L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était l’amélioration de la compatibilité de mélanges d’acide polylactique et de caoutchouc naturel (mélanges PLA/NR) par l’ajout de dérivés du caoutchouc naturel comme agents compatibilisants. Le caoutchouc naturel a été modifié selon deux approches : synthèse d’un copolymère greffé caoutchouc- poly(vinyl acétate) (NR-g-PVAc) et synthèse de polymères à blocks PLA-NR et PLA-NR-PLA. Les mélanges PLA/NR ont été préparés par extrusion dans une extrudeuse à double vis et moulées par compression pour obtenir des feuilles de 2 mm d’épaisseur. Les mélanges contenaient 10-20% en poids de NR et NR modifiée. La résistance au choc et les propriétés en traction ont été étudiées. L’effet de compatibilisation a été déterminé par DMTA, DSC et MEB. NR-g-PVAc a été synthétisé par polymérisation en émulsion pour obtenir de copolymères avec différents contenus en PVAc greffé (1%, 5% and 12%). La caractérisation des matériaux par DMTA a montré une augmentation de la miscibilité des mélanges PLA/NR-g-PVAc.NR-g-PVAc a résulté être un agent durcissant pour le PLA et un agent compatibilisant pour les mélanges PLA/NR. Les polymères à bloc ont été synthétisés selon deux routes : (1) NR hydroxy téléquelique (HTNR) et lactide et (2) NR hydroxy téléquelique et pré-polymère PLA. Dans la première approche, le lactide a été polymérisé in situ à travers la polymérisation par ouverture de cycle pour donner un bloc. Dans la deuxième approche, le pré-polymère PLA a été synthétisé par polymérisation directe de l’acide L-lactique avant copolymérisation à blocs. Les deux types de copolymères se sont révélés de bons agents compatibilisants pour les mélanges PLA/NR, car ils ont augmenté la résistance au choc et ils ont diminué la taille des particules de caoutchouc. / The aim of this research work was to improve the compatibility of polymer blends made from poly(lactic acid) and natural rubber (PLA/NR blends) by using modified natural rubber as a compatibilizer. Natural rubber was chemically modified into two categories: natural rubber grafted poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer (NR-g-PVAc) and block copolymers (PLA-NR diblock copolymer and PLA-NR-PLA triblock copolymer). PLA/NR blends were prepared by melting blending in a twin screw extruder and compression molded to obtain a 2-mm thick sheet. The blends contained 10-20 wt% of NR and modified NR, and the impact strength and tensile properties were investigated. The compatibilization effect was determined by DMTA, DSC and SEM. NR-g-PVAc was synthesized by emulsion polymerization to obtain different PVAc graft contents (1%, 5% and 12%). Characterization by DMTA showed an enhancement in miscibility of the PLA/NR-g-PVAc blends. NR-g-PVAc could be used as a toughening agent of PLA and as a compatibilizer of the PLA/NR blend. The block copolymers were synthesized following two routes: (1) hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber (HTNR) and lactide and (2) HTNR and PLA prepolymer. In the former route, lactide was in situ polymerized via a ring opening polymerization to be a PLA block segment during block copolymerization. In the latter route PLA prepolymer was synthesized by a condensation polymerization of L-lactic acid prior to block copolymerization. Both block copolymers acted as good compatibilizers for the PLA/NR blend by increasing the impact strength and decreasing the NR particle size. Triblock copolymers provided higher impact strength than diblock copolymers, and they were a less effective compatibilizer than NR-g-PVAc. In contrast to NR and NR-g-PVAc, the block copolymer was not a good toughening agent for PLA.

