counterparts. During this project, we were able to identify new factors important for biofilm formation of A. pleuropneumoniae allowing us to better understand the biofilm formation and its involvement in pathogenicity.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae est un pathogène strict des voies respiratoires du porc et l'agent causal d'une pleuropneumonie. Plusieurs facteurs de virulence déjà connus sont impliqués dans ce processus infectieux. Récemment, nous avons démontré la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine au lipopolysaccharide (LPS) d'A. pleuropneumoniae. Nous avons également mis en évidence qu'A. pleuropneumoniae pouvait utiliser l'hémoglobine comme seule source de fer pour sa croissance. Par contre, aucune information n'est présentement disponible concernant le système d'acquisition en fer provenant de l'hémoglobine porcine. Certains chercheurs ont identifié la liaison entre le LPS de certaines bactéries et l'hémoglobine humaine. De plus, des protéines liant l'hémoglobine ont été mises en évidence chez certaines bactéries. L'intérêt premier des études décrites dans cette thèse était de caractériser les molécules impliquées dans la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine chez A. pleuropneumoniae. Le premier objectif de ce travail consistait à étudier l'effet de la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine sur les propriétés biologiques et physiques du LPS d'A . pleuropneumoniae. Tout d'abord, la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine à la surface de la cellule entière d'A. pleuropneumoniae a été mise en évidence par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) et par spectroscopie. Puis il a été observé par cytométrie en flux que cette liaison ne modifiait pas l'accessibilité des anticorps aux antigènes de surface 0 et K. Ensuite, la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine au lipide A de la molécule de LPS a été confirmée par le déplacement de la sonde fluorescente dansylcadavérine. Des analyses en MET ont mis en évidence que l'hémoglobine porcine fragmentait le LPS et diminuait ainsi sa vélocité de sédimentation sur un gradient de sucrose. Des tests sur lysats d'amébocytes du Limulus (ou LAL) ont révélé que l'hémoglobine diminuait l'activité biologique du LPS et réduisait également son habileté à stimuler la production d'oxide nitrique par les macrophages murins. Le deuxième objectif de notre étude consistait à élaborer une méthodologie nous permettant de quantifier la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine à la surface d'A. pleuropneumoniae dans le but de comparer différentes souches et différentes conditions de croissance. L'activité liant l'hémoglobine a été évaluée chez A. pleuropneumoniae par cytométrie en flux à l'aide d'hémoglobine porcine marquée à la fluorescéine. L'activité liant l'hémoglobine a été démontrée chez des souches représentatives d'A . pleuropneumoniae appartenant aux sérotypes 1 et 2. En comparant l'activité liant l'hémoglobine chez A. pleuropneumoniae sérotype 1 souche 4074 dans différentes conditions de croissance, il a été démontré que la restriction en fer augmentait l'expression des récepteurs d'hémoglobine. Ceci implique que l'activité liant l'hémoglobine semble, en partie, répressible par le fer. Ces résultats nous indiquaient que, en plus des LPS, des protéines de la membrane externe (OMPs) régulées par le fer pourraient possiblement être impliquées dans l'activité liant l'hémoglobine. De plus, des mutants isogéniques LPS et un mutant acapsulé d A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 ont été testés par cytométrie en flux afin de comprendre le rôle des polysaccharides de surface dans l'activité liant l'hémoglobine. Les expériences menées avec le mutant acapsulé ont indiqué que les molécules de surface possédant une activité liant l'hémoglobine étaient plus exposées à la surface cellulaire en absence du polysaccharide capsulaire. Cependant, l'activité liant l'hémoglobine des mutants LPS analysés dans cette étude était semblable à celle de la souche mère. Le profil des protéines de la membrane externe d'A. pleuropneumoniae sérotype 1 obtenu dans des conditions suffisantes ou restreintes en fer a été également évalué sur gel de polyacrylamide. Des OMPs régulées par le fer ont été observées suggérant qu'une ou plusieurs de ces OMPs pourraient jouer un rôle dans l'activité liant l'hémoglobine détectée par cytométrie en flux. Le troisième objectif de notre étude était d'identifier et de caractériser un ou des récepteurs protéiques impliqués dans la liaison de l'hémoglobine porcine. Les souches de référence représentant les 12 sérotypes d'A. pleuropneumoniae ont été examinées pour tester leur habileté à utiliser différentes sources de fer pour leur croissance. Dans un test de promotion, toutes les souches ont utilisé soit l'hémoglobine porcine ou l'hémine porcine. Cette acquisition ne semblait pas spécifique d'espèce étant donné que les souches d'A. pleuropneumoniae ont également utilisé l'hémoglobine bovine ou l'hémine bovine comme seule source de fer pour croître. En utilisant une procédure de purification par affinité à l'aide d'hémine- ou d'hémoglobine-agarose, une OMP majeure de 75 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine