Les cardiopathies représentent la première cause de mortalité dans le monde, près de 30% des décès chaque année sont imputables à ce type de pathologies ; cette incidence a par ailleurs fortement augmentée au cours du siècle dernier (OMS). Les cardiopathies peuvent être classées en plusieurs sous-groupes de maladies cardio-vasculaires en fonction du tissu affecté par la pathologie. On différencie ainsi les maladies affectant les vaisseaux, le muscle cardiaque, le rythme (tissu pacemaker et de conduction) et les maladies des valves cardiaques. Les valvulopathies cardiaques peuvent être causées par des défauts des valves acquis ou innés et représentent près de 30 à 40% des malformations cardiaques recensées. Le pourcentage de patients atteints de valvulopathies augmente avec l’âge du patient, de plus, les valvulopathies représentent la principale cause de morbidité chez l’adulte, et l’enfant dans les pays développés.Ces défauts peuvent être d’origines génétiques, congénitales, toxicologique, ischémiques avec influence de différents facteurs de risques aussi bien génétiques qu’environnementaux, dans certains cas elles peuvent même être provoquées par des médicaments, le cas du Benfluorex (Mediator®) étant probablement le plus connu. Les défauts affectant les valves peuvent avoir de graves conséquences sur le fonctionnement du cœur. Ainsi, en 2008, aux États-Unis, il a été nécessaire de procéder au remplacement de près de 82000 valves cardiaques chez des patients adultes. Si le remplacement de valves cardiaques reste une avancée majeure pour les patients atteints de valvulopathies, l’utilisation de prothèses et de transplants valvulaires présentent néanmoins des limitations, notamment : une absence de croissance des prothèses, l’apparition de thromboses, ainsi que des rejets en cas de transplantation de valves allo-géniques, prélevées sur des donneurs en morts cérébrale. Ainsi, il est nécessaire d’étudier les mécanismes mis en jeu dès le développement embryonnaire, mécanismes qui pourrait avoir un effet délétère à plus ou moins long terme entrainant l’apparition d’une valvulopathie chez l’enfant, le jeune adulte ou chez la personne âgée. Pour cela l’utilisation d’un modèle cellulaire utilisable in vitro serait une avancée remarquable. Ce modèle permettrait à la fois d’élucider un certain nombre de mécanismes biologiques mis en place au cours du développement ou de la pathologie, mais aussi d’espérer la mise en place d’un protocole permettant l’utilisation clinique de cellules autologues reprogrammées pour la thérapie des tissus atteints de valvulopathies voire même une thérapie incluant une réparation endogène. / Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, nearly 30% of deaths each year are attributable to such diseases; this incidence has also greatly increased in the last century (WHO).Heart disease can be classified into several subgroups of cardiovascular disease based on the tissue affected by the pathology. It thus differs diseases affecting vessels, cardiac muscle, rhythm (fabric pacemaker and conduction) and heart valve disease. Heart valve disease can be caused by defects of innate and acquired or valves represent about 30-40% of heart defects identified. The percentage of patients with valvular heart disease patients increases with age of the patient, in addition, valvular heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity in adults and children in developed countries.These defects may be of genetic origin, congenital, toxicological, with ischemic influence of various risk factors both genetic and environmental, in some cases they can even be caused by medications, if the Benfluorex (Mediator®) are probably the most known. The defects in the valves can have serious consequences on the functioning of the heart. In 2008, the United States, it was necessary to proceed with the replacement of nearly 82,000 heart valves in adult patients.If the replacement heart valves remains a major advance for patients with valvular heart disease, the use of prostheses and transplants valves nevertheless have limitations, including: no growth prostheses, the occurrence of thrombosis and releases in cases of allo-transplantation of gene valves taken from brain dead donors. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms involved early embryonic development, mechanisms that could have a deleterious effect more or less long term leading the development of valvular disease in children or young adults in the old person. For this the use of an in vitro cell model used is a remarkable achievement. This model would both elucidate a number of biological mechanisms during development or pathology, but also hope the development of a protocol for the clinical use of autologous cells reprogrammed to the therapy of patients with valvular tissue or even a therapy including an endogenous repair.