Cette étude porte sur le développement et la caractérisation d’un biomatériau d’ostéosynthèse bioactif, biorésorbable et présentant une tenue mécanique la plus élevée possible. Il a pour vocation de favoriser la repousse osseuse tout en remplaçant temporairement les fonctions mécaniques de l’os. Le matériau, élaboré à base d’un polyacide lactique et de verre bioactif, doit pouvoir être transformé par injection moulage de manière à obtenir des formes complexes de petites tailles telles que des vis, des ancres ou des plaques d’ostéosynthèse. Le bioverre permet au matériau de se lier facilement à l’os tandis que le polyacide lactique apporte des propriétés mécaniques essentielles pour des applications impliquant des contraintes et l’aptitude à la mise en oeuvre. Des biocomposites à base du bioverre 45S5 existent déjà mais leurs applications sont limitées du fait d’interactions bioverre/polymères partiellement incomprises qui provoquent une stabilité thermique très faible. Un contrôle systématique de la dégradation thermique des matériaux a permis d’établir la matrice polymère, le procédé d’élaboration composite et la granulométrie du bioverre optimaux pour l’obtention d’un composite de référence à base de 45S5. Par la suite, le suivi in vitro de composites élaborés à partir de nouveaux bioverres a permis de mieux comprendre l’influence de la composition des bio-verres ainsi que les interactions polymère/bioverre. Ces essais ont permis d’identifier une nouvelle formulation permettant d’allier bioactivité (formation d’hydroxyapatite au bout de 15 jours dans du SBF) et dégradation in vitro minimisée. Cette formulation a présenté des propriétés thermiques et rhéologiques similaires à celle du polymère permettant une mise en forme de petites pièces par injection moulage bien plus aisée qu’avec le composite 45S5. En outre, au bout de 4 mois d’immersion in vitro dans du PBS, les propriétés mécaniques en traction de ce matériau s’approchent de celles du polymère et sont largement supérieures à celles du composite à base de 45S5. / The elaboration and characterization of a bioresorbable and bioactive biomaterial with mechanical properties as high as possible for osteosynthesis applications is the purpose of this study. This biomaterial must promote bone healing while replacing temporarily its mechanical functions. It is made with a polylactic acid and a bioactive glass and it must be easy to process through plasturgy methods in order to obtain small complex shapes as screws, anchors or osteosynthesis plates. The bioactive glass enhances the bioactivity of the material allowing it to link with the bone and the polylactic acid brings good mechanical properties essential to the applications that imply stress support and process aptitude. Biocomposites elaborated with 45S5 bioactive glass already exist but their applications are limited because of poorly understood bioactive glass/polymer interactions implying a weak thermal stability. A systematic control of the thermal degradation of the materials allows to define the best polymer matrix, composite elaboration process and bioactive glass granulometry to obtain an optimized 45S5 composite which stands for reference composite. Then, the in vitro follow-up of composites made with new bioactive glasses enhances the comprehension of the influence of the composition of the bioac-tive glass as well as the polymer/bioactive glass interactions. Hence, a new optimal formulation was identified. This formulation showed bioactivity (hydroxyapatite formation after 15 days in SBF) and a minimized in vitro degradation. Moreover, it showed thermal and rheological properties similar to neat polymer’s, which allows the thermomanufacturing of small pieces easierly than with the 45S5 composite. Plus, after an in vitro degradation in PBS of 4 months, its tensile properties were close to polymers’ and largely superior to 45S5 composite’s.

Dexamethasone and dexamethasone 21-phosphate were loaded into NDGA-polymerized collagen fibers and release rate studies were performed to calculate their diffusion coefficients. Dexamethasone loaded fibers were placed in a PBS solution for specified time intervals (1, 3, 6, 7, 12, 24, 30, and 48 hours) after which the eluant was removed and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). CZE is a tool that can be utilized for quantitative analysis of chemical compounds. This data was incorporated into mathematical models to determine the diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient (D) for dexamethasone in NDGA-polymerized collagen fibers is D = 1.86 x 10⁻¹⁴ m²/s. Similarly, dexamethasone 21-phosphate loaded fibers were placed into a PBS solution and analyzed using CZE at these specified intervals (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes). Applying this data to the mathematical model provided a diffusion coefficient for dexamethasone 21-phosphate in NDGA-polymerized collagen fibers of D = 2.36 x 10⁻¹³ m²/s. In an effort to control drug delivery from these fibers a polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) coating was applied to the fibers. This coating helped sustain delivery of dexamethasone 21-phosphate for over a 100 day period. CZE experiments were again conducted in conjunction with another mathematical model to characterize release. A semi steady-state diffusion coefficient was estimated to be D = 4.59 x 10⁻¹⁴ m²/s.