a été isolée chez A. pleuropneumoniae sérotype 1 souche 4074 après croissance dans des conditions de restriction en fer. Des OMPs mineures de 47 et 36 kDa liant l'hémine ou l'hémoglobine ont également été identifiées. Une étude portant sur les souches de référence des 12 sérotypes d'A. pleuropneumoniae après croissance dans des conditions de restriction en fer a révélé que toutes les souches, excepté celles des sérotypes 3, 6, 7, et 10 synthétisaient l'OMP majeure de 75 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine. Cette étude a également démontré que l'OMP mineure de 47 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine était conservée chez toutes les souches testées représentant les 12 sérotypes; l'OMP mineure de 36 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine a été isolée chez toutes les souches testées sauf chez la souche 8329/85 représentant le sérotype 12. Le marquage de la cellule entière d'A. pleuropneumoniae au palmitate radioactif a indiqué que l'OMP majeure de 75 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine n'était pas de nature lipoprotéique. Cependant, les OMPs mineures de 47 et 36 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine pourraient être des lipoprotéines étant donné que des bandes d'approximativement 47 et 36 kDa ont été observées suite au marquage. Malgré plusieurs essais, il n'a pas été possible de déterminer la séquence N-terminale en acides aminés de l'OMP majeure de 75 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine. Afin de prouver que l'OMP majeure de 75 kDa purifiée par hémine-agarose ou hémoglobine-agarose étaient identiques et dans le but d'obtenir une séquence nous permettant de synthétiser un oligonucléotide, ces protéines ont été analysées par un spectromètre de masse couplé à un HPLC et à un séquenceur Edman. Ces analyses ont révélé des peptides communs entre l'OMP purifiée par hémineagarose et l'OMP purifiée par hémoglobine-agarose. Ces résultats suggèrent fortement que ces peptides proviendraient de la même protéine. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggèrent donc que l'OMP majeure de 75 kDa et les OMPs mineures de 36 et 47 kDa liant l'hémine et l'hémoglobine chez A. pleuropneumoniae pourraient être impliquées dans le système d'acquisition en fer provenant de l'hémine ou de l'hémoglobine porcine.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae est l’agent étiologique de la pleuropneumonie porcine. La bactérie se transmet par voies aériennes et contacts directs. Plusieurs facteurs de virulence ont été identifiés, nommément les polysaccharides capsulaires, les lipopolysaccharide, les exotoxines ApxI à IV et de nombreux mécanismes d’acquisition du fer. Aucun vaccin efficace contre tous les sérotypes de la bactérie n’a encore été élaboré. Afin de mieux comprendre de quelle façon A. pleuropneumoniae régule la transcription de ses nombreux facteurs de virulence et de découvrir de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour l’élaboration de vaccins efficaces, le profil transcriptomique de la bactérie a été étudié dans des conditions simulant l’infection ainsi qu’à la suite d’une infection naturelle aiguë chez l’animal. Des biopuces de première et de seconde génération (AppChip1 et AppChip2) comportant respectivement 2025 cadres de lecture ouverts (ORF) de la version préliminaire du génome d’A. pleuropneumoniae sérotype 5b souche L20 et 2033 ORF de la version finale annotée du même génome ont été utilisées. Dans un premier temps, des expériences réalisées dans des conditions de concentration restreinte en fer ont permis d’identifier 210 gènes différentiellement exprimés, dont 92 étaient surexprimés. Plusieurs nouveaux mécanismes d’acquisition du fer ont pu être identifiés, incluant un système homologue au système YfeABCD de Yersinia pestis, impliqué dans l’acquisition du fer chélaté, ainsi que des gènes homologues aux composantes du système HmbR de Neisseria meningitidis impliqué dans l’acquisition du fer à partir de l’hémoglobine. Dans des conditions de culture permettant la formation de biofilms, les gènes tadC et tadD d’un opéron tad (« tight adherence locus ») putatif, les gènes pgaBC impliqués dans la synthèse d’un polysaccharide de la matrice du biofilm ainsi que deux gènes présentant de fortes homologies avec un gène codant pour l’adhésine auto-transporteur Hsf retrouvée chez Haemophilus influenzae ont montré une surexpression significative. Plusieurs de ces gènes ont également été retrouvés lors d’expériences réalisées avec des cellules épithéliales d’origine pulmonaire en culture, qui ont permis d’identifier 170 gènes différentiellement exprimés après la croissance planctonique au-dessus des cellules, et 131 autres suite à l’adhésion à ces cellules. Parmis les gènes surexprimés, les gènes tadB et rcpA de l’opéron tad putatif, les gènes pgaBC ainsi que le gène codant pour l’homologue d’Hsf ont été retrouvés. En présence de liquide de lavage broncho-alvéolaire (BALF), 156 gènes ont montré un profil d’expression modifié, et le gène apxIVA, identifié comme étant surexprimé, a pu être détecté pour la première fois dans des conditions de croissance in vitro. Finalement, des expériences visant à déterminer les gènes utilisés directement chez l’animal en phase aiguë