L’amaurose congénitale de Leber (ACL) est une maladie génétique touchant la rétine. Les premiers symptômes apparaissent dès les premiers mois de la vie et mènent en quelques années à la cécité. A ce jour, des mutations dans 18 gènes ont été associées à la maladie. Cette hétérogénéité génétique rend difficile l’étude des mécanismes conduisant aux différents symptômes. Les modèles animaux utilisés en laboratoire, notamment les rongeurs, permettent d’étudier certains de ces mécanismes mais présentent des limites liées à l’espèce. Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSCs), qui proviennent de la reprogrammation de cellules somatiques issues de patients, constituent un nouvel outil pour étudier une maladie génétique dans un contexte humain naturel. Elles permettent d’obtenir tous les phénotypes cellulaires désirés sans limite quantitative ce qui ouvre la porte à des approches d’analyse à large échelle telle que l’analyse transcriptomique qui vise à explorer de manière systématique la modulation des gènes dans une maladie. L’objectif de mon projet de recherche a été de développer un modèle cellulaire humain naturellement porteur de l’ACL. Après avoir produit les iPSCs à partir de fibroblastes de patients, mes travaux ont consisté à les différencier en populations cellulaires homogènes et facilement amplifiables, les cellules souches neurales et les cellules de l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien. Ces populations ont servi à mener des analyses transcriptomiques à large échelle qui ont permis d’identifier plusieurs gènes candidats, potentiellement impliqués dans le développement de la pathologie, parmi lesquels GSTT1 qui pourrait avoir un rôle dans le stress oxydatif. / Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a genetic disease affecting the retina. The first symptoms appear in the first months of life and lead in few years to blindness. To date, mutations in 18 genes have been associated with the disease. This genetic heterogeneity makes it difficult to study mechanisms leading to different symptoms. Animal models, including rodents, are used to study some of these mechanisms but have limitations mostly related to the species. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are reprogrammed somatic cells of patients, constitute a new tool for studying genetic diseases in a natural human context. They achieve all desired cell phenotypes without quantitative limits which opens the door to large-scale analysis approaches such as transcriptomic analysis that aims to systematically explore the modulation of genes in a disease. The aim of my research project was to develop a human cell model naturally carries the LCA. After producing the iPSCs from fibroblasts of patients, my work had consisted to differentiate them into homogeneous and easily amplifiable cell populations, neural stem cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. These populations have served to conduct large-scale transcriptomic analyzes which have identified several candidate genes potentially involved in the development of the disease, including GSTT1 which might have a role in oxidative stress.

Les mutations affectant la fonction d'enzymes impliquées dans le cycle des purines sont responsables d'une multitude de syndromes pédiatriques, caractérisés par des atteintes neurologiques et comportementales. A ce jour, aucune stratégie thérapeutique n'a été réellement efficace pour contrôler ces symptômes. La maladie de Lesch-Nyhan (MLN), associée à la perte de fonction de l'enzyme de recyclage HGPRT, constitue un bon modèle d'étude. Mon travail a consisté à utiliser la technologie des cellules souches induites à la pluripotence, reprogrammées à partir de fibroblastes de patients atteints des formes sévères de la MLN, pour identifier des phénotypes neuronaux associés à la perte de fonction de l'HGPRT. Ces marqueurs phénotypiques ont ensuite été utilisés pour identifier, par une approche de criblage à haut débit, de nouvelles molécules chimiques capables de corriger ces défauts. Plus de 3000 molécules ont été testées et 6 composés, tous dérivés de l'adénosine, ont pu être identifiés comme compensant le métabolisme par un mécanisme d'action indépendant de l'HGPRT. De manière intéressante, un des composés, la S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) a par le passé déjà démontré des effets bénéfiques sur les symptômes comportementaux typiques de la MLN dans plusieurs études de cas. Cela démontre que la stratégie abordée ici a permis l'identification de cibles thérapeutiques permettant d'améliorer les symptômes neurospychiatriques de cette pathologie et constitue un modèle réplicable pour différentes pathologies touchant le métabolisme cérébral. / Mutations in genes coding for enzymes involved in purine synthesis or recycling lead to dramatic neurological conditions with poor pharmacological options. Lesch–Nyhan disease (LND) is caused by deficiency of the salvage pathway enzyme HGPRT that compromises recycling of guanine and hypoxanthine into