No description available.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eraldo José Madureira Tavares / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biossistemas, 2015. / Atualmente, sistemas de liberação de fármacos usando nanotecnologia tem despertado grande interesse, entretanto, uma área frequentemente ignorada pelos pesquisadores de formulações de liberação controlada é o combate de ectoparasitas em gado. Para superar essa deficiência, foram desenvolvidas neste estudo formulações de nanopartículas visando a aplicações para uso tópico. As nanopartículas foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas através da avaliação da taxa de associação, tamanho, potencial zeta e pH. A cinética de permeação de ivermectina na pele foi simulada em células de Franz. As formulações (doze) apresentaram estabilidade adequada e taxas de associação próximas a 100%. Os ensaios de permeação mostraram que a liberação da ivermectina foi alterada e os perfis de liberação variaram entre as formulações. Duas formulações, nanocápsulas de PLA e de PLGA, ambas obtidas por nanoprecipitação, iniciaram a liberação dentro das 32 h de ensaio de permeação. Essas duas nanocápsulas também apresentaram bons resultados de estabilidade, apresentando tamanho relativamente constante, potenciais zeta normalmente abaixo de -30 mV, índice de polidispersão (IPD) abaixo de 0,2 e diminuição de pH aproximadamente dentro de 1 unidade de pH. A cinética de permeação das duas formulações foi avaliada utilizando-se modelos matemáticos tais como Higuchi, difusão em esferas sólidas e cápsulas, cinética de ordem zero, modelos de dissolução e a equação generalizada de Korsmeyer-Peppas. O perfil de liberação dessas nanocápsulas sugere o possível acúmulo do fármaco no miristato de isopropila, que simula o estrato córneo da pele. As demais formulações requerem estudos adicionais para detectar seus perfis de liberação, e poderiam ser úteis para liberações extremamente longas e depender bastante da erosão dos polímeros. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa são promissores como sistema alternativo para o tratamento de ectoparasitas, visando a aplicações veterinárias. / Drug release systems using nanotechnology are currently among the research programs which have aroused great interest, however, a field being frequently ignored by controlled release formulation researches is the fight against cattle ectoparasites. In order to overcome that deficiency, nanoparticle formulations for topical usage were developed in this research. The nanoparticles were synthetized and characterized with respect to association rate, size, zeta potential and pH. Ivermectin permeation kinetics in skin was simulated in Franz cells. The formulations (12) presented adequate stability and rate of association of about 100%. The release assays have shown that the release of ivermectina was modified and the release profiles varied among the formulations. Two formulations, PLA and PLGA nanocapsules, both prepared by nanoprecipitation, started the release during the 32h of the permeation assay. Both nanocapsules also had good stability results, having relatively constant size, zeta potentials usually below -30 mV, polydispersity index (PDI) below 0.2 and pH decrease within 1 pH unit. The release kinetics of both formulations was assessed using mathematical models such as Higuchi, diffusion in solid spheres and in capsules, zero order, dissolution models, and Korsmeyer-Peppas¿s generalized equation. The release profile of these nanocapsules suggests the possible accumulation of the drug in the isopropyl myristate, which simulates de stratum corneum of the skin. The remaining formulations require additional studies to detect their release profiles, and could be useful for extremely long releases and might depend quite a lot on the polymers erosion. The results of this research are promising as an alternative system for the treatment of ectoparasites, aiming for veterinary usage.

This disseration covers the processing and characterization of nanocellulose polymer composites. In this disseration, two fiber spinning methods were developed to create high stiffness nanocomposite fibers from renewably-sourced materials and the properties of these nanocomposites were evaluated. Additionally, bulk nanocomposites were created and some of the properties of these materials, for different types of nanoparticles, are also discussed. Evaluation of nanocellulose as a nucleation agent in poly(lactic acid) is also presented for very small concentrations of nanocelluloses in a plasticized polymer.

