Esta dissertação tem como objetivo evidenciar o plurilingüismo presente na obra O crime do padre Amaro, de Eça de Queirós, à luz das idéias elaboradas pelo teórico russo Mikhail Bakhtin, defensor do princípio de que todo e qualquer discurso é isento de neutralidade e impregnado de intencionalidade. Embasado pelas teorias dialógica e polifônica, este trabalho realiza uma investigação das vozes manifestadas na narrativa, procurando contornos reveladores da palavra de outrem. O presente estudo examina as possíveis intenções do autor ao utilizar a voz de seu narrador para mascarar seu discurso irônico e satírico, expondo suas críticas através de um discurso que se sobrepõe ao discurso original. Na obra analisada, Eça apresenta um entrelaçar de vozes originadas de diferentes esferas, onde proliferam discursos que refletem a visão anticlerical, cientificista e reformista do autor. Estes discursos, quando instaurados pelo narrador, ganham efeitos que, na ficção, tecem uma leitura da realidade. Nesta perspectiva, esta análise revela que por meio de um discurso inovador, muito distanciado da tradição clássica literária, Eça de Queirós propõe uma escrita na qual não se esgotam as possibilidades, pois há muito a ser desvendado neste imenso entrelaçar de vozes / This paper aims to show the pluringualism in the work O crime do padre Amaro, by Eça de Queirós, based on Mikhail Bakhtins theories, who defends that every and any discourse is exempt from neutrality and full of intentions. Inspired by the dialogical and polyphonic theories, this paper will investigate the multiple voices in the narrative, searching for revealing characteristics from different speeches. The study intends to analyze authors possible intentions when using the narrators voice to mask his own ironic and satirical discourse, presenting all his criticism through a discourse that overlaps the original one. The author presents in his work voices from different spheres, where authors anticlericalism, scientificism and reformism are reproduced. These discourses, when produced by the narrator, make effects that, in the fiction, build the reality. From this perspective, this analysis shows that through an innovative discourse, distant from the classical literary tradition, Eça de Queirós proposes a writing with endless possibilities, since there are many other voices to be revealed

Orientador: Roxane Helena Rodrigues Rojo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Liunguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T20:45:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_ClaudiaHilsdorf_D.pdf: 4845039 bytes, checksum: f09973209a11891ddac7bba6561a3329 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Marcado por uma natureza de ordem exploratória e propositiva, este trabalho volta-se ao ensino-aprendizagem de inglês nos anos iniciais da Educação Básica. Até o presente momento, as línguas estrangeiras não integram, oficialmente, a Matriz curricular desse âmbito educacional, o que impõe à área severas limitações. Na medida em que esse ensino encontra-se fortalecido nas escolas particulares, pode-se compreender o caráter não compulsório da disciplina nos níveis iniciais do setor público como excludente. Por outro lado, frente à importância do inglês em uma sociedade globalizada e a despeito dos controversos impactos de sua influência nos mais variados campos, temos presenciado algumas iniciativas de implantação do ensino da língua inglesa nas séries iniciais da escola pública, o que vem ocorrendo de forma irregular e sem apoio de parâmetros oficiais, possivelmente fragilizando o processo e intensificando desigualdades. Diante do exposto, este estudo busca delinear diretrizes teórico-práticas que possam orientar o ensino de língua inglesa nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, sob perspectivas éticas e transformadoras. Com o apoio das teorizações bakhtinianas, que aferem à linguagem uma natureza dialógica, discursiva e situada, procurou-se aqui discutir as especificidades de um ensino formador, voltado à construção de multiletramentos que atendam à noção de cidadania ativa e crítica na contemporaneidade. Assim sendo, com base em uma abordagem plurilíngue e pluricultural frente à educação de línguas, tomaram-se aqui os gêneros discursivos como organizadores do ensino de línguas no nível escolar focalizado. Nessa perspectiva, o inglês mostrou-se um objeto fronteiriço, que viabiliza a confluência de diferentes culturas, línguas e linguagens sociais na sala de aula. Sob esse enfoque, foram aqui especificadas as principais categorias para a composição de uma organização curricular de bases plurilíngues e transculturais, sendo essas diretrizes seguidas de propostas de ordem prática / Abstract: Revealing an exploratory and proactive nature, this work aims at the English teaching and learning process as far as the first years of formal education in Brazil is concerned. Up to the present moment, foreign languages, including English, are