GMP and IMP. LND is characterized by severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that are out of reach of pharmacological treatments. Here we use human cortical neural stem cells and neurons derived from iPSC of children affected by severe forms of LND to identify neural phenotypes associated with HGPRT-deficiency and of interest to develop a target-agnostic based drug screening system. We screened more than 3000 molecules and identified 6 compounds, all possessing an adenosine moiety, that corrected LND related neuronal phenotypes by promoting metabolism compensations in a HGPRT-independent manner. One of these compound, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), has already been reported as providing amelioration of behavioral symptoms in some LND cases, demonstrating that our screening allowed the identification of pathways that can be relevant therapeutic targets to ease the devastating neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with this pathology. Interestingly, these pathways can be activated in LND patients via simple food supplementation. This experimental paradigm can also be easily adapted to other purine associated neurological disorders affecting normal brain development.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario / Las células madre mesenquimales (CMM) son células indiferenciadas con alta capacidad proliferativa y de diferenciación multipotente hacia líneas celulares mesodérmicas que incluyen osteocitos, condrocitos y adipocitos. Estudios recientes indican que las CMM poseen adicionalmente capacidad de diferenciación hacia linajes celulares no mesodérmicos como el hepatogénico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue inducir diferenciación in vitro hepatogénica de CMM aisladas desde médula ósea fetal bovina. Las CMM fueron aisladas en base a su adherencia al plástico desde médula ósea aspirada desde fetos bovinos (n=3) y posteriormente cultivadas in vitro bajo condiciones hepatogénicas por un periodo de 28 días. Durante este periodo se analizó la expresión de los genes hepato-específicos Albúmina (ALB) y α-Fetoproteína (α-FP), de pluripotencia NANOG y la producción de metabolitos hepáticos Glicógeno, Urea y Albúmina. El análisis por PCR cuantitativo (Q-PCR) permitió detectar un aumento (P<0,05) en la expresión de ALB y α-FP (331 y 60 veces el valor del día 0, respectivamente) en CMM diferenciadas el día 28 de cultivo. En esta etapa también se detectaron mayores (P<0,05) niveles de Albúmina (1213 versus 232,9 µg/ml del control) y Urea (8,2 versus 5,5 mg/dl del control) en cultivos de CMM diferenciadas. La presencia de la proteína α-FP y de Glicógeno también fue detectada en estas células. Estos resultados indican que las CMM aisladas desde médula ósea fetal bovina poseen potencial de diferenciación hepatogénico bajo condiciones in vitro / Financiamiento: Proyecto Fondecyt N° 11100205

As células-tronco processam e são sensíveis a múltiplos sinais dentro de seu microambiente, os quais podem exercer influências que regulam seu destino e sua função de forma espaço temporal. Neste contexto, células podem exercer seu papel biológico por transferir informação genética e alterar expressão gênica de alvos celulares através de vesículas extracelulares (VEs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs), uma classe de pequenos RNAs não codificantes, podem ser encontrados nestas vesículas e são considerados moléculas efetivas no controle do neurodesenvolvimento por regular genes chaves em tempo controlado. Pouco se sabe sobre como a diferenciação influencia o conteúdo de miRNAs liberados via VEs revelando o papel dos mesmos no microambiente de cada etapa do comprometimento neural. Assim, a proposta deste estudo foi analisar o perfil de miRNAs intracelulares e presentes em VEs envolvidos na diferenciação neural dopaminérgica de células-tronco pluripotentes e identificar os possíveis alvos regulados pelos mesmos como mecanismo de estabelecimento de um destino neural específico. / Stem cells sense and process multiple signals in their microenvironment, which can exert influences that regulate cell fate and function in a time spatial manner. In this context, the stem cells can exert their biological role transferring genetic information and altering the genetic expression of target cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non coding RNAs, can be found in those EVs and are considered effective molecules in the control of neurodevelopment and differentiation by regulating key genes in a time specific manner. However, little is known about how the cell differentiation influences the miRNAs content released through EVs, and how these molecules function in the microenvironment of each phase of neural commitment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the intracellular and EVs miRNAs profiles involved in the dopaminergic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in attempt to identify possible targets regulated by miRNAs as a mechanism of specific neural fate decision.