Les travaux de recherche réalisés, dans le cadre de la préparation de cette thèse ont pour objectif l’élaboration de nouveaux réseaux thermoréversibles biodégradables à base de polyglycolide (PGA) et d’hydrogels à base de polylactide (PLA) modifiés chimiquement au moyen du noyau furanique et du cycle maléimide. La réticulation du PGA, en suivant deux stratégies, en vue d’élaborer des réseaux thermoréversibles et biodégradables via la réaction de Diels-Alder a fait l’objet de la première partie de ce travail. Le but était entre autres de valoriser le PGA en conduisant à des structures réticulées avec des propriétés mécaniques requises tout en améliorant ses propriétés de stabilité. Des réseaux hybrides de PLA/PEG et PLA/PHEMA ont été ensuite synthétisés en phase fondu en adoptant la réaction de Diels-Alder comme mécanisme de réticulation. Une fois obtenus, leur mise au contact de l’eau conduit à la formation d’hydrogels. Les analyses structurales menées par RMN ont permis de confirmer la formation des structures attendues. La thermoréversibilité des réseaux obtenus a été montrée par des analyses rhéologiques. La morphologie des gels avant et après gonflement a été analysée par Microscopie Electronique à balayage. La dégradabilité des réseaux préparés a été examinée selon deux modes : hydrolytique et par les microorganismes en milieu aérobie. / The research conducted for the preparation of this thesis aims to develop new thermoreversible and biodegradable polyglycolic-acid (PGA) based networks and polylactic-acid (PLA) based hydrogels, from polymers chemically modified by means of furanic, and maleimide cycle. The cross-linking of PGA to develop thermoreversible and biodegradable networks via the Diels-Alder reaction has been done by following two strategies and was the first part of this work. The aim was, among other things, to enhance the PGA by leading to reticulated structures with required mechanical properties while improving its stability properties. Hybrid networks of PLA / PEG and PLA / PHEMA were then synthesized in the melt by adopting the Diels-Alder reaction as a crosslinking mechanism. Once obtained, their contact with water leads to the formation of hydrogels. NMR structural analyzes confirmed the formation of expected structures. The thermoreversibility of the obtained networks has been shown by rheological analyzes. The morphology of the gels before and after swelling was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The degradability of prepared networks was examined in two modes: hydrolytic and aerobic by microorganisms.

No description available.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis doctoral tiene como principal objetivo el desarrollo de materiales poliméricos que sean respetuosos con el medio ambiente y favorezcan modelos de economía circular, centrando las líneas de investigación en el reaprovechamiento de residuos de la industria del mango y en la utilización de ácido poliláctico (PLA) como principal matriz polimérica. Para ello se emplean diferentes técnicas de procesado como el electrospinning, la extrusión, la inyección o la producción de films por disolución. Además, se plantea la utilización de diferentes aditivos como plastificantes y cargas lignocelulósicas de origen renovable para mejorar las propiedades de estos materiales sin comprometer su alto potencial medioambiental. El primer bloque de la tesis centra sus esfuerzos en el reaprovechamiento de diferentes residuos del mango (uno de los cultivos más populares del mundo), como la piel y el kernel, para desarrollar diferentes materiales con un gran contenido natural. Dentro de los estudios realizados en este bloque se incluye la extracción de almidón a partir del kernel de mango para la posterior fabricación de nanofibras por electrospinning, con gran aplicación en el sector médico. Otros estudios realizados proponen la combinación de matrices poliméricas como el biopolipropileno y el PLA, en combinación con harina de piel de mango y harina de hueso de mango, respectivamente, mediante procesos de extrusión, extrusión reactiva (REX) e inyección. En el caso del biopolipropileno se utilizan además agentes compatibilizantes basados en ácido itacónico para aumentar la adhesión entre las partículas lignocelulósicas de la piel del mango con la matriz polimérica, la cual es altamente apolar. Por otro lado, a las formulaciones de PLA y harina de hueso de mango se le añaden plastificantes como la triacetina y la tributirina para aumentar las propiedades dúctiles del PLA. Un cuarto estudio se enfoca en la producción de films de glicerol con harina de hueso de mango, rica en almidón, para observar cómo afecta el tamaño de partícula de la harina sobre las propiedades de los