not officially part of the National Curriculum of the first five schooling years. Since foreign language teaching happens on a regular and solid basis as far as private schools are concerned, its optional and therefore fragile nature when it comes to public education shows clear evidence of exclusion. Nevertheless, due to the importance of English in a globalized world and despite all the controversial socio-educational impacts of such an influence, there has been an increase in the implementation of this discipline at the beginning years of Brazilian public education, which has been happening at an irregular pace and without official parameters, impairing the process and intensifying social differences. Therefore, the main objectives of this study lie on the development of possible guidelines to support a more effective, situated and meaningful teaching-learning process in the named context, on a critical and transformative basis. Standing for a pluralistic approach to language education, in and by which multiliteracies can be developed to attend the demands of the present world, the bakhtinian speech genres are here taken as organizers of the educational process. It is strongly believed that through a dialogic, pluralistic and transcultural teaching, in which English plays the role of a boundary object, there can be the hybridization of languages and cultures. From this perspective, theoretical guidelines have been developed in this study, as well as some teaching practical propositions have been presented / Doutorado / Lingua Estrangeira / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-06-08T17:01:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucimar França dos Santos Souza - 2017.pdf: 2753445 bytes, checksum: 4342a4ec56a42002e9160d2013772930 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T10:58:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucimar França dos Santos Souza - 2017.pdf: 2753445 bytes, checksum: 4342a4ec56a42002e9160d2013772930 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T10:58:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucimar França dos Santos Souza - 2017.pdf: 2753445 bytes, checksum: 4342a4ec56a42002e9160d2013772930 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-03 / The objective of this work is to investigate how the Portuguese Language (LP) is represented in TimorLeste, considering the plurilingual context in which it is inserted. From this perspective, the research involved 16 East Timorese teachers, whose basic formation occurred in the period of Indonesian domination. The problem of the research is the social representations of LP in East Timorese imagery. Through interviews, narratives, questionnaires and interviews, based on Gil (1999) and Marconi and Lakatos (1990), I tried to analyze the subjects' perceptions regarding the officialisation of LP in East Timor, as well as the dynamics of that language in contact with the local languages, among them, the Tetun that has the status of national language and also official language. The study is linked to the field of Sociolinguistics, based on the assumptions of Calvet (2002, 2007), regarding the analysis of linguistic policies (PL) at the governmental level and, considering Article 13, item 1, of the Constitution (C-RDTL / 2002), Decree no. 14 of the Law on Bases and Education (LBE / 2008) and Decree No. 23 of the Civil Service Commission (CFP / 2009), whose texts consecrate LP as official, Of the civil service, respectively. Article 13 also includes, in item 2, the valorization of the national language and local languages. In view of this, we ask ourselves: what are the representations of LP in the East Timorese imaginary? The results show that teachers are willing to accept the reinsertion of LP based on their recent official status and aim at a linguistic planning appropriate to the real needs of the East Timorese State reconstruction process. We hope that the questions raised will broaden the already existing discussions on the subject and will reveal other important aspects about the management of languages in sociolinguistically complex contexts, such as the East Timorese State. On the basis of empirical material, we affirm that the East Timorese State has sovereign management over the status of languages / Neste trabalho, objetivei pesquisar de que forma a Língua Portuguesa (LP) é representada em Timor-Leste, considerando o contexto plurilíngue, no qual está inserida. Nessa perspectiva, a pesquisa envolveu 17 professores leste-timorenses, cuja formação básica deu-se no período da dominação indonésia. O problema da pesquisa são as representações sociais da LP no imaginário leste-timorense. Por meio de observações, narrativas, questionários e entrevistas, fundamentados em Gil (1999) e Marconi e Lakatos (1990), busquei analisar as percepções dos sujeitos em relação à oficialização da LP em Timor-Leste, como também a dinâmica dessa língua em contato com as línguas locais, entre essas, o Tetun