As células pluripotentes (CPs), em teoria, são capazes de dar origem a todos os mais de 200 tipos de células do organismo. Na natureza, há três tipos de células pluripotentes: células-tronco embrionárias, células germinais embrionárias e células de carcinoma embrionário. As características das CPs têm permitido um importante avanço para a pesquisa básica e apontam uma grande aplicabilidade na medicina regenerativa. No núcleo das CPs existem fatores atuantes responsáveis pela manutenção da identidade pluripotente; dentre eles destacam-se OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 e MYC. Muito já se sabe sobre os mecanismos que estes fatores atuam para promover a manutenção da pluripotência celular. Baseados nestes estudos foi possível gerar células de pluripotência induzida (iPSCs). Porém, os mecanismos moleculares que direcionam a indução da pluripotência ainda não estão muito bem esclarecidos. Alguns estudos revelaram que componentes chaves da via NFB estão envolvidos na regulação da pluripotência, bem como na diferenciação e destino celular das células-tronco. Neste estudo, analisamos a participação de componentes da via canônica (RelA e NFB1) e não-canônica (RelB e NFB2) de NFB nos processos de diferenciação e destino celular ou manutenção da pluripotência. Para isto usamos técnicas de PCR quantitativa em Tempo Real (qPCR) e Imunoprecipitação de Cromatina (ChIP) investigando os papéis das vias canônica e não-canônica de NFB na manutenção da pluripotência e diferenciação de CPs, em um modelo de indução de diferenciação celular mediado por ácido trans-retinóico (atRA) em células de carcinoma embrionário NTera-2. Foram avaliadas as ligações dos fatores de transcrição RelA e RelB nas regiões promotoras dos genes OCT4, SOX2, MYC, KLF4 e GFAP e a regulação transcricional associada. Nossos resultados identificaram que as células não tratadas com atRA apresentaram níveis baixos na expressão dos componentes da via canônica de NFB, RelA e NFB1, e GFAP e quando induzidas à diferenciação por atRA durante 4 dias esses níveis se elevaram. Uma situação oposta foi vista nos componentes da via não-canônica de NFB, RelB e NFB2, e na expressão dos fatores de pluripotência OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 e KLF4, que apresentaram níveis de expressão elevados nas células não tratadas com atRA e sofreram redução com a indução da diferenciação celular. O ensaio de ChIP revelou que RelA liga-se nas regiões de regulação dos genes OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC e GFAP apenas quando a célula está em processo de diferenciação, enquanto RelB se apresentou ligado às mesmas regiões tanto nas células indiferenciadas quanto naquelas induzidas à diferenciação por 4 dias. Com estes dados sugerimos que a via canônica de NFB pode estar relacionada com o processo de diferenciação e destino celular através da regulação negativa executada por RelA e NFB1 nos genes responsáveis pela identidade pluripotente das células aqui estudadas enquanto a via não-canônica de NFB, representada pela ativação de RelB e NFKB2, pode participar na manutenção da pluripotência através da regulação positiva destes mesmos fatores. / Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are able to give rise to all the 200 cell types of the adult organism. In nature, there are three types of hPSCs: embryonic stem cells, germ line stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells. hPSCs characteristics have allowed a major advance in basic research, and are thought to have great applicability in regenerative medicine. In the nucleus of hPSCs there are transcription factors responsible for the maintenance of their pluripotent identity. OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC are considered the core pluripotency factors in hPSCs. A great deal of knowledge about the mechanisms that promote and maintain pluripotency has been generated. Based on these studies it was possible