films. Por último, se propone el desarrollo de materiales termoplásticos ricos en almidón utilizando harina de kernel de mango en combinación con diferentes plastificantes como glicerol, sorbitol y urea. Estos materiales ricos en almidón son procesados por extrusión e inyección y son completamente biodegradables y de origen natural. El segundo y último bloque de la tesis está enfocado a la utilización del ácido poliláctico obtenido de fuentes renovables en procesos de extrusión e inyección. Este poliéster es un polímero biodegradable cuya principal desventaja es su gran fragilidad. Por ello, se han empleado diferentes tipos de plastificantes naturales para incrementar las propiedades dúctiles del PLA. En un primer trabajo, se combina el PLA con α-terpinil acetato, un plastificante de origen renovable. Además, se añade piel de mandarina molida como carga natural para evaluar si este plastificante es capaz de aumentar la ductilidad de mezclas de PLA con cargas lignocelulósicas, obtenido resultados muy positivos. Un segundo trabajo plantea la combinación de PLA con dietil-L-tartrato, un plastificante obtenido del ácido tartárico, encontrado en la uva y el tamarindo, obteniendo elongaciones de más de un 300%. Por último, dos estudios más plantean la combinación de PLA con terpenoides, más concretamente ésteres de geranilo y linalilo. En este sentido, uno de los trabajos se centra en variar la proporción de acetato de linalilo y acetato de geranilo en las composiciones, mientras que el otro trabajo evalúa como afecta la longitud de cadena de los ésteres de geranilo a la plastificación del PLA. Todos los plastificantes utilizados en este bloque ofrecieron resultados muy prometedores, con alargamientos a la rotura superiores al 200% en materiales completamente naturales y biodegradables con gran aplicación en el sector alimentario y del envase y embalaje. / [CA] La present tesi doctoral té com a principal objectiu el desenvolupament de materials polimèrics que siguen respectuosos amb el medi ambient i afavorisquen models d'economia circular, centrant les línies d'investigació en el reaprofitament de residus de la indústria del mango i en la utilització d'àcid polilàctic (PLA) com a principal matriu polimèrica. Per a això s'empren diferents tècniques de processament com l'electrospinning, l'extrusió, la injecció o la producció de films per dissolució. A més, es planteja la utilització de diferents additius com a plastificants i càrregues lignocelulòsiques d'origen renovable per a millorar les propietats d'aquests materials sense comprometre el seu alt potencial mediambiental. El primer bloc de la tesi centra els seus esforços en el reaprofitament de diferents residus del mango (un dels cultius més populars del món), com la pell i el kernel, per a desenvolupar diferents materials amb un gran contingut natural. Dins dels estudis realitzats en aquest bloc s'inclou l'extracció de midó a partir del kernel de mango per a la posterior fabricació de nanofibers per electrospinning, amb gran aplicació en el sector mèdic. Altres estudis realitzats proposen la combinació de matrius polimèriques com el biopolipropilè i el PLA, en combinació amb farina de pell de mango i farina d'os de mango, respectivament, mitjançant processos d'extrusió, extrusió reactiva (REX) i injecció. En el cas del biopolipropilè s'utilitzen a més agents compatibilitzants basats en àcid itacònic per a augmentar l'adhesió entre les partícules lignocelulòsiques de la pell del mango amb la matriu polimèrica, la qual és altament apolar. D'altra banda, a les formulacions de PLA i farina d'os de mango se li afigen plastificants com la triacetina i la tributirina per a augmentar les propietats dúctils del PLA. Un quart estudi s'enfoca en la producció de films de glicerol amb farina d'os de mango, rica en midó, per a observar com afecta la grandària de partícula de la farina sobre les propietats dels films. Finalment, es proposa el desenvolupament de materials termoplàstics rics en midó utilitzant farina de kernel de mango en combinació amb diferents plastificants com glicerol, sorbitol i urea. Aquests materials rics en midó són processats per extrusió i injecció i són completament biodegradables i d'origen natural. El segon i últim bloc de la tesi està enfocat a la utilització de l'àcid polilàctic obtingut de fonts renovables en processos d'extrusió i injecció. Aquest polièster és un polímer biodegradable el principal desavantatge del qual és la seua gran fragilitat. Per això, s'han emprat diferents tipus de plastificants naturals per a incrementar les propietats dúctils del PLA. En un primer treball, es combina el PLA amb α-terpinil acetat, un plastificant d'origen renovable. A més, s'afig pell de mandarina molta com a càrrega