que possui o estatuto de língua nacional e, também, língua oficial. O estudo está vinculado ao campo da Sociolinguística, com base nos pressupostos de Calvet (2002; 2007), no que se refere à análise de políticas linguísticas (PL), em nível governamental e, considerando o Artigo 13º, item 1, da Constituição (C-RDTL/2002), o Parecer nº 14 da Lei de Bases e Educação (LBE/2008) e o Decreto nº 23 da Comissão da Função pública (CFP/2009), cujos textos consagram a LP como oficial, de instrução e da função pública, respectivamente. O Artigo 13º inclui, também, no item 2, a valorização da língua nacional e das línguas locais. Diante disso, perguntamo-nos: quais são as representações da LP no imaginário leste-timorense? Os resultados alcançados mostram que os professores estão dispostos a aceitar a reinserção da LP com base no seu estatuto oficial recente e almejam um planejamento linguístico adequado às reais necessidades do processo de reconstrução do Estado leste-timorense. Esperamos que os questionamentos levantados ampliem as discussões já existentes sobre o tema e revelem ainda outros aspectos importantes sobre a gestão de língua (s) em contextos sociolinguisticamente complexos, como o é o Estado lestetimorense. Com base em material empírico, afirmamos que o Estado lestetimorense possui gestão soberana sobre o estatuto das línguas.

Abstract This study examines Continuing Education (ContEd) administrators’ understanding of the notion of plurilingualism (PL) and its application in the context of Grade 9 to 12 International Languages (IL) classrooms in Ontario. Through cross-case analysis and a phenomenological lens, the perspectives of 17 administrators from across Ontario were analyzed in reference to PL as it is elaborated in the CEFR and the 2016 IL curriculum. Participants expressed a need for administrators to learn about PL-inspired classroom practices in order to guide and train IL teachers, to foster innovation in the immersion context of IL classrooms, and to advocate for IL and PL in the broader school system. The implications are far-reaching and touch on professional development for IL administrators and teachers, student motivation, and discursive practices in IL and the broader school system. The study contributes to theory on PL, SLE research about PL in the IL context, and administrators in the ContEd context.

The development of plurilingual competence has been increasingly seen as an important aspect of foreign language teaching. Since textbooks usually play a central role in language classrooms, they are supposed to contribute to the development of plurilingual teaching. This paper focuses on three textbooks for German as a foreign language used in the Swedish upper-secondary school with the purpose of finding out the extent to which they include components that encourage the pupils' development of both language awareness and language learning awareness in order to enhance the acquisition of German as a third language in accordance with the concept of plurilingualism didactics. The analysis of the results shows that the basic guidelines of the didactics of plurilingualism are taken into consideration only to a very limited extent in the Swedish textbooks.

This study explores teacher student and in-service teacher beliefs about using code-switching in the English language classroom. Language classrooms have long adopted amonolingual approach. However, nowadays many classrooms are multilingual and a shifttowards using multilingual strategies to accommodate multilingual pupils can be seen inboth research and steering documents. Plurilingualism is promoted by the EuropeanCouncil and the Swedish syllabus for English, and research shows that code-switchingcan be one method for pupils to draw from all their language skills. Although amonolingual approach is still considered ideal, in research about teacher and teacherstudent beliefs about code-switching most participants use code-switching. This papertherefore investigates teacher student and in-service teacher beliefs in order to explorehow teachers use code-switching. Using the qualitative method of semi-structuredinterviews and analysing our data with the help of a coding scheme, we found that thoughall participants agree that a monolingual standard is ideal, they believe that it is importantto acknowledge pupils’ multilingual backgrounds and that code-switching can be one wayof doing that while still facilitating learning. We also found that the participants’ use ofcode-switching depends on their pupils’ proficiency, that they mainly use code-switchingfor communicative purposes, and that the participants’ own lingual backgrounds affectedtheir beliefs about code-switching. The result of this paper shows that in-service teachersneed to reflect on how and why they use code-switching while teacher educationprogrammes need to acknowledge multilingual strategies and make students aware ofwhen such strategies are beneficial to learning, and when they are not.