to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms that drive the induction of pluripotency are not fully understood. Some studies have recently indicated that key components of the NFkB may be involved in regulating pluripotency as well as cell differentiation and cell fate. In this study we analyzed the involvement of components of the canonical (RelA and NFB1) and the non-canonical NFB pathways (RelB and NFB2) in the maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation and cell fate processes. The techniques of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to interrogate the roles of the canonical and non-canonical NFB pathways in maintenance of pluripotency and differentiation in a model of cell differentiation induced by all trans-retinoic acid (atRA) on embryonal carcinoma cells NTera-2. The transcription factors RelA and RelB occupancy in the promoter regions of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC and GFAP, and the transcriptional regulation associated were evaluated. Our results showed that undifferentiated cells exhibited low expression levels of canonical NFB pathway components, RelA and NFB1, while cells induced to differentiate for 4 days exhibited downregulated expression of these factors. In the other hand, the non-canonical NFB pathway components, RelB and NFB2, and the pluripotency factors OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 and KLF4 were expressed in higher levels in undifferentiated cells, and were downregulated upon the differentiation process. ChIP assay revealed that RelA binds to the regulatory regions of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, and GFAP only when cells are induced to differentiate, while RelB was found bound to the same regions in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. This data suggests that the canonical NFB pathway may be associated to differentiation and cell fate processes by downregulation of genes responsible for the pluripotent identity, and that the non-canonical NFB pathway may act in the maintenance of pluripotency through the upregulation of the same factors.

A demanda por transfusões sanguíneas tem aumentado no Brasil e o número de doações de sangue permanecem insuficientes. Há escassez de componentes de sangue para transfusão, principalmente de concentrados de células vermelhas do sangue. As células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSCs) possuem um grande potencial para se tornar uma fonte de CÉLULAS VERMELHAS DO SANGUE, pois podem se diferenciar em qualquer tipo celular, incluindo CÉLULAS VERMELHAS DO SANGUE de fenótipo específico. O objetivo deste trabalho é a geração de hiPSCs para partir de células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMCs) de candidatos a doação de sangue que possuem fenótipo eritrocitário de baixa imunogenicidade, bem como a diferenciação eritroide das hiPSCs geradas. As amostras de sangue periférico (PB) de 11 indivíduos foram coletadas e caracterizadas quanto ao genótipo para os seguintes antígenos eritrocitários: Sistema Rh (RHCE*01/RHCE*02/RHCE*03/RHCE*04/RHCE*05), Kell (KEL*01/KEL*02), Duffy (FY*01/FY*02 and FY*02N.01), Kidd (JK*01/JK*02) e MNS (GYPB*03/GYPB*04). Outros antígenos de grupos sanguíneos distintos foram determinados por meio de fenotipagem. Duas amostras (PBMCs PB02 e PB12) foram selecionadas para a reprogramação devido ausência de múltiplos antígenos eritrocitários e, portanto, considerados de baixa imunogenicidade. Os PBMCs foram enriquecidos em eritroblastos e em seguida, as células foram transfectadas com os vetores episomais pEB-C5 e pEB-Tg e então, co-cultivados sobre fibroblastos de embriões murinos (MEFs) até o surgimento de colônias semelhantes a hiPSCs (hiPSC PB02 e hiPSC PB12). Estas colônias foram transferidas para condições de cultivo próprias e posteriormente caracterizadas quanto à sua pluripotência. A expressão dos genes de pluripotência OCT4, SOX2 e NANOG demonstrou níveis de