natural per a avaluar si aquest plastificant és capaç d'augmentar la ductilitat de mescles de PLA amb càrregues lignocelulòsiques, obtenint resultats molt positius. Un segon treball planteja la combinació de PLA amb dietil-L-tartrat, un plastificant obtingut de l'àcid tartàric, trobat en el raïm i el tamarinde, obtenint elongacions de més d'un 300%. Finalment, dos estudis més plantegen la combinació de PLA amb terpenoids, més concretament èsters de geranil i linalil. En aquest sentit, un dels treballs se centra en variar la proporció d'acetat de linalil i acetat de geranil en les composicions, mentre que l'altre treball avalua com afecta la longitud de cadena dels èsters de geranil a la plastificació del PLA. Tots els plastificants utilitzats en aquest bloc van oferir resultats molt prometedors, amb allargaments al trencament superiors al 200% en materials completament naturals i biodegradables amb gran aplicació en el sector alimentari i de l'envàs i embalatge. / [EN] The present doctoral thesis has as its main objective the development of polymeric materials that are environmentally friendly and promote circular economy models, focusing research on the reuse of waste from the mango industry and the use of polylactic acid (PLA) as the main polymer matrix. Various processing techniques such as electrospinning, extrusion, injection, or cast film are employed for this purpose. In addition, the use of different additives such as plasticizers and lignocellulosic fillers of renewable origin is proposed to improve the properties of these materials without compromising their high environmental potential. The first part of the thesis focuses on the reuse of various mango waste products (one of the most popular crops in the world), such as peel and kernel, to develop different materials with a high natural content. Studies in this section include the extraction of starch from mango kernels for the subsequent production of nanofibers by electrospinning, which have significant applications in the medical sector. Other studies propose the combination of polymeric matrices such as biopolypropylene and PLA, in combination with mango peel flour and mango kernel flour, respectively, through extrusion, reactive extrusion (REX), and injection processes. In the case of biopolypropylene, compatibilizing agents based on itaconic acid are also used to increase the adhesion between lignocellulosic particles from mango peel and the highly apolar polymer matrix. On the other hand, PLA formulations with mango kernel flour are supplemented with plasticizers such as triacetin and tributyrin to enhance the ductile properties of PLA. A fourth study focuses on the production of glycerol films with mango kernel flour, rich in starch, to observe how the particle size of the flour affects the film properties. Finally, the development of starch-rich thermoplastic materials is proposed using mango kernel flour in combination with different plasticizers such as glycerol, sorbitol, and urea. These starch-rich materials are processed by extrusion and injection and are completely biodegradable and of natural origin. The second and final part of the thesis is focused on the use of polylactic acid obtained from renewable sources in extrusion and injection processes. This biodegradable polyester has the main disadvantage of being very brittle. Therefore, different types of natural plasticizers have been used to increase the ductile properties of PLA. In the first study, PLA is combined with α-terpinyl acetate, a renewable plasticizer. In addition, ground tangerine peel is added as a natural filler to evaluate if this plasticizer can increase the ductility of PLA blends with lignocellulosic fillers, yielding very positive results. A second study proposes the combination of PLA with diethyl-L-tartrate, a plasticizer obtained from tartaric acid, found in grapes and tamarind, resulting in elongations of more than 300%. Finally, two more studies propose the combination of PLA with terpenoids, specifically geranyl and linalyl esters. In this regard, one of the works focuses on varying the proportion of linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate in the compositions, while the other study evaluates how the chain length of geranyl esters affects PLA plasticization. All the plasticizers used in this section offered very promising results, with elongations at break exceeding 200% in completely natural and biodegradable materials with significant applications in the food and packaging sectors. / This research is a part of the grant PID2020-116496RB-C22, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the grant TED2021-131762A-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR. Authors also thank Generalitat Valenciana-GVA for funding this research through the grant numbers AICO/2021/025 and CIGE/2021/094. Funded with Aid for First Research Projects (PAID-06-22), Vice-rectorate for Research of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). J. I.