Over the past decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the enrollment of foreign-born children in Swedish schools. While Swedish as a second language has its own curriculum, there appears to be a lack of emphasis on teaching English to new arrivals. Despite English being a compulsory subject in the Swedish education system, there is inconsistency among teachers in their approaches to teaching it to new arrivals. This study specifically focuses on children of Middle Eastern descent, whose native language is Arabic. It investigates whether new arrivals are effectively accommodated in the classroom while learning English as a third language, and if so, what specific accommodations are provided. To achieve the results of this study, interviews with teachers and student questionnaires have been conducted to assess and compare the alignment of teaching methodology between them. As a result, plurilingual teachers, proficient in multiple languages, seem to have a significant advantage in teaching and communicating with new arrivals, particularly if they share the same native language. The objective of this study is to investigate the possible advantages which plurilingual teachers have within the Swedish school system.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar, a partir de uma abordagem plurilíngue, a influência que a língua inglesa exerce no processo de ensino/aprendizagem de alemão como segunda língua estrangeira para aprendizes brasileiros. Os principais questionamentos da pesquisa se concentram nos processos de transferência linguística positiva e de interferência observados na aprendizagem dos alunos em nível inicial, tendo em vista que as línguas anteriormente aprendidas, principalmente a inglesa, possuem grande potencial de influenciar sua(s) língua(s) subsequente(s). A partir de pesquisas nas áreas de ensino/aprendizagem de alemão como L3 e Alemão após Inglês foi elaborado um questionário de pesquisa respondido por 50 informantes dos níveis A1 a B1 do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas, alunos do curso de línguas Alemão no Campus, ministrado pela Área de Alemão da Universidade de São Paulo. O questionário foi composto de três partes, referindo-se a primeira às informações sobre o repertório linguístico dos aprendizes, a segunda às percepções e crenças sobre seu processo de aprendizagem, em especial quando da aprendizagem de línguas de parentesco comprovado e a terceira parte a uma produção textual, que teve como objetivo coletar material linguístico genuíno dos aprendizes para, posteriormente, identificar empiricamente alguns de seus desvios linguísticos. A partir da revisão da literatura e da análise dos questionários, a premissa de que o inglês exerce um papel importante na aprendizagem do alemão pôde ser confirmada, sendo o parentesco etimológico um dos mais importantes fatores na determinação da ocorrência de influência interlinguística. Ademais, os aprendizes foram capazes de identificar corretamente as áreas nas quais o conhecimento prévio do inglês funciona como um auxílio (p.ex. compreensão de vocabulário) e as áreas de dificuldade (p.ex. pronúncia), fazendo uso das estratégias de aprendizagem que envolvem a comparação de sistemas linguísticos em sua produção linguística. Entretanto, a interferência linguística advinda do emprego dessas estratégias sugere o desenvolvimento, por professores brasileiros, de uma didática plurilíngue que englobe novos métodos para o ensino de língua alemã como segunda língua estrangeira. / The present work aims at the investigation of the influence that the English language exerts on the learning/teaching process of German as a second foreign language for Brazilian learners in a plurilingual approach. The main questions of the research focus on positive transfer processes as well as linguistic interference observed in initial level learners, taking into consideration that the previously learned languages, mainly English, have a great potential to influence subsequent foreign languages. Based on studies in the areas of teaching and learning of German as an L3 and German after English, a research questionnaire was designed and subsequently responded by a group of 50 learners, levels A1 to B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, all of them students of the language course named Alemão no Campus, given by the German department at the University of São Paulo. The questionnaire was composed of three parts. The first part refers to the information about the linguistic repertoire of the investigated group; the second one investigates the perceptions and beliefs that learners have about their learning process, especially when they are learning languages of the same linguistic family; and the third part consists of a textual production, that had as its main goal collecting genuine linguistic material of these learners in a way that, later, this material could be used in order to identify, empirically, some of the linguistic deviations. From the literature review and the questionnaires analysis, the assumption that English exerts an important role in the learning process of German could be confirmed, being the etymological relationship between languages one of the most important elements in order to determine the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence. Furthermore, the learners were able to accurately identify the areas in which the previous knowledge of English operates as a helpful tool for the learners (e.g. vocabulary comprehension) and the difficulty areas (e.g. pronunciation), making use of those learning strategies that involve the comparison of linguistic systems in their production. Nevertheless, the linguistic interference that results from the employment of these strategies suggests the development, by Brazilian teachers, of a plurilingualism didactics that includes new methods for the teaching/learning of German as a second foreign language.