expressão maior em comparação às linhagens não pluripotentes. As análises de imunofenotipagem por citometria de fluxo revelaram que em torno de 86% das células expressaram Nanog, 88% Oct4 e 88% Sox2. Os níveis de expressão de genes de pluripotência e marcadores foram consistentes com o estado indiferenciado encontrado em células pluripotentes conhecidas. A análise funcional para avaliação da pluripotência foi realizado pela injeção das hiPScs em camundongos imunodeficientes, demonstrando a formação de teratoma nas linhagens geradas. A metodologia para diferenciação hematopoética das hiPSCs geradas a partir dos corpos embrioides estão em progresso. O potencial de diferenciação foi confirmado durante a padronização deste processo, utilizando ensaio de formação de colônias em metilcelulose. Uma média de 10,5 colônias de precursores eritroide foram obtidas a partir de 50x103 hiPSC PB02 em diferenciação e uma colônia mista (mieloide e linfoide) a partir de 15x103 hiPSC PB12 foram obtidas. Neste trabalho foi possível gerar duas linhagens de hiPSCs com fenótipos de antígenos eritrocitários de interesse que podem ser mantidas em cultura por um longo período (26 passagens) e demonstram um potencial de diferenciação hematopoética. / The demand for blood transfusion has increased in Brazil and the number of blood donations remains insufficient. Therefore, there is a shortage of blood components for transfusion, mainly concentrates of red blood cells (RBCs). Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have great potential to become a source of RBCs, because they can differentiate into every cellular type, including RBCs of a particular phenotype. The objective of this work was to generate hiPSC from mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (PBMCs) from blood donors who presented low immunogenic phenotype for transfusion, and erythroid differentiation of the generated hiPSCs. Peripheral blood samples from 11 individuals were collected and characterized for the following erythrocyte antigens: Rh system (RHCE*01/RHCE*02/RHCE*03/RHCE*04/RHCE*05), Kell (KEL*01/KEL*02), Duffy (FY*01/FY*02 and FY*02N.01), Kidd (JK*01/JK*02), MNS (GYPB*03/GYPB*04). Additionally, other antigens of different blood groups were determined by phenotyping. The samples PBMC PB02 and PBMC PB12 were chosen for iPS generation due to their multiple negative erythrocyte antigens. They were isolated, expanded into erythroblasts, and transfected using the reprogramming episomal vectors PEB-C5 and PEB-Tg. This population was co-cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) until the appearance of hiPSC like colonies (hiPSC PB02 and hiPSC PB12). These colonies were transferred to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) culture conditions and characterized regarding their pluripotency. The expression of OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG pluripotency genes demonstrated that the expression of both lineages was higher in comparison with non-pluripotent lineages. Immunophenotyping performed by flow cytometry revealed that 86% of cells expressed Nanog, 88% Oct4 and 88% Sox2. Expression levels of pluripotency genes and markers were consistent with undifferentiated state found in known pluripotent cells. Functional analysis for pluripotency was achieved by the hiPSC injection in immunodeficient mice showing that both hiPSC cell lines were able to induce teratoma tumor. The hematopoietic differentiation potential was confirmed using methylcellulose assay, with an average of 10.5 erythroid colonies from 50x103 single cells and a mixed colonies of myeloid and lymphoid cells) and finally a colony composed of white cells from 15x103 PB12 hiPSC. In conclusion, it was possible to generate a hiPSC from a red blood cell phenotype that are negative for multiple antigens, and this cell line can be maintained for a long period in culture (26 passages) and show potential for hematopoietic differentiation.