-M. wants to thank FPU19/01759 grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ESF Investing in your future. J. G.-C. wants to thank FPU20/01732 grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and by ESF Investing in your future. / Gómez Caturla, J. (2024). Desarrollo y caracterización de polímeros de alto rendimiento medioambiental derivados de residuos agroindustriales y aditivos de origen renovable [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203217 / Compendio

Embalagens de plástico expandido são utilizados como embalagens de alimentos, entre eles o poliestireno expandido (EPS). Suas principais características são a leveza e sua não biodegradabilidade. Estas embalagens geralmente são descartadas logo após o uso e geram grandes quantidades de resíduos. Espumas feitas a base de amido termoplástico (TPS) podem substituir o EPS nestes casos, pois são feitas a partir de fontes renováveis e são materiais biodegradáveis. Entretanto, embalagens de espuma TPS possuem grande afinidade pela água e isso consequentemente afeta seu uso. Uma forma de resolver este problema é recobrir estas espumas TPS com um material mais hidrofóbico, dificultando o contato da água com o amido. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver espumas de TPS de diferentes amidos e revesti-las com quitosana e poliácido láctico (PLA), pois também são materiais biodegradáveis e são menos hidrofílicos do que o amido. Três fontes de amido (batata, mandioca e milho) foram analisadas conjuntamente para produzir espumas TPS com propriedades mais desejáveis para embalagens. As espumas foram produzidas a partir de amido, glicerol e água nas proporções mássicas de 62/5/33, respectivamente. Dentre os tipos de amido escolhidos, a espuma TPS de milho mostrou ser mais densa e rígida, apresentando maior densidade e maior módulo elástico (0,20 g/cm3 e 106 MPa, respectivamente) em comparação com espumas TPS de batata (0,11 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) e mandioca (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa). A espuma TPS de batata apresentou maior flexibilidade e resistência ao impacto, e devido a estas vantagens é a mais adequada ao uso em embalagens. Os recobrimentos de quitosana e PLA diminuíram a absorção de água da espuma TPS. Enquanto que a espuma sem recobrimento absorveu aproximadamente 280% do seu peso em água, espumas TPS com 6% m/v de quitosana absorveram 100% e espumas TPS com 6% m/v de PLA absorveram 50% em média. O PLA mostrou ser a melhor opção de recobrimento para as espumas pois apresentou os menores valores de absorção de água e aumentou as propriedades mecânicas da espuma. / The expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in a variety of food packaging, mainly in packages whose characteristics is the single use. These packages are usually discarded soon and generate large amounts of waste. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) foams can replace the EPS in these cases, because it comes from renewable and biodegradable sources. However, starch packaging has great affinity for water and it affects its use. One way to solve this problem is to cover the TPS foam with a more hydrophobic material, hindering the contact of water with starch. In this work, chitosan and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as coatings, as they are also biodegradable materials and are more hydrophobic than starch. Three sources of starch (potato, cassava and corn) were analyzed conjointly to produce TPS foams with more desirable properties for packaging. The foams were made from starch, glycerol and water in the proportion of 62/5/33 (% m/m) respectively. Among the starch types used, corn TPS foam presented higher density and higher stiffness (0,20 g/cm3 and 106 MPa, respectively) compared to potato (0,11 g/cm3 and 39 MPa) and cassava (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) TPS foams. The potato TPS foam showed greater flexibility and impact resistance, and due to these advantages is the most suitable for use in packaging. The chitosan and PLA coatings decreased the water absorption of the TPS foam. While the uncoated TPS foam absorbed approximately 280% of its weight in water, TPS foams with 6% w/v chitosan absorbed 100% and TPS foams with 6% m / v PLA absorbed 50% on average. The PLA was found to be the best option for coating the TPS foams because presented the lowest water absorption values and increased the mechanical properties of the foams.