de la pleuropneumonie porcine ont permis d’identifier 150 gènes qui étaient différentiellement exprimés. En plus d’identifier des gènes d’un possible opéron codant pour un fimbriae de type IV, 3 des 72 gènes surexprimés sont conservés chez tous les sérotypes d’A. pleuropneumoniae et codent pour des protéines ou lipoprotéines de surface. Nos expériences ont permis d’identifier plusieurs nouveaux facteurs de virulence potentiels chez A. pleuropneumoniae ainsi que plusieurs nouvelles cibles potentielles pour l’élaboration de vaccins efficaces contre tous les sérotypes. / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Transmission of the disease occurs through direct contact or aerosols. The bacteria possess many virulence factors, namely capsular polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, four Apx toxins and iron acquisition mechanisms. To this day, an efficient cross-serotype vaccine has yet to be developed. In order to investigate regulation mechanisms in A. pleuropneumoniae and to identify new potential targets for the synthesis of subunit vaccines, the transcriptomic profile of the bacteria under conditions that simulate the infection and following a natural acute infection in vivo were studied. The experiences relied on first and second generation microarrays (AppChip1 and AppChip2) designed using 2025 ORFs of the draft version of the A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5b strain L20 genome and 2033 ORFs of the final and annotated version of the same genome respectively. First, experiments were conducted under iron-restricted conditions and 210 genes were deemed differentially expressed, 92 of which were up-regulated. Some new putative iron acquisition mechanisms were identified, including genes homologous to those of the Yersinia pestis YfeABCD chelated-iron acquisition system, as well as other genes homologous to components of the HmbR iron uptake from hemoglobin system of Neisseria meningitidis. When cultured in conditions promoting biofilm production, genes tadC and tadD from a putative tad (« tight adherence locus ») operon, genes pgaABC involved in the biosynthesis of a polysaccharide of the biofilm matrix as well as two ORFs encoding a putative autotransporter adhesins similar to the Haemophilus influenzae Hsf adhesin were all significantly overexpressed. Many of these genes were also overexpressed when lung epithelial cells were infected with A. pleuropneumoniae. While 170 genes were differentially expressed after planktonic growth in the culture medium above the cells, another 131 were identified following direct adhesion to the cells. Genes tadB and rcpA of the tad locus, as well as genes pgaBC and an ORF coding for the Hsf homolog where all found among overexpressed genes. When A. pleuropneumoniae was cultured in contact with broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF), 156 genes were significantly differentially expressed and gene apxIVA, which was up-regulated, was detected for the first time during in in vitro growth conditions. Finally, experiments were conducted in vivo in animals naturally infected with A. pleuropneumoniae in the late stage of the acute phase in order to identify genes that are expressed during the infection of the natural host. While 150 genes were deemed differentially expressed, genes apxIVA as well as two genes from an operon coding for a putative type IV fimbriae were up-regulated. Out of those 72 genes that were overexpressed, 3 encode proteins or lipoproteins of the outer membrane which are conserved among all serotypes of the bacteria. Overall, we were able to identify several new potential virulence factors for A. pleuropneumoniae in the course of our experiments, as well as several new potential targets for the elaboration of an efficient cross-serotype vaccine.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae est l’agent étiologique de la pleuropneumonie porcine. La bactérie se transmet par voies aériennes et contacts directs. Plusieurs facteurs de virulence ont été identifiés, nommément les polysaccharides capsulaires, les lipopolysaccharide, les exotoxines ApxI à IV et de nombreux mécanismes d’acquisition du fer. Aucun vaccin efficace contre tous les sérotypes de la bactérie n’a encore été élaboré. Afin de mieux comprendre de quelle façon A. pleuropneumoniae régule la transcription de ses nombreux facteurs de virulence et de découvrir de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour l’élaboration de vaccins efficaces, le profil transcriptomique de la bactérie a été étudié dans des conditions simulant l’infection ainsi qu’à la suite d’une infection naturelle aiguë chez l’animal. Des biopuces de première et de seconde génération (AppChip1 et AppChip2) comportant respectivement 2025 cadres de lecture ouverts (ORF) de la version préliminaire du génome d’A. pleuropneumoniae sérotype 5b souche L20 et 2033 ORF de la version finale annotée du même génome ont été utilisées. Dans un premier temps, des expériences réalisées dans des conditions de concentration restreinte en fer ont permis d’identifier 210 gènes différentiellement exprimés, dont 92 étaient surexprimés. Plusieurs nouveaux mécanismes d’acquisition du fer ont pu être identifiés, incluant un système homologue au système YfeABCD de