Linguistic diversity represents a real challenge for a harmonious coexistence in Europe and in today’s globalised world. Language learning has therefore become an undeniable asset of competitiveness in a multilingual European area, with 24 official European Union languages and more than 60 minority languages. This thesis hence focuses on language acquisition during the Erasmus Mundus student mobility program of Euroculture. Does Euroculture succeed in facilitating language learning, thus enabling social integration in the host countries? In order to analyse this issue, it is essential to address English as lingua franca and lingua academica, used in international higher education programs. Some the- ories have been developed on lingua franca and are useful to analyse the role English plays in the Euroculture program. Indeed, Nicholas Ostler’s argument on the end of Eng- lish as lingua franca in the future will be confronted with Louis Jean Calvet’s gravita- tional model of languages. Calvet’s model asserts the predominance of English as lingua franca, which could threaten multilingualism. This is what the study aims to assess. Eu- ropean linguistic policies and tools set up to improve plurilingualism are also explored in order to provide a comprehensive framework and to analyse whether the study findings reflect the recommendations of European policies. An empirical quantitative method con- sisting of 26 questions, submitted to Euroculture students and alumni, has been used to analyse the extent to which Euroculture facilitate language acquisition. The findings have shown that two main factors facilitate plurilingualism: the language courses offered at partner universities and students’ own decisions to integrate in the host countries through various factors are among the elements facilitating language acquisition. The research also revealed important barriers in the language learning process and the social integra- tion in host countries, namely the “Euroculture bubble” phenomenon, the predominance of English as lingua franca and barriers to access language courses.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier le phénomène littéraire défini comme la «nouvelle vague sarde», et plus particulièrement les formes et les raisons du mélange linguistique sarde/italien, qui caractérisent les œuvres des écrivains sardes publiées entre 1995 et 2010. A travers une analyse diachronique et synchronique de la littérature de la Sardaigne nous voulons montrer qu'on ne peut pas parler d'une vraie nouveauté ni d'une tendance unitaire telle qu'on puisse parler d’une «vague». En effet, cette «renaissance littéraire sarde» correspond à l'exploit simultané de quelques auteurs, qui profitent d'un climat de forte vitalité, au niveau national, des langues régionales, mais, surtout, d'une nouvelle liberté expressive, inaugurée par les romans de Sergio Atzeni au milieu des années 1990. Même s'il existe des différences remarquables parmi les formes et les effets liés au mélange linguistique utilisé dans les romans pris en examen, cette caractéristique du panorama littéraire contemporain sarde met en évidence une attention spéciale, de la part des auteurs, pour la langue parlée sur l'île dans les époques racontées, qu'il s'agisse du sarde ou de l'italien régional sarde. De plus, le choix du mélange de sarde et d’italien souligne la valeur attribuée aux formes expressives typiques de la Sardaigne, dans le cadre d'une représentation des particularités et des problématiques internes, liées aux relations entre le progrès et la tradition. / This thesis aims to study the literary phenomenon called «Sardinia nouvelle vague» and more particularly the forms and reasons of linguistic mixture between Sardinian and Italian, which characterize the works of Sardinian writers published between 1995 and 2010. Through a diachronic and synchronic study of Sardinian literature we want to show that we are not talking about something new. In fact, the "Sardinian literary renaissance" is the exploit of some authors who take advantage of a climate of strong national vitality, of regional languages, but, above all, a new freedom of expression, inaugurated by the works of Sergio Atzeni in the mid 90s. Despite significant differences in the forms and effects of mixture of language used in novels examined, this feature of the contemporary Sardinian literary scene marks a special attention by the authors to the language spoken on the island in different eras portrayed, whether it's Sardinian, regional Sardinian or Italian. Moreover, the choice of the mix of Sardinian and Italian emphasizes the value attributed to the forms of expression typical of Sardinia as part of a representation of the peculiarities and internal issues, related to the relationship between progress and tradition.