No intuito de descrever a evolução do desenvolvimento do concepto bubalino entre 10 e 60 dias de gestação, esse estudo utilizou a metodologia de mensuração por Crow rump para revelar a idade estimada de 96 embriões e fetos coletados no Matadouro municipal de Macapá, no estado do Amapá entre os anos de 2006 a 2008. Os parâmetros utilizados consistiram em medidas de comprimento (crânio caudal) e peso utilizando-se balança eletrônica de precisão. Para visualização macroscópica foram feitas fotografias, e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura auxiliou na identificação de inúmeras estruturas externas dos embriões. Foram realizados cortes histológicos de 5µm os quais foram corados em HE e picrosirius, e submetidos a técnicas de imunohistoquimica para detecção de Oct4, PCNA e vimentina. Nossos resultados revelam que embriões de mamíferos até a 5° semana de gestação são muito semelhantes aos de outras espécies de mamíferos já estudados. Similaridades entre bovinos e bubalinos persistem com exceção dos estágios fetais onde aparentemente búfalos se desenvolvem mais rapidamente que bovinos. Em conclusão, o estudo indica características importantes que podem ser utilizadas para verificar a viabilidade de embriões de búfalos e auxiliar avaliações em exames complementares como os de ultrassonografia, e também indicam a presença de importantes sítios de células pluripotentes em regiões diferentes do embrião dependendo do estágio de desenvolvimento em que o mesmo se encontra. / The aim of this study was to describe the developmental changes in the bubaline conceptus from 10-60 days of gestation using the Crown rump methodology to diagnostic the estimated age of those 96 embryos and fetuses obtained at Matadouro Municipal de Macapá, on Amapá state, from 2006 until 2008. Parameters used were cranio-caudal length (CR) and weight. For macroscopic view photographies were done, Scanning electron microscopy helps to identify inumerous external structures of the embryos. Histotogic section of 5µm were done and stained using Hematoxilin-Eosin, picrosirius, and also subjected to immunohistochemistry for Oct4, PCNA and vimentin were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy was used in fetal membranes to describe it better. The obtained results revealed that mammal embryos until 5th weeks of gestation has to much similar characteristics to others studied species. Similarities between bovine and bubaline persist; except on fetal stages that buffalos seems develop faster than bovine ones. In conclusion, the overall data indicated the important characteristics that can be evaluated to verify the viability of buffalo embryos and help the evaluations of ultrasonographic exams, also identify the presence of important regions with pluripotente cells that changes according to the stage of the embryo development.

Les précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS-NPCs) peuvent représenter la source cellulaire autologue idéale pour la thérapie cellulaire visant à promouvoir la remyélinisation et la neuroprotection des maladies de la myéline. Jusqu'à présent, le potentiel thérapeutique de ces cellules a été abordé dans des conditions néonatales. Cependant, l'efficacité de la réparation et de la sécurité de ces cellules dans le système nerveux central (SNC), une condition associée à une diminution de la plasticité cellulaire et effarouchement, reste à être bien traités. D'ailleurs, il reste à démontrer si le comportement de ces cellules ressemble à celle des NPCs du SNC. D'abord, j'ai comparé des iPS-NPCs de souris avec des cellules embryonnaires du SNC, in vitro et après greffe dans des modèles de démyélinisation de la moelle épinière de souris adulte. Nos données ont révélé la capacité de survie, intégration, migration et différenciation rapide des cellules greffées en oligodendrocytes matures. Les cellules greffées ont généré de la myéline compacte autour des axones, la restauration de n¿uds de Ranvier et la vitesse de conduction aussi efficacement que les précurseurs du SNC dérivés tandis supplantant cellules endogènes. Ensuite, pour valider la fonctionnalité des précurseurs gliaux humains dérivés des iPS-NPC, je les ai transplantés dans des modèles nouveau-nés et adultes de dys/démyélinisation. Mes données ont montré la migration généralisée, l'intégration et génération de oligodendrocytes fonctionnels, la formation de la myéline compacte tout en reconstruisant n¿uds de Ranvier dans chez les nouveau-nés et les adultes greffés. / Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursor cells (iPS-NPCs) may represent the ideal autologous cell source for cell-based therapy to promote remyelination and neuroprotection in myelin diseases and can serve as suitable tools to model myelin disorders or to test the potential of pharmacological compounds. So far the therapeutic potential of these cells was approached in neonatal conditions. However, the repair efficacy and safety of these cells in the demyelinated adult central nervous system (CNS), a condition associated with decreased cell plasticity and scaring, remains to be well addressed. Moreover, whether the therapeutic behavior of these pluripotent-derived cells resembles that of physiologically committed CNS-derived precursors remains elusive. First, I used mouse iPS-NPCs and compared them side-by-side to embryonic CNS-derived cells, in vitro and in vivo after engraftment in models of adult spinal cord demyelination. My data revealed the prominent capacity of survival, safe integration, migration and timely differentiation of the grafted cells into mature oligodendrocytes. Grafted cells generated compact myelin around host axons, restoring nodes of Ranvier and conduction velocity as efficiently as CNS-derived precursors while outcompeting endogenous cells. Second, to validate the functionality of human iPS-NPC-derived glial precursors, I transplanted them in newborn and adult models of dys/demyelination. My data showed widespread migration, integration and extensive generation of functional oligodendrocytes ensheathing host axons, forming compact myelin while reconstructing nodes of Ranvier both in newborn grafted and adult demyelination contexts.

La leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique (LMMC) est une hémopathie myéloïde rare attribuée à l’accumulation d’évènements génétiques et épigénétiques dans une cellule souche ou progénitrice hématopoïétique. Les altérations génétiques somatiques récurrentes qui caractérisent cette maladie ont été identifiées: elles associent des altérations cytogénétiques non spécifiques chez 30% des patients et des mutations des gènes de la régulation épigénétique, de l’épissage, de la signalisation et de la transcription. Si certaines mutations influencent le phénotype (les mutations de RUNX1 génèrent une thrombopénie, celles de la signalisation une maladie proliférative, celles de KIT une mastocytose), elles ne sauraient résumer à elles seules l’expression phénotypique de la maladie. D’ailleurs, les médicaments hypométhylants restaurent une hématopoïèse équilibrée en modifiant le contexte épigénétique des cellules malades sans les éliminer. Il n’existe pas de lignée cellulaire de LMMC et les modèles murins n’en récapitulent que très partiellement les caractéristiques. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été de générer des cellules modélisant la maladie. J’ai transformé les cellules CD34+ de 2 patients en clones de cellules souches induites reprogrammées. Les clones obtenus à partir de l’un des patients ont été écartés du fait d’altérations génétiques supplémentaires acquises lors de la reprogrammation. Nous avons focalisé nos travaux sur 5 clones établis à partir des cellules CD34+ de l’autre patient et de 5 clones établis à partir de cellules CD34+ de deux sujets sains. Nous avons capturé 2 étapes de l’évolution moléculaire du clone, sans puis avec mutation KRASV12G. La différenciation hématopoïétique de ces clones en milieu semi-solide ou liquide récapitule les principales caractéristiques phénotypiques de la maladie. Par édition de gènes, nous avons ajouté dans certains clones la mutation SRSF2P95H observée dans les cellules de 50% des patients atteints de LMMC mais absente des cellules de la patiente étudiée. Nous montrons que l’hétérogénéité fonctionnelle et épigénétique des clones obtenus dépasse la seule hétérogénéité génétique et que la decitabine, un agent hypométhylant, a un effet cytotoxique faible mais améliorer l’équilibre de la production des cellules hématopoïétiques matures par des cellules génétiquement altérées. / Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a rare hematological malignancy that has been related to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a hematopoietic stem or progenitor cell. Somatic recurrent mutations of coding DNA sequences have been in CMML cells, combining non-specific cytogenetic aberrations in 30% of the patients and mutations in epigenetic regulator, signal transduction, spliceosome and transcription factor genes. While some of these mutations directly affect disease phenotype (mutations in RUNX1 and thrombocytopeny, mutations in signaling pathways and proliferative disease, mutations in KIT and mastocytosis), they do not sum up the complex disease phenotype of this pathology on their own. Accordingly, hypomethylating agents restore a balanced hematopoiesis without eliminating clonal cells. There is no CMML cell line and murine models only partially recapitulate the disease. The objective of my thesis work was to reprogram hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in order to model the disease heterogeneous expression. The clones established from one patient cells were discarded as their genetic background had been altered by reprogramming and cell culture. We analyzed in more details the behavior of 5 induced pluripotent stem cell lines established from a second patient and 5 other clones established from 2 healthy donor cells. We had captured 2 distinct genetic backgrounds of the patient clone, without or with KRASG12D mutation. Hematopoietic differentiation of these clones in semi-solid and liquid medium recapitulated the main characteristics of disease phenotype. With a gene editing tool, we introduced in some clones the SRSF2P95H mutation, observed in 50% of patient with CMML but missing in the studied patient. We noticed that functional and epigenetic heterogeneity of the clones exceeded their genetic heterogeneity and that the demethylating agent decitabine had limited cytotoxic effect but restored a more balanced production of hematopoietic cells by genetically abnormal cells.