Yersinia pestis, impliqué dans l’acquisition du fer chélaté, ainsi que des gènes homologues aux composantes du système HmbR de Neisseria meningitidis impliqué dans l’acquisition du fer à partir de l’hémoglobine. Dans des conditions de culture permettant la formation de biofilms, les gènes tadC et tadD d’un opéron tad (« tight adherence locus ») putatif, les gènes pgaBC impliqués dans la synthèse d’un polysaccharide de la matrice du biofilm ainsi que deux gènes présentant de fortes homologies avec un gène codant pour l’adhésine auto-transporteur Hsf retrouvée chez Haemophilus influenzae ont montré une surexpression significative. Plusieurs de ces gènes ont également été retrouvés lors d’expériences réalisées avec des cellules épithéliales d’origine pulmonaire en culture, qui ont permis d’identifier 170 gènes différentiellement exprimés après la croissance planctonique au-dessus des cellules, et 131 autres suite à l’adhésion à ces cellules. Parmis les gènes surexprimés, les gènes tadB et rcpA de l’opéron tad putatif, les gènes pgaBC ainsi que le gène codant pour l’homologue d’Hsf ont été retrouvés. En présence de liquide de lavage broncho-alvéolaire (BALF), 156 gènes ont montré un profil d’expression modifié, et le gène apxIVA, identifié comme étant surexprimé, a pu être détecté pour la première fois dans des conditions de croissance in vitro. Finalement, des expériences visant à déterminer les gènes utilisés directement chez l’animal en phase aiguë de la pleuropneumonie porcine ont permis d’identifier 150 gènes qui étaient différentiellement exprimés. En plus d’identifier des gènes d’un possible opéron codant pour un fimbriae de type IV, 3 des 72 gènes surexprimés sont conservés chez tous les sérotypes d’A. pleuropneumoniae et codent pour des protéines ou lipoprotéines de surface. Nos expériences ont permis d’identifier plusieurs nouveaux facteurs de virulence potentiels chez A. pleuropneumoniae ainsi que plusieurs nouvelles cibles potentielles pour l’élaboration de vaccins efficaces contre tous les sérotypes. / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Transmission of the disease occurs through direct contact or aerosols. The bacteria possess many virulence factors, namely capsular polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, four Apx toxins and iron acquisition mechanisms. To this day, an efficient cross-serotype vaccine has yet to be developed. In order to investigate regulation mechanisms in A. pleuropneumoniae and to identify new potential targets for the synthesis of subunit vaccines, the transcriptomic profile of the bacteria under conditions that simulate the infection and following a natural acute infection in vivo were studied. The experiences relied on first and second generation microarrays (AppChip1 and AppChip2) designed using 2025 ORFs of the draft version of the A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5b strain L20 genome and 2033 ORFs of the final and annotated version of the same genome respectively. First, experiments were conducted under iron-restricted conditions and 210 genes were deemed differentially expressed, 92 of which were up-regulated. Some new putative iron acquisition mechanisms were identified, including genes homologous to those of the Yersinia pestis YfeABCD chelated-iron acquisition system, as well as other genes homologous to components of the HmbR iron uptake from hemoglobin system of Neisseria meningitidis. When cultured in conditions promoting biofilm production, genes tadC and tadD from a putative tad (« tight adherence locus ») operon, genes pgaABC involved in the biosynthesis of a polysaccharide of the biofilm matrix as well as two ORFs encoding a putative autotransporter adhesins similar to the Haemophilus influenzae Hsf adhesin were all significantly overexpressed. Many of these genes were also overexpressed when lung epithelial cells were infected with A. pleuropneumoniae. While 170 genes were differentially expressed after planktonic growth in the culture medium above the cells, another 131 were identified following direct adhesion to the cells. Genes tadB and rcpA of the tad locus, as well as genes pgaBC and an ORF coding for the Hsf homolog where all found among overexpressed genes. When A. pleuropneumoniae was cultured in contact with broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF), 156 genes were significantly differentially expressed and gene apxIVA, which was up-regulated, was detected for the first time during in in vitro growth conditions. Finally, experiments were conducted in vivo in animals naturally infected with A. pleuropneumoniae in the late stage of the acute phase in order to identify genes that are expressed during the infection of the natural host. While 150 genes were deemed differentially expressed, genes apxIVA as well as two genes from an operon coding for a putative type IV fimbriae were up-regulated. Out of those 72 genes that were overexpressed, 3 encode proteins or lipoproteins of the outer membrane which are conserved among all serotypes of the bacteria. Overall, we were able to identify several new potential virulence factors for A. pleuropneumoniae in the course of our experiments, as well as several new potential targets for the elaboration of an efficient cross-serotype vaccine.